scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the diet of members of the families Mustelidae and Canidae

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (21) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Mariia Martsiv ◽  
◽  
Ihor Dykyy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Red Fox ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Shannon’S Index ◽  
Trophic Preferences ◽  
The Family ◽  
Burial Grounds

The article analyzes 151 food samples of carnivoran mammals of two families. It was found that the diet includes 49 food items in the studied species of the family Canidae and 42 items in species of the family Mustelidae, of both plant and animal origin. It was revealed that plant food is an important component of the diet of predators, since the frequency of registration of these objects is 46.4%. Most often, it is the remains of cereals and plant seeds. Rodents are the main food for both families (19% in Canidae, 21% in Mustelidae). A seasonal change in diet for both families was noted. Members of the family Mustelidae consume plants more often in summer and winter, while in in spring and autumn mammals prevail in their diet when the share of juicy fruits is the lowest. Rodents are consumed throughout the year, but their largest share was noted in spring, when this family is characterized by the greatest variety of food (Shannon's index is 2.0). For members of the family Canidae, the most important component of the diet in winter is dry fruits. The number of rodents in their diet also increases in spring. The summer period is characterized by the consumption of invertebrates and the absence of animal carcasses in the diet. In autumn, the share of juicy fruits increases and during this period the diet of Canidae is the most diverse (1.9). The lowest variety of food in species of the two families was registered in summer. Competition between the studied families may increase in spring when the most important food for the representatives of both Canidae and Mustelidae is rodents. There are some sex-related trophic preferences in both families. In particular, males of the family Mustelidae consume rodents more often (68.7%), while females more often feed on plants (56.1%). As for the family Canidae, the analysis was carried out on the example of the red fox. It was found that females of this species prefer plant foods and there are no ungulates in their diet. Males consume fewer plants (41.4%) and often forage in cattle burial grounds and landfills. Accordingly, the diet of males is more diverse compared to that in females. The Shannon index is 3.3 and 2.5, respectively.

Legume seed flavonoids and nitrogenous metabolites as signals and protectants in early seedling development

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Ndakidemi ◽  
Felix D. Dakora
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Plant Pest ◽  
The Family ◽  
Early Seedling

Flavonoids and nitrogenous metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides and amino acids are major components of plant seeds. Conjugated forms of these compounds are soluble in water, and therefore, are easily released as chemical signals following imbibition. Once in the soil, these metabolites are first in line to serve as eco-sensing signals for suitable rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal partners required for the establishment of symbiotic mutualisms. They may also serve as defence molecules against pathogens and insect pests, as well as playing a role in the control of parasitic members of the family Scrophulariaceae, especially Striga, a major plant pest of cereal crops in Africa. Seed metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides and amino acids define seedling growth and, ultimately, crop yields. Thus, an improvement in our understanding of seed chemistry would permit manipulation of these molecules for effective control of pathogens, insect pests, Striga and destructive weeds, as well as for enhanced acquisition of N and P via symbioses with soil rhizobia and AM fungi.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Isolates from Animal Origin Food Items in Selected Areas of Arsi Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia, 2018/19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Minda Asfaw Geresu ◽  
Behailu Assefa Wayuo ◽  
Gezahegne Mamo Kassa
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile ◽  
Arsi Zone ◽  
Animal Origin Food

