Clinical, Laboratory, and Epidemiologic Features of a Viral Gastroenteritis in Infants and Children

We studied 27 infants admitted to the hospital with acute diarrhea caused by human rotavirus (HRV) and obtained additional data on fecal excretion from ten outpatients with the same infection. The disease was characterized by watery diarrhea with fever and vomiting at the onset, isotonic dehydration, compensated metabolic acidosis, and increased concentrations of sodium and chloride but low concentrations of sugar in stools. Diarrhea usually ceased in three to four days when oral feedings were reduced or stopped but recurred mildly in four patients. Of 57 household contacts, 12 were symptomatic, 6 had HRV in their stools, and 19 had significantly increased serum HRV antibody titers. These features of the disease accord with available information on the pathogenesis of HRV infection. Knowledge of the clinical pattern of this newly diagnosable infection should help physicians to recognize and treat quickly this highly infectious, potentially dangerous illness.

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Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Enhances Efficacy of Oral Attenuated Human Rotavirus Vaccine in a Gnotobiotic Piglet Model

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines10010083 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Husheem Michael ◽

Ayako Miyazaki ◽

Stephanie N. Langel ◽

Joshua O. Amimo ◽

Maryssa K. Kick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Cell Function ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Oral Vaccine ◽

Cell Immune Response ◽

Viral Gastroenteritis ◽

Human Rotavirus ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Iga Antibody ◽

Escherichia Coli Nissle

Human rotavirus (HRV) infection is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. Current oral vaccines perform poorly in developing countries where efficacious vaccines are needed the most. Therefore, an alternative affordable strategy to enhance efficacy of the current RV vaccines is necessary. This study evaluated the effects of colonization of neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs with Escherichia coli Nissle (EcN) 1917 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) probiotics on immunogenicity and protective efficacy of oral attenuated (Att) HRV vaccine. EcN-colonized pigs had reduced virulent HRV (VirHRV) shedding and decreased diarrhea severity compared with the LGG-colonized group. They also had enhanced HRV-specific IgA antibody titers in serum and antibody secreting cell numbers in tissues pre/post VirHRV challenge, HRV-specific IgA antibody titers in intestinal contents, and B-cell subpopulations in tissues post VirHRV challenge. EcN colonization also enhanced T-cell immune response, promoted dendritic cells and NK cell function, reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines/Toll like receptor (TLR), and increased production of immunoregulatory cytokines/TLR expression in various tissues pre/post VirHRV challenge. Thus, EcN probiotic adjuvant with AttHRV vaccine enhances the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of AttHRV to a greater extent than LGG and it can be used as a safe and economical oral vaccine adjuvant.

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Immunologic aspect in diagnosis and treatment of SARS-COV-2 patients

Journal of Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University ◽

10.32593/jstmu/vol3.iss2.88 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 113-121

Author(s):

Sumaiya Yasin ◽

Theophilus Bhatti ◽

Muhammad Umer Farooqi ◽

Farrukh Mateen

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Option ◽

Lung Epithelial Cells ◽

Confirmatory Test ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Available Information ◽

Respiratory Droplets

Recent worldwide outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (CoVID-19) has affected massive human population including Pakistan, and has caused a huge number of mortalities in few months. CoVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is single stranded RNA enveloped beta coronavirus and affects lower respiratory tract. It transmits from human to human through respiratory droplets. It uses its S-protein to recognize ACE2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2) receptors in lung epithelial cells where it attaches and causes infection. The incubation period is 2-14 days. In pre-symptomatic phase, body’s immune system starts antibodies production. Significant antibodies are IgM and IgG that produces within 03-06 days and 8-12 days respectively. This review provides the available information about immunological aspects in terms of diagnosis and screening of CoVID-19 and potential therapeutic targets for combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunologic techniques to detect these antibodies are ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay), CMIA (Chemiluminescent Micro particle Immunoassay) and ICT (Immunochromatographic Test). Among these, ELISA and CMIA are found to be highly specific and sensitive in convalescent phase of infection. While the fundamental confirmatory test for SARS-CoV-2 infection is RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) which detects the viral RNA in respiratory samples preferably nasopharyngeal swab. Serological assays are essential to find out rate of infection, and most importantly antibody titers in recovered patients to be used for therapeutic purpose. After some successful studies Convalescent Plasma is considered as a good therapeutic option in the absence of specific antiviral therapy.

