Medical Aspects of Mental Retardation

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1031-1031
Author(s):  
GERALD D. LAVECK
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Defects

It is the purpose of this publication to present systematically in a single volume pertinent medical knowledge and recent biomedical advances in mental retardation. Although planned to aid the busy physician in diagnosing this disability and counseling parents, the book is also intended for medical students and scientists interested in this problem. Topics covered include genetics, metabolic defects, malformations, infections, injury, endocrine disorders, new growths, and other medical aspects of this handicapping condition. Over thirty authors, many of whom are recognized authorities in the field, have contributed to this volume.

scholarly journals A Mobile Medical Knowledge Dissemination Platform (HeadToToe): Mixed Methods Study

10.2196/17729 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e17729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ido Zamberg ◽  
Olivier Windisch ◽  
Thomas Agoritsas ◽  
Mathieu Nendaz ◽  
Georges Savoldelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Postgraduate Education ◽  
Third Party ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Knowledge Dissemination ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
The University

Background Finding readily accessible, high-quality medical references can be a challenging task. HeadToToe is a mobile platform designed to allow easy and quick access to sound, up-to-date, and validated medical knowledge and guidance. It provides easy access to essential clinical medical content in the form of documents, videos, clinical scores, and other formats for the day-to-day access and use by medical students and physicians during their pre- and postgraduate education. Objective The aim of this paper is to describe the architecture, user interface, and potential strengths and limitations of an innovative knowledge dissemination platform developed at the University of Geneva, Switzerland. We also report preliminary results from a user-experience survey and usage statistics over a selected period. Methods The dissemination platform consists of a smartphone app. Through an administration interface, content is managed by senior university and hospital staff. The app includes the following sections: (1) main section of medical guidance, organized by clinical field; (2) checklists for history-taking and clinical examination, organized by body systems; (3) laboratory section with frequently used lab values; and (4) favorites section. Each content item is programmed to be available for a given duration as defined by the content’s author. Automatic notifications signal the author when the content is about to expire, hence, promoting its timely updating and reducing the risk of using obsolete content. In the background, a third-party statistical collecting tool records anonymous utilization statistics. Results We launched the final version of the platform in March 2019, both at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Geneva and at the University Hospital of Geneva in Switzerland. A total of 622 students at the university and 613 health professionals at the hospital downloaded the app. Two-thirds of users at both institutions had an iOS device. During the practical examination period (ie, May 2019) there was a significant increase in the number of active users (P=.003), user activity (P<.001), and daily usage time (P<.001) among medical students. In addition, there were 1086 clinical skills video views during this period compared to a total of 484 in the preceding months (ie, a 108% increase). On a 10-point Likert scale, students and physicians rated the app with mean scores of 8.2 (SD 1.9) for user experience, 8.1 (SD 2.0) for usefulness, and 8.5 (SD 1.8) for relevance of content. In parallel, postgraduate trainees viewed more than 6000 documents during the first 3 months after the implementation in the Division of Neurology at our institution. Conclusions HeadToToe is an educator-driven, mobile dissemination platform, which provides rapid and user-friendly access to up-to-date medical content and guidance. The platform was given high ratings for user experience, usefulness, and content quality and was used more often during the exam period. This suggests that the platform could be used as tool for exam preparation.

Flipping the Medical School Classroom

2018 ◽  
pp. 5800-5809
Author(s):  
Kristina Kaljo ◽  
Laura Jacques
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Student ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Hybrid Learning ◽  
Teaching Methodologies ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Content Acquisition ◽  
Hybrid Learning Environment

The preparation of today's physicians is a tremendous responsibility. For medical students to be successful, they must experience a multitude of opportunities to develop appropriate clinical skills, problem solving acumen, and medical knowledge. Due to various barriers, medical students may develop gaps in critical and foundational knowledge. The use of flipped lectures has the capacity to “mobilize” education and ensure for versatility and improved content acquisition through the implementation of both online and face-to-face teaching methodologies. This hybrid learning environment has the capacity to also address the increasingly diverse needs of today's matriculating medical student. This article identifies tools and strategies of how to incorporate flipped lectures into medical education.

scholarly journals Timing is key to providing modified assessments for students with specific learning difficulties

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Christian P Gray ◽  
Steven A Burr
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Multiple Choice Question ◽  
Knowledge Assessment ◽  
Learning Difficulty ◽  
Medical Program ◽  
Assessment Performance ◽  
Specific Learning

