scholarly journals Econometric analysis of the crops’ production prime cost in steppe zone

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 988-996
Author(s):  
Alla Zhorova ◽  
Svetlana Tischenko
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Analytical Form ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Strategy Of Development ◽  
Prime Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Yield Formation

Efficiency of agrarian production depends on the characteristics of the natural complex in specific territory. Managing costs on crop production in steppe zone is largely determined by correctly chosen strategy of development and tools of its implementation, taking into account cost and innovative technologies. The purpose of this paper is to identify possible ways to reduce the cost of crop production by constructing an econometric model. Searching of the most efficient ways of working agrarian enterprise is grounded by the intense technological progress, with considerable attention which is paid to the econometric modelling. It provides the opportunity not only to see the relationship between the studied quantitative factors, but also to predict the results of activities in an analytical form. The paper proposes an econometric model of the crops’ yield formation and identifies ways to reduce the cost of crop production. The hypothesis of a linear relation between the prime cost, expenditures and yield is proved. As a result of the analysis, the dependence of production costs on crop yields and prime costs, the opportunity to use the survey data to predict future economic factors in agriculture is given.

The Phenoxy Herbicides: CAST

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-263 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Good Judgment ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
The Cost

The phenoxy herbicides, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, MCPA, silvex and related materials, are selective herbicides widely used in crop production and in the management of forests, ranges and industrial, urban and aquatic sites. These chemicals are related to naturally occurring plant growth regulators. They kill plants by causing malfunctions in growth processes. Broad-leaved plants are generally susceptible to the phenoxy herbicides, whereas most grasses, coniferous trees and certain legumes are relatively resistant.The phenoxy herbicides are used to control broad-leaved weeds in wheat, barley, rice, oats, rye, corn, grain sorghums and certain legumes. Such uses increase yields, improve product quality and reduce production costs. The phenoxy herbicides are used in forests to suppress unwanted hardwood trees and brush, to reduce competition with conifers already established or to prepare sites for the regeneration of conifers. They are used on grazing lands to control unpalatable and noxious plants and to kill brush and small trees that reduce the productivity of pastures and ranges. 2,4-D and other phenoxys are used in canals, ponds, lakes and waterways to kill floating weeds such as water hyacinth, submerged weeds such as pond-weeds, and emergent and shoreline plants such as cattails and willows. Industrial and urban uses include control of brush on utility and transportation rights of way, control of dandelions, plantains and other weeds in turf and suppression of ragweed, poison ivy and other plants of public health importance.The principal hazard in the use of the phenoxys is to crops and other valuable plants either within the treated area or nearby. Treated crops and forest trees can be injured through accidental overdosing, improper timing of treatments, unusual weather conditions and other causes. Injury to nearby crops and ornamentals can result from drift of droplets or vapors of the spray. Such losses are largely preventable through the use of proper formulations and spray equipment and the exercise of good judgment.The phenoxy herbicides are predominantly toxic to green plants and are much less toxic to mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, shellfish, insects, worms, fungi and bacteria. When properly used, they do not occur in soils and water at levels harmful to animals and microorganisms. They do not concentrate in food chains and do not persist from year to year in croplands. They are detectable only rarely in food and then only in insignificant amounts.A highly poisonous kind of dioxin called TCDD is an unavoidable contaminant in commercial supplies of 2,4,5-T and silvex. The amount present in currently produced formulations of 2,4,5-T and silvex is not enough to alter the toxicological properties of these preparations or to endanger human health or to affect plants or animals in the environment.The phenoxy herbicides are widely used because they are more efficient and usually less hazardous and less injurious to the environment than alternative methods. Use of these chemicals is estimated to reduce the cost of production of the crops on which they are used by about 5% and to reduce overall agricultural production costs in the United States by about 1%. Uses in forests and nonagricultural situations provide additional savings. If the phenoxys were no longer available, the cost of food, forest products, electric power, transportation and governmental services would be higher. These costs would be borne by consumers.

scholarly journals An Examination of the Economics of Sustainable and Conventional Horticulture

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-691
Author(s):  
Robin G. Brumfield
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Price Premiums ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
The Cost