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Salivary antibody titers in adults challenged with a human rotavirus

Journal of Medical Virology ◽

10.1002/jmv.1890360313 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 222-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Richard L. Ward ◽

Kristine A. Pax ◽

James R. Sherwood ◽

Elizabeth C. Young ◽

Gilbert M. Schiff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Rotavirus ◽

Antibody Titers

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High prevalence of circulating DS-1-like human rotavirus A and genotype diversity in children with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand from 2016 to 2019

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.10954 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e10954

Author(s):

Siripat Pasittungkul ◽

Fajar Budi Lestari ◽

Jiratchaya Puenpa ◽

Watchaporn Chuchaona ◽

Nawarat Posuwan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Viral Gastroenteritis ◽

Seasonal Incidence ◽

Rotavirus Infection ◽

Rotavirus A ◽

Human Rotavirus ◽

Genotype Diversity ◽

Stool Samples

Background Human rotavirus A (RVA) infection is the primary cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in infants and young children worldwide, especially in children under 5 years of age and is a major public health problem causing severe diarrhea in children in Thailand. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, genotype diversity, and molecular characterization of rotavirus infection circulating in children under 15 years of age diagnosed with AGE in Thailand from January 2016 to December 2019. Methods A total of 2,001 stool samples were collected from children with gastroenteritis (neonates to children <15 years of age) and tested for RVA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Amplified products were sequenced and submitted to an online genotyping tool for analysis. Results Overall, 301 (15.0%) stool samples were positive for RVA. RVA occurred most frequently among children aged 0-24 months. The seasonal incidence of rotavirus infection occurred typically in Thailand during the winter months (December-March). The G3P[8] genotype was identified as the most prevalent genotype (33.2%, 100/301), followed by G8P[8] (10.6%, 32/301), G9P[8] (6.3%, 19/301), G2P[4] (6.0%, 18/301), and G1P[6] (5.3%, 16/301). Uncommon G and P combinations such as G9P[4], G2P[8], G3P[4] and G3P[9] were also detected at low frequencies. In terms of genetic backbone, the unusual DS-1-like G3P[8] was the most frequently detected (28.2%, 85/301), and the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated high nucleotide identity with unusual DS-1-like G3P[8] detected in Thailand and several countries. Conclusions A genetic association between RVA isolates from Thailand and other countries ought to be investigated given the local and global dissemination of rotavirus as it is crucial for controlling viral gastroenteritis, and implications for the national vaccination programs.

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An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for platelet compatibility testing

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v62.4.744.744 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 744-749 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

JD Tamerius ◽

JG Curd ◽

P Tani ◽

R McMillan

Keyword(s):

Antibody Titer ◽

Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Clinical Problem ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Microtiter Plates ◽

Volunteer Donor ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Test Serum ◽

Selection Of

Abstract The selection of platelet donors for patients who are refractory to random donor platelets often presents a difficult clinical problem. We describe an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for evaluating alloantibodies in refractory patients. Platelets from prospective donors are immobilized on microtiter plates and, after incubation with test serum and washing, platelet-bound IgG is detected with enzyme- linked anti-human IgG. Platelets from 46 prospective donors were tested. Twenty-two were judged compatible (reciprocal of the antibody titer less than 16) and, of these, 15 were used as platelet donors; each gave a measurable platelet increment after transfusion. The magnitude of the response was roughly proportional to the assay results. Platelets from donors giving antibody titers less than 4 resulted in platelet increments at 1 hr ranging from 4,890 to 22,200 (median 12,600), while platelets from donors giving titers of 8 or 16 resulted in lesser increments (550–4548). Conversely, 5 of the 24 patients found incompatible by the assay (titer greater than 16) gave no platelet increment, and in 3 instances, the recipient developed fever and chills after the transfusion. The assay is sensitive, simple, and adaptable to the clinical laboratory. Platelets from volunteer donor panels can be plated and stored for up to 6 mo.