Abstract Introduction Medical students who are diagnosed with a specific learning difficulty (SpLD) will typically receive a reasonable adjustment within examinations in the form of modified assessment provision (MAP). This study investigated whether the timing of SpLD diagnosis and subsequent implementation of MAP has an impact on performance in applied medical knowledge multiple choice question (MCQ) assessments. Method The MCQ performance of 108 students diagnosed with SpLD who received a MAP was monitored and compared with 1960 students who received an unmodified assessment, over 5 years of a medical program. Students who received a SpLD diagnosis in the latter years of the program were identified as not receiving a MAP in assessments prior to diagnosis. Results Differences were found between declaration and diagnosis, with 44.4% of students who declared and 48.1% who did not declare subsequently receiving a diagnosis. Students with SpLD who receive a MAP increase their applied medical knowledge assessment performance, although there is a delay of up to a year for this impact to reach significance. Conclusion Early diagnosis of SpLD is necessary to ensure the intended benefit is received from MAP.

scholarly journals P134: Escape game as a theatre-based simulation for teamwork skills training in undergraduate medical education

CJEM ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (S1) ◽  
pp. S104-S105
Author(s):  
A. V. Seto
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Mutual Support ◽  
Training Time ◽  
University Of Calgary ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Teamwork Skills ◽  
Successes And Challenges

Introduction: Teamwork skills are essential in emergency presentations. When training medical students to manage acute care cases, simulation is frequently the educational tool. However, simulation content is often medically-focused, and post-simulation debriefs may not prioritize discussion of teamwork skills, as time is limited. Furthermore, debriefing both medical and teamwork aspects of a case may add to the learners cognitive load. This innovation uses an escape game as a non-clinical simulation to gamify teamwork skills training, with a focus on the collaborator CanMEDS role. In the entertainment industry, escape games are activities where teams solve a series of puzzles together to ultimately escape a room. Methods: 2 groups of 5 second-year medical students piloted the escape game, created within a simulation theatre, designed to surface teamwork competencies under the four University of Calgary Team Scheme domains (adapted from CIHCs National Interprofessional Competency Framework and TeamSTEPPS): Leadership/Membership, Communication, Situation Monitoring, and Collaborative Decision-Making/Mutual Support. During the game, facilitators noted examples of students strengths and challenges in demonstrating teamwork competencies. Post-game, a debrief and written reflective exercise enabled students to analyze successes and challenges in demonstrating teamwork competencies, propose solutions to teamwork challenges, and write 3 goals to improve teamwork skills. All competencies listed under each Team Scheme domain represented themes used in a thematic analysis to uncover students reported teamwork challenges. Results: Each escape game is a 30-minute teamwork activity where 5 students collaborate to complete 8 puzzles, which do not require medical knowledge, in order to win. Briefing is scheduled for 15-minutes, whereas post-game debriefing and reflection is 45-minutes. Conclusion: Escape games can highlight strengths and challenges in teamwork and collaboration amongst second-year medical students. Every competency under the Team Scheme domains was highlighted by the escape game pilots, touching on both strengths and challenges, for which students demonstrated, debriefed, and reflected upon. Students self-documented teamwork challenges include issues surrounding task-focused, closed-loop communication, and frequent reassessments. Advantages of this innovation include its use as a learning progression towards acute care simulations, portability and affordability, potential interprofessional use, and customizability. Additional training time may be required to orient facilitators to this atypical simulation. The escape game will launch in MDCN490 for second-year medical students and is scheduled prior to their acute care simulations. Further teamwork challenges identified at that time will help inform teamwork curriculum development for year 3.

scholarly journals KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND BEHAVIORS TOWARD ANTIBIOTICS OF NON-MEDICAL STUDENTS JOUF UNIVERSITY, SAUDI ARABIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Gomaa Mostafa-hedeab
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Wrong Answer ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Previous Prescription ◽  
Higher Doses

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the knowledge and attitude of non-medical students, Jouf University toward antibiotic.Methods: Data were collected from male and female students using a self-prepared questionnaire then tabulated and analyzed using SPSS program.Results: This study included 1035 students; 573 (55.3%) male and 462 (44.6%) female, aged (21.5±2.2) years. About 533 (51.5%) used antibiotic during the year 2015. 705 (68.12%) of the student display wrong answer regarding the uses of the antibiotic. 53.5% depending on the previous prescription on self-medicated antibiotic (SAM), followed by their experience (14.5%) and pharmacy advice (11.3%). 45.9% did not have any idea about the antibiotic name they used. Majority of the students (62.6%) stop antibiotic once improvement is achieved, whereas (28.1%) complete the course till the end of the last dose. 75.4% of the studied populations saving at least one antibiotic at home while 62.7% sharing antibiotic with others. 35.3% of the studied population did not experienced antibiotic-related side effects, while 19.3% experience nausea. About 57.6% believed that broad spectrum is better than narrow-spectrum antibiotic, 70.4% deny that higher doses enhance recovery, (57.3%) believes that low dose decrease side effect. 51.9% depend on their good medical knowledge for SMA, while 20.3% was to save time, 18.8% dependent on pharmacy expert where only 9% was to save money cost.Conclusion: The majority of the sample had a fair level of knowledge in relation to antibiotics. Initiation of national program and campaigns toward antibiotic uses to raise the public awareness about the hazardous of antibiotic misuse/abuse is essential to decrease the gap between antibiotic use and attitude.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an Ophthalmology Session for Third-Year Medical Students at the University of Colorado School of Medicine

