Infant Feeding and Infant Growth

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-762
Author(s):  
Jane F. Seward ◽  
Mary K. Serdula
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Infant Birth

Growth in infancy is a complex process affected directly or indirectly by numerous interrelated factors. The predominant factors include diet, the nutritional status and health of the mother, and the occurrence of infections. In addition, social factors (family structure and cohesiveness), economic status, cultural practices, and biologic factors—such as the sex of the infant, birth weight, birth order, birth interval, and genetics—may also play a significant role in growth. Nutritional factors may affect growth in infancy both before and after birth. Maternal and infant nutrition are intimately related. For breast-fed infants, nutrition of the mother and that of her young are interrelated from conception until weaning; therefore, dietary intake of pregnant and lactating women is very important.67 Underweight mothers with poor weight gain in the last trimester of pregnancy bear infants with lower mean birth weights.111 Although there are ethnic differences in low birth weight in the United States, the incidence is relatively low.45 In contrast, in developing countries, low birth weight (≤2,500 g), mainly caused by the high proportion of growth-retarded newborns, is a major public health problem.126,138 Infants who have suffered from intrauterine growth retardation remain smaller, on average, than normal babies throughout infancy and early childhood.30,39,44 In developing countries, many nondietary factors also play an important role in determining growth. Infections, particularly gastroenteritis, are among the most important of these factors.91,124 Case-control studies examining factors that differ between malnourished (weight-for-age less than Harvard third or tenth percentile) and adequately nourished children in the second 6 months of life have found significant associations between the following nondietary factors and growth failure: high birth order (greater than six or seven), lower mean maternal age, low maternal weight, children from families in which one or more siblings had died, greater mean number of children less than 5 years old in the home, birth weight less than 2.4 kg, twinning, infections (measles, whooping cough, severe or repeated diarrhea), death of either parent, or a broken marniage.4,96

Prematurity: Impact on Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Outcomes

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty R. Vohr
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Antenatal Steroids

Prematurity continues to be a major public health problem and, despite advances in antenatal care, prematurity rates continue to rise in the United States. Preterm and low-birth-weight (LBW) rates increased in 2006 to 12.8% and 8.3%, respectively. The very low birth weight (VLBW) (<1500 g) rate rose to 1.46% (62,283 of 4,265,996 births in 2006). In addition, the birth rate for women aged 40–44 years rose 3% to 9.4 per 1,000 between 2005 and 2006 (Martin et al. 2008). A component of the increase in the preterm birth rate remains attributed to older maternal childbearing, multiple births, and increasing rates of assisted reproductive technology (Heck et al. 1997). The increase in the number of multiple births is a concern because of the associated increased risk of death, preterm birth, low birth weight, and long-term adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Major therapeutic advances in perinatal and neonatal care in the past 20 years, including surfactant therapy, antenatal steroids for both pulmonary maturation and central nervous system protection, improved ventilation techniques, and parenteral nutritional support have resulted in a significant improvement in survival of extremely low-birth-weight infants (ELBW) (<1000 g) (National Institutes of Health [NIH] 1995; El-Metwally, Vohr, and Tucker 2000; Fanaroff, Hack, and Walsh 2003; Fanaroff et al. 2007; Hintz et al. 2005a; Hintz et al. 2005b). These infants have increased complex neonatal medical morbidities affecting all organ systems including lungs, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and brain, and increased growth, neurological, developmental, and behavioral morbidities both in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and after discharge (Blakely et al. 2005; Ehrenkranz, 2000; Ehrenkranz et al. 2005; Laptook et al. 2005; Shankaran et al. 2004; Schmidt et al. 2003; Vohr et al. 2003; Vohr et al. 2004;Vohr et al. 2005; Walsh et al. 2005). Predicting the survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants becomes a challenge since outcomes are dependent on a combination of biologic factors including gender, gestational age, birth weight, singleton versus multiple, neonatal morbidities, neonatal interventions, and post-discharge environment.

Comparison of Growth in Children 6 to 59 Months of Age According to Birth Order: Insights From the National Family Health Survey-4 India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananta Ghimire ◽  
Aravind Dharmaraj
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
National Family Health Survey ◽  
Study Results ◽  
National Family