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Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children: A 6-year Study from an Iranian Referral Hospital

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871526519666190613123217 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 461-466 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohamadreza Abdolsalehi ◽

Babak Pourakbari ◽

Shima Mahmoudi ◽

Mina Moradzadeh ◽

Hossein Keshavarz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Medical Center ◽

Final Diagnosis ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Center Hospital ◽

Regional Disease ◽

Loss Of Appetite ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiologic Features

Background:: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an emerging zoonosis disease that is endemic in the northwestern and southern part of Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of the children with VL hospitalized at Children Medical Center Hospital (CMC), Tehran, Iran. Methods:: A retrospective study was performed based on studied medical records of children with a final diagnosis of VL from 2011 to 2016. For each patient’s demographics, clinical laboratory findings and treatment were examined. Results:: The clinical features of 17 children were examined and the most frequent symptoms were fever (94.1%, n=16), pallor, loss of appetite (76.5%, n=13), splenomegaly (82.4%, n=14) and hepatomegaly (58.8%, n=10). The most frequent laboratory abnormalities were hematological including anemia (94.1%, n=16), leukopenia (52.9%, n=9) and thrombocytopenia (70.5%, n=12). In order to detect anti-Leishmania antibodies, DAT was performed in 11 patients and 82% of them were positive (titers ≥ 1: 3200). In addition, rK39 was used in 9 cases and 7 children (78%) had positive results. Direct parasitology revealed the presence of amastigotes of Leishmania in bone marrow aspirate (BMA) stained by Giemsa stain in 9 patients (69%, among 13 children). Conclusion:: Leishmaniasis is a regional disease therefore management and control of disease, particularly in an endemic area, as well as detection of new emerging foci are recommended.

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THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.19.1.2 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 2-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Julian Chisolm ◽

Harold E. Harrison

Keyword(s):

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Present Report ◽

Lead Toxicity ◽

Fecal Excretion ◽

Early School ◽

High Incidence ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Lead Encephalopathy ◽

Toxic Concentrations ◽

Supportive Management

The findings of the present report are based upon study of 36 children with acute lead encephalopathy who were treated parenterally with one or more courses of edathamil calcium disodium. The group included 22 mild cases and 14 severe cases of whom 5 died. Comparison of this group with a similar, but not simultaneously studied, group of patients treated with BAL indicates that while edathamil calcium disodium may have reduced the incidence of residual neurologic damage to a certain extent, it has not significantly reduced mortality from this disease. Review of these patients further suggested that edathamil calcium disodium was no more effective than BAL for quickly terminating coma, convulsions and increased intracranial pressure in an episode of acute lead encephalopāthy. During the period of these manifestations most of the deaths occurred. The only present hope for a further reduction in mortality from lead encephalopathy would appear to lie in earlier diagnosis, prompt removal of the child from exposure to lead and careful supportive management during the first 48 to 72 hours of administration of edathamil calcium disodium. The data presented indicate that this duration of drug administration is required in severe cases before the high toxic concentrations of lead initially present in tissues can be sufficiently reduced to remove the danger to life. In view of the unpredictable and fulminant manner in which acute lead encephalopathy may develop in children, both mild and severe cases should be managed during the first few days of observation on the assumption that all are potentially severe cases. Clinical and laboratory observations which may facilitate earlier diagnosis are discussed. In the present study no significant variations in total 24-hour output of lead in urine were found when the parenteral routes and time intervals of injection were varied while total dosage of edathamil calcium disodium was kept constant. Intermittent intramuscular injection was the most convenient. No significant local reactions thereto were observed. Parenteral administration of edathamil calcium disodium produced no measurable increase in the fecal excretion of lead in four patients. The rationale for the use of repeated courses of edathamil calcium disodium during the convalescent phase following initial clinical recovery, in an effort to prevent continuing lead toxicity to cerebral tissue, is discussed. It has been reported elsewhere that the quantity of lead excreted in the urine during administration of edathamil calcium disodium can be predicted from the antecedent output of coproporphyrin in the urine. Serial, quantitative determinations of coproporphyrin in urine were used as the principal biochemical indication for repeated courses of chelation therapy. In patients recovering from an initial episode of acute lead encephalopathy, a high incidence of severe permanent damage to the central nervous system may be anticipated unless re-exposure to lead is strictly prevented. Close clinical, laboratory and social service control are necessary to assure this. Prevention of re-exposure to lead in combination with repeated courses of edathamil calcium disodium offers new hope of reducing the incidence of the more subtle but equally incapacitating forms of late damage to mentality. Final conclusions with respect to such late damage to mentality of survivors of acute lead encephalopathy incurred during late infancy must await the re-evaluation of these patients during the early school years.