Since World War II, U.S. agriculture has reduced production costs by substituting petrochemicals for labor. Adverse impacts from chemical intensive agriculture include increased pest levels, groundwater and surface water contamination, soil erosion, and concerns about harmful levels of pesticide residues. Sustainable farming programs such as integrated crop management (ICM) and organic farming encourage farmers to use systems that reduce the adverse impacts of chemical agriculture. However, before farmers adopt an alternative system, they must determine that economic benefits from the alternative farming activities exceed the costs incurred. Unfortunately, relatively few studies have compared the cost of organic crop production with conventional production systems. Results of these studies are mixed. In some studies, organic systems are more profitable than conventional systems with organic price premiums, but are not economically viable without price premiums. In one long-term study, the organic system was more profitable than a conventional one if the cost of family labor was ignored, but less profitable if it was included. In some studies, net returns were higher for ICM than for conventional or organic systems, but in others, they were higher. Results also vary on a crop by crop basis.

scholarly journals Influence of basic tillage systems on economic efficiency of soybean cultivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (2) ◽  
pp. 022128
Author(s):  
L Zhichkina ◽  
K Zhichkin ◽  
M Saidmurodova ◽  
D Kokurin ◽  
Ju Romanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Yield Formation

Abstract Soybeans have become widespread in the world crop production as a valuable oilseed and high-protein crop with a unique biochemical composition. In the Russia in 2015-2019 annually there is an increase in acreage, yield and gross yield of soybeans. The research purpose is to substantiate the most effective system of basic soil cultivation during the soybeans cultivation in the Samara region. The research tasks included: to study the peculiarities of the soybeans yield formation depending on the main tillage systems, to evaluate the economic efficiency of the main tillage systems. It was found that the basic tillage system provided the best conditions for the formation of the soybean in 2018-2019. Thus, the highest yield was obtained in the variant with plowing by 20-22 cm and amounted to 14.9 cwt/ha, the lowest in the variant without autumn mechanical tillage - 10.1 cwt/ha. The calculation showed that the soybeans cultivation in all variants was effective. Direct costs in the soybeans cultivation varied according to the studied options from 15879.28 rubles/ha to 17767.34 rubles/ha, the cost price - from 1192.4 rubles/cwt to 1572.2 rubles/cwt. The basic tillage system with elements of minimization reduced direct costs, however, due to the lower yield, the highest net income was obtained in the variant with plowing by 20-22 cm and amounted to 19482.7 rubles/ha, with a profitability of 109.7%.

Development of primary income accounting of crop production

10.12737/7736 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Закиров ◽  
Zufar Zakirov ◽  
Закирова ◽  
Alsu Zakirova ◽  
Клычова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Cost Accounting ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Agricultural Organization

In modern conditions agricultural enterprises activity is affected by the organization of management, which provides economic independence of business entities, their competitiveness and return on production costs. In turn, the effectiveness of management is affected by the efficiency and adequacy of accounting information, which is received by the administrative and management personnel. The term of calculation, due to its versatility, is of a great interest on the part of scholars and practitioners. On the one hand, calculation is represented as a set of techniques of analytical accounting of expenses for production and calculation of the cost of production, on the other hand, it is presented as a component of cost accounting. All this shows, that this term includes various aspects, related to the development and acquisition of information about the production process, its costs and results. This information is undoubtedly important with the development of production activities of agricultural organization. Despite the rather close attention to the issues of cost accounting and calculation of the cost of agricultural production, there is a need to study in detail and further improvement of cost accounting and calculation of the cost of agricultural production in the management system of agricultural organization. The paper deals with the selection of objects for accounting of production, calculation facilities and calculation units in horse breeding. A method of calculating the cost of horse-breeding products was also provided. Simultaneous use of modern information technology will significantly reduce labor costs, compared to manual processing of accounting information

scholarly journals Инновационные направления основа повышения эффективности производства продукции растениеводства

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
L.A. Khomutova ◽  
L.M. Isaeva
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Potato Yield ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Current State ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Green Fodder ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Competitive Products