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. e23-e31
Author(s):  
Judas Kelley ◽  
Jasleen Singh
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Colorado School ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
University Of Colorado ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The University

Background Medical school ophthalmology education continues to be marginalized, creating the challenge of teaching students how to adequately diagnose and manage common ocular diseases in a limited time. Objective This study aimed to improve the ophthalmic medical knowledge and clinical skills of third-year medical students. Methods This curriculum was provided to 76 out of 124 third-year medical students in the 2016 class at the University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine program. It was a half-day session that incorporated lectures, problem-based cases, and clinical skills. Participating students were given a self-reflection survey on their knowledge at the beginning and end of the session. Participating students were given a pre-test and post-test 6 months later via SurveyMonkey. Another quiz was given to all students within the class. Comparisons of pre- and post-tests, pre- and post-surveys, and quiz results in the participating and nonparticipating groups were made. Results Participating students' mean pre-test score was 61.8% (n = 76) and post-test score was 72.3% (n = 47), p < 0.01, indicating a significant increase in knowledge. There was an increase in 2 points on the Likert scale of understanding in ophthalmology between surveys. Participating students received a quiz mean score of 61.2%, which was significantly higher than those in the nonparticipating group (54.3%), p < 0.05. Conclusion This session improved medical students' confidence and medical knowledge in ophthalmology.

scholarly journals Saving lives through voluntary blood donation: learning from medical students in ruvuma, southern Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
Moshi Moshi Shabani ◽  
Kauke Bakari Zimbwe ◽  
Soha Sobhy ◽  
Bernard Mbwele
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Future ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Donated Blood ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Background: Medical students present a high merit and potential source of blood in hospitals due to their medical knowledge, physiological potential by age however their use has been rarely described in southern Tanzania. Objectives: The main objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, willingness for the future blood donation among medical students of southern, Tanzania. Methods: A cross-sectional study to assess awareness, knowledge, attitudes, willingness and factors associated blood donation among medical students in Ruvuma, Southern Tanzania was conducted from March to June 2018. A self- administered questionnaire was used and data was analyzed by IBM Corp, SPSS Version 24.0. Results: A total of 176 students were assessed at an average age of 25.8 ± 3.6 years. Eighty medical students (45.5%) ever donated blood while among them 66 (82.5%) of those being out of volunteering. About 46 (57.5%) students had a repeated experience for blood donation. Majority of students had positive attitude toward blood donation 159 (90.3%), often 135 (77%) identified voluntary blood donation to be useful and 133 (75.6%) were willing to donate in the future. Factors that were significantly associated with blood donation were age above 30 (OR=0.18, p<0.001), male sex (OR=3.69, p=0.001), past HIV screening (OR=2.59, p=0.029), knowledge of one’s own blood group (OR=4.86, p<0.001,) and knowledge of the safe duration to donate a unit of blood (OR=2.42, p=0.024). Conclusion: Medical students present a high awareness, positive attitude, and high intention to donate blood to achieve the WHO goal for non-remunerated blood donation.

scholarly journals The impact of medical knowledge on attitudes towards the use of OTC drugs

