scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of prostate cancer: androgens and polymorphisms in androgen-related genes

2003 ◽  
pp. 469-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Ntais ◽  
A Polycarpou ◽  
A Tsatsoulis
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Prostate Carcinogenesis ◽  
Multiple Loci ◽  
The Individual

In most western countries prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-skin cancer in men. Despite its high morbidity and mortality the etiology of prostate cancer remains obscure. The involvement of androgens has been examined extensively in prostate carcinogenesis but the results of most epidemiological studies remain inconclusive. This review focuses on current perspectives of androgen levels and polymorphisms in androgen-related genes. Racial differences in genetic polymorphisms that have a role in the biosynthesis and metabolism of androgens may partly account for racial differences in prostate cancer risk. Reasons are also given for inconsistent results in molecular epidemiological studies and insights and directions for future research are discussed. The development of a polygenic model for prostate cancer, incorporating multiple loci from the individual genes, may maximize the chance of identifying individuals with high-risk genotypes, resulting in better preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Does Cancer Type Influence the Impact of Recurrence? A Review of the Experience of Patients With Breast or Prostate Cancer Recurrence

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross James Stewart ◽  
Gerald Michael Humphris ◽  
Jayne Donaldson ◽  
Susanne Cruickshank
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Prostate Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Objective: Patients will experience a plethora of issues when faced with a recurrence of their cancer. It is unclear if cancer type is a significant factor in how recurrence is experienced by an individual. The aim of the current review is to explore the evidence base and summarise the experiences of patients specifically with a recurrence of breast or prostate cancer (the most common for women and men, respectively) and then provide a comparison of these experiences. These experiences include the physical, psychological and psychosocial issues that arise at this time.Methods: A systematic search was conducted of studies published between January 1994 and April 2019. Due to the mix of research designs used previously in the literature, this review was conducted in an integrative manner; allowing for inclusion of diverse research designs. Results were synthesised narratively, with data categorised according to physical, psychological, and psychosocial indices of quality of life. The review protocol was registered in the international database of prospective systematic reviews in health and social care- (CRD42019137381).Results: Fifteen breast cancer and six prostate cancer articles were identified, each reporting one relevant study. Patients reported several negative issues at the time of a breast or prostate cancer recurrence. Similarities were found between cancer types, with physical problems such as fatigue, psychological issues including anxiety and depressive symptoms, and psychosocial concerns such as issues with healthcare professionals common in both cancers. Certain findings were inconsistent across studies, with some experiences differing between studies rather than due to cancer type.Conclusions: Differences in the experience of recurrent cancer appear to be more heavily influenced by individual factors, rather than cancer type. Findings are confounded by gender; and should be considered preliminary. Effects of recurrence should be studied in samples where cancer type and gender are not confounded. Concerns are raised about available study quality and differing outcome measures in this interpretation. Care and support of the individual at the time of a cancer recurrence is a key focus. Future research suggestions with implications for clinical practise are included.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019137381.

scholarly journals Androgens, diabetes and prostate cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. F47-F62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathis Grossmann ◽  
Gary Wittert
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Prostate Carcinogenesis ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Igf1 Signalling

Metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome have been shown to modulate prostate cancer (PCa) risk and aggressiveness in population-based and experimental studies. While associations between these conditions are modest and complex, two consistent findings have emerged. First, there is observational evidence that obesity and associated insulin excess are linked to increased PCa aggressiveness and worse outcomes. Secondly and somewhat paradoxically, long-standing diabetes may be protective against PCa development. This apparent paradox may be due to the fact that long-standing diabetes is associated with insulin depletion and decreased IGF1 signalling. Men with obesity or diabetes have moderate reductions in their androgen levels. The interconnectedness of metabolic and androgen status complicates the dissection of the individual roles of these factors in PCa development and progression. Metabolic factors and androgens may promote prostate carcinogenesis via multiple mechanisms including inflammation, adipokine action, fatty acid metabolism and IGF signalling. Moreover, androgen deprivation, given to men with PCa, has adverse metabolic consequences that need to be taken into account when estimating the risk benefit ratio of this therapy. In this review, we will discuss the current epidemiological and mechanistic evidence regarding the interactions between metabolic conditions, sex steroids and PCa risk and management.