The status of Salmonella and its antimicrobial susceptibility profile in animal origin food items from different catering establishments in Ethiopia is scarce. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolates from animal origin food items in the selected areas of Arsi Zone. One hundred ninety-two animal origin food samples were collected and processed for Salmonella isolation. Isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion assay. An overall prevalence of 9.4% (18/192) Salmonella spp. isolates were recovered from animal origin food samples collected from different catering establishments. Seven (21.9%) of “Dulet,” 4 (12.5%) of “Kitfo,” 3 (9.4%) of “Kurt,” 2 (6.3%) of raw milk, 1 (3.1%) of egg sandwich and 1 (3.1%) of cream cake samples were positive for Salmonella. Catering establishments, protective clothing, source of contamination, manner of hand washing, and money handling were among the putative risk factors that were significantly associated ( p < 0.05 ) with Salmonella spp. occurrence. Ampicillin, nitrofurans, and sulphonamide resistance were significantly associated ( p < 0.05 ) with Salmonella spp. occurrence in the selected food items. Three (16.7%), 5 (27.8%), 5 (27.8%), and 4 (22.2%) of the isolates were resistant to 3, 4, 5, and 6 antibiotics, respectively, whereas only a sole isolate was resistant to two antibiotics (viz. ampicillin and kanamycin). In conclusion, the general sanitary condition of the catering establishments, utensils used, and personnel hygienic practices were not to the recommended standards in the current study. Besides, detection of multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella in animal origin food items from different catering establishments suggests the need for detailed epidemiological and molecular characterization of the pathogen so as to establish the sources of acquisition of resistant Salmonella strains. Hence, implementation of Salmonella prevention and control strategies from farm production to consumption of animal origin food items are crucial.

scholarly journals The Use of Enrofloxacin Antibiotic as a Veterinary Drug and Its Residual Hazards on Public Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Prima Mei Widiyanti ◽  
Mirnawati Bachrum Sudarwanto ◽  
Etih Sudarnika ◽  
Raphaella Widiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Broad Spectrum Antibiotic ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
The Family ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Food Needs

The livestock sector can improve the community's economy and has a role in fulfilling food needs, especially animal protein. One of the problems in the livestock sector is the presence of infectious diseases that consequently need treatment using veterinary drugs. This paper describes the use of enrofloxacin antibiotics as veterinary drug and their residual hazards on public health. Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic from the family of fluoroquinolones (second generation of quinolone). Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective to kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, so it was used for the treatment of various diseases in animals. Pharmacokinetically, enrofloxacin will be metabolized into ciprofloxacin and other metabolites. The improper use of enrofloxacin antibiotics caused residues in food products of animal origin, microbial resistance and toxicity, therefore the use of enrofloxacin needs to be monitored and evaluated for the sake of animal health and society.

Detection of Multiple-Antimicrobial Resistance and Characterization of the Implicated Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Foods of Animal Origin in Tunis

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1082-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
AHLEM JOUINI ◽  
KARIM BEN SLAMA ◽  
YOLANDA SÁENZ ◽  
NAOUEL KLIBI ◽  
DANIELA COSTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Agar Dilution

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance was conducted for 98 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from 40 food samples of animal origin (poultry, sheep, beef, fish, and others) obtained in supermarkets and local butcheries in Tunis during 2004 and 2005. Susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents was tested by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods, the mechanisms of resistance were evaluated using PCR and sequencing methods, and the clonal relationship among isolates was evaluated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. High resistance was detected to tetracycline, sulphonamides, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, streptomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (29 to 43% of isolates), but all isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefoxitin, azthreonam, and amikacin. One-third of the isolates had multiresistant phenotypes (resistance to at least five different families of antimicrobial agents). Different variants of blaTEM, tet, sul, dfrA, aadA, and aac(3) genes were detected in most of the strains resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulphonamide, trimethoprim, streptomycin, and gentamicin, respectively. The presence of class 1 and class 2 integrons was studied in 15 sulphonamide-resistant unrelated E. coli strains, and 14 of these strains harbored class 1 integrons with five different arrangements of gene cassettes, and a class 2 integron with the dfrA1 + sat + aadA1 arrangement was found in one strain. This study revealed the high diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes, some of them included in integrons, in E. coli isolates of food origin.

scholarly journals The prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in domestic animals and food in Serbia

2004 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ČOBELJIĆ ◽  
B. DIMIĆ ◽  
D. OPAČIĆ ◽  
Z. LEPšANOVIĆ ◽  
V. STOJANOVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Phenotypic Profile ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Profile Characteristic ◽  
Low Incidence