Abstract Background Undernutrition continues to be a major public health problem throughout the world. The present study aimed to understand the prevalence and determinants of undernutrition in India and determine what extent it differs by birth order, other child level, maternal and socioeconomic factors.MethodsThis study used information from a total weighted sample of 128859 mothers from India National Family Health Survey 4. Univariate and Multivariate logistic regression were used to investigate the association between undernutrition with birth order, other child level, maternal and socio-economic factors. Three models were constructed for the study, model 1 as univariate, model 2 adjusting with birth order and socioeconomic predictors and model 3 adjusting with all the predictors included in the study. Results The prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting were 37.9, 34.0 and 20.7 respectively. The mean age of children was 2.4 years (standard deviation 1.3) of which majority were second order birth (33.6%), males (54.5%), anemic (58.9%) and normal birth weight (87.2%). All three models showed that higher birth order was a strong predictor of a child being stunted and underweight after adjusting for potential confounders. Children with lower wealth quintiles, anemia, male, low birth weight and vaginal delivery had higher odds of being stunted, wasted and underweight in model-3 adjusted analysis.Conclusion The findings from this study provide an important interaction between birth order and child undernutrition status in India. However, further longitudinal studies are required to establish such cause-effect relationship between birth order and undernutrition.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of under nutrition among under three children in an urban community in Ludhiana city

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Pushapindra Kaushal ◽  
Anurag Chaudhary ◽  
Sangeeta Girdhar ◽  
Priya Bansal ◽  
Sarit Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Child Health Services ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
High Birth Order

Background: Under nutrition is important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. In India burden of underweight children in under 5 years of age is still 35.7% (NFHS-4) and is 22% in Punjab which is still considered to be a major public health problem. Thus this study was planned to find prevalence and risk factors of under nutrition in under 3 children in urban Ludhiana.Methods: It is community based cross-sectional study conducted in under 3 year children in field practice area of Urban Health Centre under Department of Community Medicine, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana. Minimum sample size of 368 was calculated. Data was collected from routine surveillance by ANMs in their visits to area. Under nutrition was taken as weight for age as per standard growth chart used in India (WHO based). Statistical analysis: Microsoft Excel, Chi square test, SPSS.Results: Out of 387 children, 82 (21.2%) were underweight [17 (4.4%) severely and 65 (16.8%) moderately underweight]. Increasing age, partial immunization, low birth weight and high birth order were significantly associated, while gender, type of family, SES, mother’s BMI & literacy and exclusive breast feeding were not significantly associated with prevalence of underweight.Conclusions: Increasing age, partial immunization, low birth weight and high birth order were all significantly associated with underweight. Maternal and child health services need to be strengthened.

scholarly journals Low Birth Weight Newborns and Associated Factors at Selected Referral Hospital in Rwanda

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-224
Author(s):  
Fatuma Murekatete ◽  
Claudine Muteteli ◽  
Françoise Mujawamariya ◽  
Geldine Chironda
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Premature Baby ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Awareness Campaigns

Background Low birth weight (LBW) is a major public health problem worldwide that is linked to childhood morbidity and mortality. Newborns considered ‘Very LBW’ have a high risk of disease and death during infancy. Maternal socioeconomic status, medical factors, and lifestyle are linked to LBW, but these factors remain unknown in Rwanda is unknown. Objective To describe the factors associated with LBW among newborns at a selected referral hospital in Rwanda. Methods A prospective, cross-sectional design study was used to assess 108 mothers who delivered a low birth weight newborn. Results Mothers had a mean age of 30.6 years, 79.6% married, 23.1% primary educated, 50.6% unemployed, and 61.9% lived in a rural area. The majority of LBW (63%) were in the first category of LBW (2500-1500g), and over a quarter (25.9%) with Very LBW (VLBW). Mothers were 89.7% multigravida, and 88.8% had a previous unsuccessful pregnancy, 81.3% premature birth, 97.9% LBW. Over half, 59.8% had hypertension during pregnancy. Lifestyle included 45.5% doing strenuous work, and 50.9% heavy lifting during pregnancy. The level of education (p=0.009), spouse employment (p=0.017), having previous premature baby (p=0.025), previous history of miscarriage (p=0.028), presence of hypertension (p=0.020) and antenatal care visits (p=0.025) the trimester of miscarriage were significantly associated to type of low birth weight. Conclusion Demographic, pregnancy history and lifestyle factors remain a concern to mothers and neonates born with low birth weight. Educational awareness campaigns among mothers with the factors above are crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality related to low birth weight. Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2020;3(2):214-224

scholarly journals Maternal Factors and Utilization of the Antenatal Care Services during Pregnancy Associated with Low Birth Weight in Rural Nepal: Analyses of the Antenatal Care and Birth Weight Records of the MATRI-SUMAN Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilaram Acharya ◽  
Jitendra Singh ◽  
Rajendra Kadel ◽  
Seok-Ju Yoo ◽  
Ji-Hyuk Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Service Utilization ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Child Health Service ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Rural Nepal