scholarly journals Pharmacoepidemiological Evaluation in Prostate Cancer—Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 696
Author(s):  
Aino Siltari ◽  
Anssi Auvinen ◽  
Teemu J. Murtola
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Prostate Cancer Research

Pharmacoepidemiologic research provides opportunities to evaluate how commonly used drug groups, such as cholesterol-lowering or antidiabetic drugs, may affect the prostate cancer risk or mortality. This type of research is valuable in estimating real-life drug effects. Nonetheless, pharmacoepidemiological studies are prone to multiple sources of bias that mainly arise from systematic differences between medication users and non-users. If these are not appreciated and properly controlled for, there is a risk of obtaining biased results and reaching erroneous conclusions. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of future research, we describe common biases in pharmacoepidemiological studies, particularly in the context of prostate cancer research. We also list common ways to mitigate these biases and to estimate causality between medication use and cancer outcomes.

scholarly journals The Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Predicting Prostate Cancer Risk and Therapeutic Decision Making

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Van den Broeck ◽  
Steven Joniau ◽  
Liesbeth Clinckemalie ◽  
Christine Helsen ◽  
Stefan Prekovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Individual Snps ◽  
Therapeutic Decision Making

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major health care problem because of its high prevalence, health-related costs, and mortality. Epidemiological studies have suggested an important role of genetics in PCa development. Because of this, an increasing number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) had been suggested to be implicated in the development and progression of PCa. While individual SNPs are only moderately associated with PCa risk, in combination, they have a stronger, dose-dependent association, currently explaining 30% of PCa familial risk. This review aims to give a brief overview of studies in which the possible role of genetic variants was investigated in clinical settings. We will highlight the major research questions in the translation of SNP identification into clinical practice.

scholarly journals Estrogen receptor beta in prostate cancer: friend or foe?

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. T219-T234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam W Nelson ◽  
Wayne D Tilley ◽  
David E Neal ◽  
Jason S Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Alpha ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Beta ◽  
Cancer Cell Line ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prostate Carcinogenesis ◽  
Receptor Beta

Prostate cancer is the commonest, non-cutaneous cancer in men. At present, there is no cure for the advanced, castration-resistant form of the disease. Estrogen has been shown to be important in prostate carcinogenesis, with evidence resulting from epidemiological, cancer cell line, human tissue and animal studies. The prostate expresses both estrogen receptor alpha (ERA) and estrogen receptor beta (ERB). Most evidence suggests that ERA mediates the harmful effects of estrogen in the prostate, whereas ERB is tumour suppressive, but trials of ERB-selective agents have not translated into improved clinical outcomes. The role of ERB in the prostate remains unclear and there is increasing evidence that isoforms of ERB may be oncogenic. Detailed study of ERB and ERB isoforms in the prostate is required to establish their cell-specific roles, in order to determine if therapies can be directed towards ERB-dependent pathways. In this review, we summarise evidence on the role of ERB in prostate cancer and highlight areas for future research.

Inflammatory and insulinemic dietary patterns: Influence on circulating biomarkers and prostate cancer risk in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer (PLCO) cohort.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e17561-e17561
Author(s):  
Desmond Aroke ◽  
Edmund Folefac ◽  
Qi Jin ◽  
Ni Shi ◽  
Steven K. Clinton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Prostate Carcinogenesis ◽  
Hazard Ratios

