scholarly journals The interplay between stress, circadian clocks, and energy metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 247 (1) ◽  
pp. R13-R25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Oster
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Circadian Clocks ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Stress Response System ◽  
And Behavior

Endogenous circadian clocks adapt an organism’s physiology and behavior to predictable changes in the environment as a consequence of the Earth’s rotation around its axis. In mammals, circadian rhythms are the output of a ubiquitous network of cellular timers coordinated by a hypothalamic master pacemaker. Circadian clock function is closely connected to the stress response system which has evolved to ensure survival under less predictable situations of danger. Disruptions in both of these functions are highly prevalent in modern society and have been linked to pathologic alterations in metabolic setpoints, promoting overeating, obesity, and type-2 diabetes. This paper describes the different levels of interaction between the circadian clock and acute and chronic stress responses. It summarizes studies assessing clock-stress crosstalk in the context of metabolic homeostasis and outlines options to use this interaction for diagnostic and therapeutic measures targeting metabolic health and well-being in the highly chronodisruptive environment of modern 24-h globalized societies.

Stress Hormones, Physiology, and Behavior

2019 ◽  
pp. 350-365
Author(s):  
Justin K. Mogilski ◽  
Anna Wysocki ◽  
Simon D. Reeve ◽  
Virginia E. Mitchell ◽  
Jenna Lunge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Stress Response System ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Stress Influences ◽  
And Behavior

Stress, be it physical or psychological, can have a devastating long-term impact on an individual’s development, health, and well-being, and yet can be adaptive in the short term (e.g., promoting immediate survival, triggering the desire to remedy social conflict). The stress response system involves physiological processes in reaction to a real or perceived threat, which serve a variety of purposes. This chapter reviews pertinent topics and research within the social neuroendocrine study of stress, including acute versus chronic stress, and how stress influences social behavior and status. Where appropriate, it offers critiques of current theoretical models and includes suggestions for future directions within this research area.

scholarly journals Mental Resilience and Coping With Stress: A Comprehensive, Multi-level Model of Cognitive Processing, Decision Making, and Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna S. Palamarchuk ◽  
Tracy Vaillancourt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Level Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

Aversive events can evoke strong emotions that trigger cerebral neuroactivity to facilitate behavioral and cognitive shifts to secure physiological stability. However, upon intense and/or chronic exposure to such events, the neural coping processes can be maladaptive and disrupt mental well-being. This maladaptation denotes a pivotal point when psychological stress occurs, which can trigger subconscious, “automatic” neuroreactivity as a defence mechanism to protect the individual from potential danger including overwhelming unpleasant feelings and disturbing or threatening thoughts.The outcomes of maladaptive neural activity are cognitive dysfunctions such as altered memory, decision making, and behavior that impose a risk for mental disorders. Although the neurocognitive phenomena associated with psychological stress are well documented, the complex neural activity and pathways related to stressor detection and stress coping have not been outlined in detail. Accordingly, we define acute and chronic stress-induced pathways, phases, and stages in relation to novel/unpredicted, uncontrollable, and ambiguous stressors. We offer a comprehensive model of the stress-induced alterations associated with multifaceted pathophysiology related to cognitive appraisal and executive functioning in stress.

scholarly journals Circadian rhythm and neurodegenerative disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Michelle Werdann ◽  
Yong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Early Intervention ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Circadian Clocks ◽  
Daily Rhythms ◽  
Animal Physiology ◽  
And Behavior

The circadian clock controls daily rhythms in animal physiology, metabolism, and behavior, such as the sleep‐wake cycle. Disruption of circadian rhythms has been revealed in many diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. Interestingly, patients with many neurodegenerative diseases often show problems with circadian clocks even years before other symptoms develop. Here we review the recent studies identifying the association between circadian rhythms and several major neurodegenerative disorders. Early intervention of circadian rhythms may benefit the treatment of neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals How to Live on Mars With a Proper Circadian Clock?

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rujia Luo ◽  
Yutao Huang ◽  
Huan Ma ◽  
Jinhu Guo
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
The Self ◽  
Circadian Clocks ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Circadian Misalignment ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Adaptive Challenges ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
And Behavior

Intrinsic circadian clocks generate circadian rhythms of physiology and behavior, which provide the capabilities to adapt to cycling environmental cues that result from the self-rotation of the Earth. Circadian misalignment leads to deleterious impacts on adaptation and health in different organisms. The environmental cues on the interplanetary journey to and on Mars dramatically differ from those on Earth. These differences impose numerous adaptive challenges, including challenges for humans’ circadian clock. Thus, adaptation of circadian rhythms to the Martian environment is a prerequisite for future landing and dwelling on Mars. Here, we review the progress of studies associated with the influence of the Martian environment on circadian rhythms and propose directions for further study and potential strategies to improve the adaptation of the circadian clock for future Mars missions.

scholarly journals Monetary attitudes of young people in conditions of socioeconomic instability

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-381
Author(s):  
Natal’ya Alikperova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Financial Behavior ◽  
Stable Set ◽  
Risky Investment ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
New Generation

In modern society, the younger generation is one of the most creative and active parts of its functioning. The constantly changing monetary attitudes of young people act as a driving force that affects the level of competitiveness and dynamic development of the socio-economic sphere. The attitudes of young people towards money and its management determine the vector in the formation of both an economically strong, politically stable state and an entire society. A stable set of attitudes is determined by the attitude to money, preferences in its management, goals, and strategies in the formation of various types of financial behavior, ways to achieve material well-being, orientation to economic values, and other important components. In this article, the author presents partial results of a large-scale study on the behavior of young people in the financial market, which reflect the monetary attitudes of young Muscovites that determine behavior in various areas of financial life: the desire to improve well-being, goals, and methods of achieving financial well-being, attitude to money and ways of managing it, attitude to savings and savings instruments, the investment potential of young people, as well as plans for the use of investment instruments. As a result of the conducted research, the following was revealed: the majority of respondents are characterized by a critical attitude to monetary transactions and financial institutions, lack of inclination to excessive spending, and risky investment. The desire of young people to accumulate and find ways to increase capital indicates far-sightedness, and preferences in financial instruments with the lowest share of risk, indicates caution in matters of capital management. This is an active, not afraid of the new, generation of Muscovites, showing a desire and interest in new forms of financial relationships, young people who form trends, young people whose attitudes, needs, and behavior need to be constantly studied by all participants of the financial eco-system.