2015 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Kołłątaj ◽  
Magda Sowa ◽  
Witold Kołłątaj ◽  
Piotr Książek ◽  
Justyna Szakuła
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Otc Drugs ◽  
Maximum Period ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Medicine Analysis ◽  
Medical University ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction. In many countries, the concept of OTC drugs, among others, is defined in advance by the assumed maximum period of their use – usually 3-5 days. In fact, many patients often benefit from these opportunities too often, use medication for longer than 3-5 days and prefer symptomatic treatment rather than causal. OTC drugs give people a sense of freedom and subjectivity. Numerous doctors claim that too much freedom in this case can prove dangerous. Aim. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in attitudes towards the use of OTC drugs in medicine students as they acquire knowledge and medical experience. Material and methods. The study looked at 178 students of the Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin (89 – 1 and 2 year students as well 89 – 5 and 6 year ones). A diagnostic survey was used as a tool for obtaining responses from the participants. The survey was conducted between October 2014 and November 2014. Results. Almost 90% of medical students use OTC drugs for self-medication, while only 11% of them have never used such medicine. Analysis of students’ attitudes indicate that acquired medical knowledge has no effect on the frequency using this type of treatment. Overall, students tend to use such drugs occasionally. Only some 14-23% of them use the OTC drugs on a regular basis. The motivations for the use such drugs include: convenience, the previous experiences implying the efficacy of drugs, less frequent are other reasons. Some 28% of the students participating in the study and at least 13% of graduating medical students accept prolonged use of OTC drugs. As the consequence acquisition of medical knowledge, the students are less likely to consult their self-medication attitudes with doctors, families and friends, more often and accurately read the leaflets for drugs, and are more and more reluctant to proposals for extending the assortment of available OTC drugs. Conclusions. 1. Almost 90% of medical students use OTC drugs for self-treatment. 2. 28% of polled 1-2 year medical students and at least 13% of graduating ones may have tendencies to abuse drugs. 3. Over the subsequent years of study, medical students more often read medicine leaflets, they become less reliant on the advice they receive from their family or friends regarding self-treatment or they are less willing to extend the range of available OTC drugs.

scholarly journals Objective Structured Clinical Examination’s adaptation for final evaluation of the curricular component “Semiological Bases”

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Fernando Muti Carvalho ◽  
Marta Silva Menezes ◽  
Iêda Maria Barbosa Aleluia ◽  
Humberto Castro Lima Filho ◽  
Ana Veronica Mascarenhas Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Student ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Medical Student Learning ◽  
Practical Exam ◽  
De Medicina

BACKGROUND: The combination of both physiological knowledge of a variety of sistems and the clinical findings it is of extreme relevance to the medical student learning process. The proposal of a simulated enviroment, with clinical data collection and regular physical examination, is crucial to this process. The Semiological bases of Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública module, used by the OSCE’s 4th semester medical students, capacitate them for such means. SUMMARY OF WORK: The evaluation logistic was divided into two segments: the first one was made through a theorical exam with close questioning, exhibiting images and videos, but also containing an open-ended question requesting a construction of a fictional clinical case; in the second one it was applied a practical exam segmented by different fields of medical knowledge (neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory/abdomen), with the evaluation of 120 students and followed by the teacher’s feedbacks at the conclusion of each field exam. SUMMARY OF RESULTS: The experience was important, however, it is notable the need for a complex management and understanding of the evaluational process. Discussion between students and teachers happened in behalf of the development of such proposal. CONCLUSIONS: The application of theorical exams throughout the semester combined with a practical exam (the OSCE) at the conclusion of the curricular component Bases Semiológicas had significant weight to the whole process.

scholarly journals Transition readiness among adolescents with rare endocrine conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-446
Author(s):  
Lisette van Alewijk ◽  
Kirsten Davidse ◽  
Karlijn Pellikaan ◽  
Judith van Eck ◽  
Anita C S Hokken-Koelega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Information ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Practical Skills ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Transition Readiness ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
And Gender

Objective Adolescents and young adults (AYA) with common endocrine disorders show a high dropout (up to 50%) after the transfer from paediatric to adult endocrinology. Little is known about transition readiness in rare endocrine conditions (rEC). This study aims to assess medical self-management skills (SMS) among AYA with rEC in relation to age and gender, in order to understand dropout and increase transition readiness. Design Cross-sectional study using web-based medical self-management questionnaires. Methods Questionnaires consisting of 54 questions in seven domains were filled out by the adolescents before the first shared appointment with both paediatric and adult endocrinologist. Results Fifty-seven patients (median age 17 years, 25/57 females) participated and generally scored well on most items. However, one out of seven did not know the name of their disorder, one sixth of the glucocorticoid users did not know that dose should be adapted in case of illness or surgery, over one-fifth had never ordered their repeat prescriptions themselves and two-thirds had never had a conversation alone with their doctor. Conclusions Several SMS among patients with rEC are insufficient, with regard to medical knowledge, practical skills and communication. As SMS are only weakly related to non-modifiable factors, such as age and gender, we recommend focussing on other factors to increase transition readiness. The timing, amount and ‘mode’ of medical information should be individualised. Transition checklists should be used to detect shortcomings in practical skills and communication, which can subsequently be trained with the help of parents, caregivers and/or e-technology.

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