Low birth weight (LBW) remains a major public health problem in developing countries, including Nepal. This study was undertaken to examine the association between LBW and maternal factors and antenatal care service utilization, in rural Nepal, using data obtained for a capacity-building and text-messaging intervention, designed to enhance maternal and child health service utilization among pregnant women, in rural Nepal (“MATRI-SUMAN”). The study used a clustered randomized controlled design and was conducted during 2015–2016. We investigated maternal and antenatal care service utilization determinants of LBW, using a logistic regression model. Of the four hundred and two singleton babies, included in the present study, seventy-eight (19.4%) had an LBW (mean (SD), 2210.64 (212.47)) grams. It was found that Dalit caste/ethnicity, illiteracy, manual labor, a female baby, and having more than four family members were significantly positively associated with LBW. In addition, mothers who did not visit an antenatal care (ANC) unit, visited an ANC < 4 times, did not take iron and folic acid (IFA), de-worming tablets, and mothers that did not consume additional food, during pregnancy, were more likely to have an LBW baby, than their counterparts. The MATRI-SUMAN intervention and availability of a kitchen garden at home, were found to reduce the risk of LBW. Nepalese child survival policies and programs should pay attention to these maternal and antenatal care service utilization factors, while designating preventive strategies to improve child health outcomes.

scholarly journals Deadly Gun Violence, Neighborhood Collective Efficacy, and Adolescent Neurobehavioral Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna M Gard ◽  
Jeanne Brooks-Gunn ◽  
Sara McLanahan ◽  
Colter Mitchell ◽  
Christopher S. Monk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Neighborhood Collective Efficacy

Gun violence is a major public health problem and costs the United States $280 billion annually (1). Although adolescents are disproportionately impacted (e.g., via premature death), we know little about how close adolescents live to deadly gun violence incidents and whether such proximity impacts their socioemotional development (2–4). Moreover, gun violence is likely to shape youth developmental outcomes through biological processes – including functional connectivity within regions of the brain that support emotion processing, salience detection, and physiological stress responses – though little work has examined this hypothesis. Lastly, it is unclear if strong neighborhood social ties can buffer youth from the neurobehavioral effects of gun violence. Within a nationwide birth cohort of 3,444 youth (56% Black, 24% Hispanic) born in large U.S. cities, every additional exposure to a deadly gun violence incident within 500 meters of home in the prior year increased behavioral problems by 7.7%, even after accounting for area-level crime and socioeconomic resources. Incidents that occurred closer to a child’s home exerted larger effects, and stronger neighborhood social ties offset these associations. In a neuroimaging subsample (N = 164) of the larger cohort, exposure to more incidents of gun violence and weaker social ties were associated with weaker amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity during socioemotional processing, a pattern previously linked to less effective emotion regulation. Results provide spatially-sensitive evidence for gun violence effects on adolescent behavior, a potential mechanism through which risk is biologically-embedded, and ways in which positive community factors offset ecological risk.

scholarly journals Analisis faktor kejadian wasting pada anak balita 12-59 bulan di Puskesmas Bulili Kota Palu: Studi cross sectional

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Hepti Muliyati ◽  
Menis Mbali ◽  
Hadidja Bando ◽  
Riana Pangestu Utami ◽  
Opyn Mananta
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test

Wasting on children is an important public health problem because of its considerable impact on their health and growth. This problem could lead to iron deficiency which could induce infection disease and probably lower a child’s intelligence as a long-term effect. This study aimed to analyze factors related to wasting on 12-59 months children in Bulili Public Health Center (PHC), Palu City. The analytical descriptive study designed with a cross-sectional approach was applied in this study. One hundred and twenty-one subject was selected from 283 children with purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed with chi-square and Fisher exact test with significant (p < 0,05). The result showed that most children with low birth weight experienced wasting with a p-value = 0,000. Most of the children from higher-income families did not experience wasting with a p-value = 0,004. Most children who didn’t receive breastfeeding milk did not experience wasting with a p-value = 0,958. This study concluded a correlation between low birth weight and income to wasting, but breastfeeding practice was not related.

scholarly journals The relationship between low birth weight and exposure to inhalable particulate matter

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Romão ◽  
Luiz Alberto Amador Pereira ◽  
Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva ◽  
Patricia Matias Pinheiro ◽  
Alfésio Luiz Ferreira Braga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
The Relationship

Atmospheric pollution is a global public health problem. The adverse effects of air pollution are strongly associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and, to a lesser extent, with adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study analyzes the relationship between exposure to PM10 and low birth weight in the city of Santo André, São Paulo State, Brazil. We included babies born to mothers resident in Santo André between 2000 and 2006. Data on daily PM10 levels was obtained from the São Paulo State Environmental Agency. We performed descriptive analysis and logistic regressions. The prevalence rate of low birth weight was 5.9%. There was a dose-response relationship between PM10 concentrations and low birth weight. Exposure to the highest quartile of PM10 (37,50µg/m³) in the third trimester of pregnancy increased the risk of low birth weight by 26% (OR: 1.26; 95%CI: 1.14-1.40) when compared to the first quartile. The same effect was observed in the remaining trimesters. This effect was observed for ambient particle concentrations that met the current air quality standards.

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