Faecal samples of 2660 domestic animals from 116 farms and 956 samples of food were examined for the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). STEC was recovered from 126 (15·3%) cattle, 135 (11·3%) pigs, 135 (66·8%) sheep, 31 (73·8%) goats, 4 (1%) chicken, and 15 (1·6%) food samples. Of all STEC isolates, 21·5, 25·8 and 15% produced enterohaemolysin, α-haemolysin, and aerobactin respectively, 1·6% displayed localized adherence (LA) to HEp-2 cells, 27·6% were sorbitol negative, and 30% were resistant to antibiotics. Only 14 (3·1%) of the STEC isolates belonged to human infection-associated serogroups (O26, O55, O111, O128 and O157), designated as enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). This study revealed that STEC are prevalent in domestic animals, and to a lesser extent in food of animal origin in Serbia, but the absence of a EHEC phenotypic profile (characteristic serogroup, LA, enterohaemolysin production) in most animal STEC strains may explain the low incidence of human STEC infection in this part of the world.

scholarly journals Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in food samples of animal origin in Spain

2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1325-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lozano ◽  
M. Lopez ◽  
E. Gomez-Sanz ◽  
F. Ruiz-Larrea ◽  
C. Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

A Home Away from Home: Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, and the Rural Cemetery Movement

Prospects ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 135-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth L. Bohan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Parks ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
American City ◽  
American Family ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Family ◽  
Physical Setting ◽  
Family Home ◽  
Burial Grounds

Much has been written in recent years about 19th-century rural cemeteries. Beginning with the establishment of Boston's Mount Auburn Cemetery in 1831, these rural retreats rapidly replaced existing church burial grounds and by the 1850s had led to the development of urban parks and garden suburbs as well. Like urban parks and garden suburbs, rural cemeteries were meant to provide relief from the crowding, grid-iron regularity, and grittiness of the country's rapidly expanding industrial centers by embracing the openness, spontaneity, and verdant freshness of nature. Trees, shrubs, and flowering plants punctuated and enhanced the gentle contours of the land; lakes and roadways reflected and extended nature's beauties; manmade structures, too, nestled into the undulating rhythms of the land, exhibiting a oneness with the varied and carefully orchestrated richness of the natural setting. The garden suburb and the rural cemetery shared a further distinction of being located on the periphery of existing cities and were frequently entered through imposing gates that effectively announced their separateness from the surrounding terrain. Even more fundamental, however, but not fully understood, is the fact that at the core of the creation of both the rural cemetery and the garden suburb was a desire to emphasize and consolidate the American family by providing it with a new physical setting and a new set of symbols. By the Civil War, virtually every large American city had a rural cemetery, where its dead were buried in ample family lots that were adorned with imposing family monuments, and set off from other family lots by elaborate iron fences or stone copings similar to those that edged the family home.

scholarly journals Partial Sequencing of IS1216V Transposase Gene of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Food Samples

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Ibtesam G. Auda
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Insertion Sequence ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Local Foods ◽  
Transposase Gene ◽  
High Identity ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Total Food

Background:  Insertion sequence is a short DNA sequence encode for proteins implicated in the transposition activity. Transposase  catalyzes the enzymatic reaction allowing the insertion sequence  to +9*lo2 move. ;qqa;. Objective: To study the sequencing of transposase gene, tnp, IS1216V of S. aureus isolated from food and then compared with that documented in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Methods: Food samples of animal and plant origin were collected, and screened for presence of S. aureus, IS1216V was identified in the Tn1546-like elements in the genomes of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Results: About 75% of total food samples were positive to S. aureus especially in the food of animal origin. tnp amplification showed that, 85% of isolates gave positive result.   Sequencing of amplified part of  IS1216V tnp of S. aureus isolates showed that,  tnp gene had high identity (78-79%) with the reference strains of NCBI. Conclusion: High percentage of  local food samples were contaminated with S. aureus especially of animal origin. Most of the S. aureus isolates showed the presence of transposase gene (tnp) of IS1216V. Sequencing showed some dissimilarity between the sequence of transposase gene (tnp) of IS1216V  S. aureus isolated from local foods and strains  recorded in database of  NCBI.

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