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Interaction of intestinal bacteria with human rotavirus during infection in children

10.1101/2020.11.17.20233171 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira ◽

Antonio Rubio-del-Campo ◽

Cristina Santiso-Bellón ◽

Susana Vila-Vicent ◽

Javier Buesa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Blood Group Antigens ◽

16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Human Rotavirus ◽

Key Factor ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Microscopy Analysis ◽

Stool Samples

AbstractThe gut microbiota has emerged as a key factor in the pathogenesis of intestinal viruses, including enteroviruses, noroviruses and rotaviruses (RV), where stimulatory and inhibitory effects on infectivity have been reported. With the aim of determining whether members of the microbiota interact with RV during infection, a combination of anti-RV antibody labelling, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to characterize the interaction between specific bacteria and RV in stool samples of children suffering diarrhea produced by G1P[8] RV. The genera Ruminococcus and Oxalobacter were identified as RV binders in stools, displaying enrichments between 4.8 to 5.4-fold compared to samples non-labelled with anti-RV antibodies. In vitro binding of the G1P[8] Wa human RV strain to two Ruminococcus gauvreauii human isolates was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. Analysis in R. gauvreauii with antibodies directed to several histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) indicated that these bacteria express HBGA-like substances at their surfaces that can be the target for RV binding. Furthermore, in vitro infection of Wa strain in differentiated Caco-2 cells was significantly reduced by incubation with R. gauvreauii. These data, together with previous findings that had shown a negative correlation between Ruminococcus levels and antibody titers to RV in healthy individuals, suggest a pivotal interaction between this bacterial group and human RV. These results reveal likely mechanisms on how specific bacterial taxa of the intestinal microbiota could negatively affect RV infection and open new possibilities for anti-viral strategies.

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Justification of Personified Approach to Diagnostics, Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome Among Inhabitants of Khakassia

Journal of New Medical Technologies eJournal ◽

10.12737/5949 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Россова ◽

N. Rossova ◽

Иванова ◽

S. Ivanova ◽

Килина ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Indigenous People ◽

Additional Data ◽

Indigenous Population ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Visceral Obesity ◽

Cardiovascular Complications ◽

Ethnic Populations ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

Clinically Significant

The article gives the justification of the personified approach to diagnostics, prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome among inhabitants of Khakassia. The article reveals additional data confirming the phenomenon of a population dimorphism of metabolic syndrome referring to a complex clinical laboratory examination of two ethnic populations living in Khakassia – Khakas who represent the indigenous people originating from Mongoloids and non-indigenous population (Caucasians). The authors demonstrate statistically and clinically significant differences in the frequency of their occurrence and intensity of separate symptoms and cardiovascular complications of metabolic syndrome. It is shown that indigenous people suffering from metabolic syndrome have less intensive visceral obesity in comparison with non-indigenous population. Multiagent metabolic syndrome is established to prevail among both indigenous and non-indigenous people. The combination of only two agents is considerably rarer among Khakas with metabolic syndrome than among non-indigenous inhabitants with this disease. The ultrasonic examination of carotids proves that Khakas suffering from metabolic syndrome have more intensive thickening of intima-media in comparison with the non-indigenous, with less intensive visceral obesity among Khakas. Visceral obesity of Khakas associates with high risk of intima-media thickening (OR=2,95).

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Nonchromatographic radioimmunoassay of unconjugated estriol in plasma, with polyethylene glycol as precipitant.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/22.3.359 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 359-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

H S Schiller ◽

M A Brammall

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Specific Antiserum ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Coefficients Of Variation ◽

Free Steroid ◽

Unconjugated Estriol

Abstract We describe a rapid, reliable radioimmunoassay for unconjugated estriol in plasma. Polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 6000) is used to separate antibody-bound and free steroid. The assay is sensitive (25 pg for standards), precise, and accurate. At high and low concentrations of estriol, intra-assay coefficients of variation were 7.1% and 7.6%, respectively, and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 7.2% and 10.0 %, respectively. Free [3H] estriol is not precipitated by polyethylene glycol. This radioimmunoassay of estriol, with a highly specific antiserum and with polyethylene glycol as the antibody precipitant, is a reliable one-day assay that is practical both for the clinical laboratory and the obstetrician.

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