Hormonal contraception as a method of social adaptation of women in modern society

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Tatyana Yu Pestrikova ◽  
Elena A Yurasova ◽  
Igor V Yurasov ◽  
Tamara D Kovaleva
Keyword(s):  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Hormonal Contraception ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Aim Analysis ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Chlormadinone Acetate

Relevance. Currently, women make up more than 40% of the global workforce and more than half of students studying at universities around the world. Women's education, especially at a high level, tends to increase female employment. The mismatch of the style and rhythm of modern life with a genetically determined and working millennium reproductive program requires the choice of a specific approach to social adaptation. Aim. Analysis of literary sources on the use of hormonal contraception as a method of social adaptation. Materials and methods. To write this review, domestic and foreign publications were searched in Russian and international search systems (PubMed, eLibrary, etc.) for the last 2-10 years. The review included articles from peer-reviewed literature. Results. The review describes the features of modern hormonal contraceptives. Their non-contraceptive effects are presented. The individual non-contraceptive effects of a combined oral contraceptive containing 30 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg of chlormadinone acetate were determined. It has been established that the use of this contraceptive helps to improve the well-being and mood of patients, which allows you to actively use this contraceptive in routine clinical practice with premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, without the use of analgesics. Conclusions. The numerous positive effects of ethinyl estradiol and chlormadinone acetate allow the use of the drug as a means to increase social adaptation, and, consequently, improve the quality of life.

Temporal Focus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbie J. Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Future ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Temporal Focus

Temporal focus is the individual tendency to characteristically think more or less about the past, present, and future. Although originally rooted in early work from psychology, research on temporal focus has been steadily growing in a number of research areas, particularly since Zimbardo and Boyd’s (1999) influential article on the topic. This chapter will review temporal focus research from the past to the present, including how temporal focus has been conceptualized and measured, and which correlates and outcomes have been tested in terms of well-being and behavior. Based on this review, an agenda for research is created to direct temporal focus research in the future.

scholarly journals Special Issue on Mental Health and Well-Being in Adolescence: Environment and Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2975
Author(s):  
Javier Ortuño-Sierra ◽  
Beatriz Lucas-Molina ◽  
Félix Inchausti ◽  
Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Environment And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Health And Well Being

Psychological problems in children and adolescent populations range from 10% to 20% [...]

scholarly journals Can neuroscience help to understand narcissism? A systematic review of an emerging field

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Jauk ◽  
Philipp Kanske
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Interpersonal Functioning ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pathological Narcissism ◽  
Ego Threat ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Narcissism is a Janusian personality construct, associated with both grandiose self-assuredness and dominance, as well as vulnerable insecurity and reactivity. Central questions of intra- and interpersonal functioning in narcissism are still a matter of debate. Neuroscience could help to understand the paradoxical patterns of experience and behavior beyond the limitations of self-reports. We provide a systematic review of 34 neuroscience studies on grandiose, vulnerable, pathological narcissism, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), spanning experimental investigations of intra- and interpersonal mechanisms, research on neurophysiological and neuroendocrine aspects of baseline function, and brain structural correlates. While neuroscience has scarcely directly studied vulnerable narcissism, grandiose narcissism is associated with heightened vigilance to ego threat and stress responses following ego threat, as well as heightened stress indicators in baseline measures. Such responses are not commonly observed in self-reports, highlighting the potential of neuroscience to augment our understanding of self-regulatory dynamics in narcissism. Interpersonal functioning is characterized by deficits in social–affective processes. Both involve altered activity within the salience network, pointing to a double dissociation regarding the expression of narcissism and self/other oriented situational focus. Findings are summarized in an integrative model providing testable hypotheses for future research along with methodological recommendations.

scholarly journals Changes Induced by Mind–Body Intervention Including Epigenetic Marks and Its Effects on Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1317
Author(s):  
Hyun-Jeong Yang ◽  
Eugene Koh ◽  
Min-Kyu Sung ◽  
Hojung Kang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Cortisol Secretion ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Epigenetic Marks ◽  
Reduce Blood Glucose ◽  
Early Life Events ◽  
Mental Well Being

Studies have evidenced that epigenetic marks associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) can be inherited from parents or acquired through fetal and early-life events, as well as through lifelong environments or lifestyles, which can increase the risk of diabetes in adulthood. However, epigenetic modifications are reversible, and can be altered through proper intervention, thus mitigating the risk factors of T2D. Mind–body intervention (MBI) refers to interventions like meditation, yoga, and qigong, which deal with both physical and mental well-being. MBI not only induces psychological changes, such as alleviation of depression, anxiety, and stress, but also physiological changes like parasympathetic activation, lower cortisol secretion, reduced inflammation, and aging rate delay, which are all risk factors for T2D. Notably, MBI has been reported to reduce blood glucose in patients with T2D. Herein, based on recent findings, we review the effects of MBI on diabetes and the mechanisms involved, including epigenetic modifications.

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