e17561 Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is common in countries with affluent dietary patterns and represents a heterogeneous collection of subtypes with varying behavior. Reductionist strategies focusing on individual nutrients or foods have not clearly defined risk factors. We have developed mechanisms-based dietary patterns focusing upon inflammation and chronic insulin hypersecretion, processes that are hypothesized to impact prostate carcinogenesis. Methods: First, we examined associations of the empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) and empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) scores with circulating concentrations of relevant biomarkers, to assess the validity of these two dietary patterns. Secondly, we investigated associations of the EDIH and EDIP with risk of PCa (total, low-grade, high-grade, advanced and lethal). EDIH and EDIP dietary scores calculated from food frequency questionnaire data for 3,517 men and women who provided a blood sample at enrollment, were used to validate dietary patterns against known relevant biomarkers. A separate sample of 49,317 men was used to evaluate the associations of EDIH and EDIP with prostate cancer risk. We used multivariable-adjusted linear regression to compute the percent change and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) in biomarker concentrations, and Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95%CI for PCa risk; in dietary score quintiles, using the lowest quintile as reference. Results: Compared to the lowest quintile, participants in the highest EDIH quintile (most hyperinsulinemic diets) had significantly higher concentrations of C-peptide, insulin, CRP, and TNF-R2 and lower adiponectin. Those consuming the most pro-inflammatory diets (EDIP) had significantly higher concentrations of IL-6, TNF-R2, C-peptide and insulin with lower adiponectin. Men classified in EDIH quintile 5 compared to 1, were also at higher total PCa risk: HR, 1.11; 95%CI, 1.01, 1.23; P-trend = 0.03, especially high-grade cancer: HR, 1.18; 95%CI, 1.02, 1.37; P-trend = 0.06; whereas the EDIP was not associated with risk. Conclusions: EDIH and EDIP predicted concentrations of biomarkers relevant to the insulinemic and inflammatory potential of diet in PLCO. EDIH predicted future PCa risk and may suggest a dietary pattern for PCa prevention.

scholarly journals MicroRNA as New Tools for Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment and Therapeutic Intervention: Results from Clinical Data Set and Patients’ Samples

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Cannistraci ◽  
Anna Laura Di Pace ◽  
Ruggero De Maria ◽  
Désirée Bonci
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in men. Despite considerable advances in prostate cancer early detection and clinical management, validation of new biomarkers able to predict the natural history of tumor progression is still necessary in order to reduce overtreatment and to guide therapeutic decisions. MicroRNAs are endogenous noncoding RNAs which offer a fast fine-tuning and energy-saving mechanism for posttranscriptional control of protein expression. Growing evidence indicate that these RNAs are able to regulate basic cell functions and their aberrant expression has been significantly correlated with cancer development. Therefore, detection of microRNAs in tumor tissues and body fluids represents a new tool for early diagnosis and patient prognosis prediction. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about microRNA deregulation in prostate cancer mainly focusing on the different clinical aspects of the disease. We also highlight the potential roles of microRNAs in PCa management, while also discussing several current challenges and needed future research.

scholarly journals Association between three genetic variants in kallikrein 3 and prostate cancer risk

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Hong Ding ◽  
Ke-Wei Ren ◽  
Chuang Yue ◽  
Jian-Gang Zou ◽  
Li Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Caucasian Population ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Allele Contrast

Background: Epidemiological studies have assessed the association between kallikrein 3 (KLK3) polymorphisms and prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility. However, published data on this association are somewhat inconclusive. Methods: Articles investigating the association between three KLK3 (rs1058205, rs2735839, and rs266882) variants and PCa susceptibility were searched from online databases, which included 35,838 patients and 36,369 control participants. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to demonstrate the strength of the association. We also utilized ELISA to detect serum expression of KLK3. In addition, in silico tools were adopted to evaluate the relationship of KLK3 expression and PCa survival time. Results: The overall results indicated that polymorphism T>C of rs1058205 was associated with decreased risk of PCa (allele contrast: OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.64–0.88, Pheterogeneity < 0.001; homozygote comparison: OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.42–0.81, Pheterogeneity < 0.001), particularly in Caucasian population (allele contrast: OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.65–0.91, Pheterogeneity < 0.001; homozygote comparison: OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.41–0.82, Pheterogeneity < 0.001). No association was observed between the polymorphism A>G of rs2735839 and risk of PCa. In addition, no association was observed between polymorphism A>G of rs266882 and risk of PCa. Serum KLK3 levels in PCa patients carrying CC/CT genotypes were statistically lower than those carrying TT genotypes. Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that rs1058205 polymorphism of KLK3 is a risk factor for PCa development, polymorphism T>C of rs1058205 is associated with decreased susceptibility to PCa particularly in Caucasian population.

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