Рассматриваются результаты анализа современного состояния отрасли растениеводства в Костромской области и основные направления её инновационного развития. Отрасль характеризуется низким уровнем интенсивности ведения производства, нестабильным уровнем рентабельности и низким показателем товарности. Неэффективные технологические процессы в отрасли не могут обеспечить производство конкурентоспособной продукции. Одной из причин неэффективного развития отрасли растениеводства региона является нерациональное использование сельских территорий, их природного, демографического, экономического потенциалов. В последние годы сократились площади посева под зерновыми (на 7,5 тыс. га, или на 19,6) и кормовыми культурами (на 4,8 тыс. га, или на 4,1), но наблюдается увеличение площади посадки картофеля (на 102 га, или на 12). Применение экстенсивных технологий не позволяет обеспечить высокую урожайность сельскохозяйственных культур. Она колеблется по зерновым культурам в пределах 11 16 ц/га, картофелю 179 220 ц/га, сену 16 17 ц/га, зелёному корму 72 225 ц/га. Повышение эффективности развития отрасли растениеводства возможно за счёт внедрения инновационных направлений: системы семеноводства сельскохозяйственных культур, организации интенсивного производства и освоения новых и усовершенствованных индустриальных технологий, использования биоклиматического потенциала, научно обоснованного размещения производства отдельных сельскохозяйственных культур. Расчёты показали, что при внедрении инновационных технологий урожайность картофеля может увеличиться на 59,7 ц/га, или на 27,1, а зерна на 16 ц/га, или на 114,3, при снижении себестоимости на 28,5 и 18,4 и увеличении рентабельности в 3,3 и 2,8 раза соответственно. Рост урожайности зелёной массы и сена однолетних и многолетних трав в 2,6 раза приведёт к снижению себестоимости их производства на 41,5 и 23,2 соответственно и снижению доли затрат на корма в структуре себестоимости продукции животноводства.The results of the analysis of the current state of the crop production branch in the Kostroma region and the main directions of its innovative development are considered. The branch is characterized by a low level of intensity of conducting production, an unstable level of profitability and a low rate of marketability. Ineffective technological processes in the branch cannot provide the production of competitive products. One of the reasons for the inefficient development of the crop production branch in the region is the irrational use of rural territories, their natural, demographic, and economic potentials. In recent years planting acreage under grain crops have been reduced (by 7.5 thousand ha, or 19.6) and fodder crops (by 4.8 thousand ha, or 4.1) but there has been an increase in the planted area of potatoes (on 102 hectares, or 12). The use of extensive technologies does not allow for high crop yields. It varies between 11 16 kg/ha for crops, 179 220 kg/ha for potatoes, 16 17 kg/ha for hay, and 72 225 kg/ha for green fodder. Improving the efficiency of the development of the crop production branch is possible through the introduction of innovative directions: a system of seed farming of crops, the organization of intensive production and the development of new and improved industrial technologies, the use of bioclimatic potential and the scientifically based distribution of production of individual crops. Calculations showed that with the introduction of innovative technologies the potato yield may be increased by 59.7 kg/ha, or 27.1, and grain by 16 kg/ha or 114.3 while reducing the cost by 28.5 and 18.4 and an increase in profitability by 3.3 and 2.8 times respectively. Increase in the yield of green mass and hay of annual and perennial grasses by 2.6 times will lead to a decrease in the cost of their production by 41.5 and 23.2, respectively and a decrease in the share of feed costs in the structure of the cost of livestock production.

scholarly journals Irrigation efficiency depending on water cost

2021 ◽  
pp. 150-159
Author(s):  
M. I. Romashchenko ◽  
R. V. Saidak ◽  
T. V. Matyash ◽  
M. V. Yatsiuk
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Irrigation Efficiency ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Irrigation Network ◽  
Water Transportation ◽  
The Cost

The article provides an analytical review of the achieved crop yields under irrigation in experimental and production conditions. For today, the best production experience in the use of irrigated land indicates that, subject to all agrotechnical requirements, the yield of early grain crops reaches 8-10 t / ha, corn - 10-14 t / ha, oilseeds - 4-6 t / ha, vegetable crops - over 60 t / ha, which is about 90% of their productivity achieved in the experiments of scientific institutions. The comparative assessment of grain production in different climatic zones of Ukraine for the period of the most intense climatic change shows that over the past thirty years, the share of grain production in the Steppe zone has decreased from 45 to 35% of the total in Ukraine. The analysis of service cost for the transportation of water for irrigation in the southern regions of Ukraine is given. It was revealed that, despite a unified standard method for calculating the cost of water transportation, its price varies significantly by operational units of the State Agency for Water Resources of Ukraine. The main factors of fluctuations in the cost and fees for the transportation services of water for irrigation are the budgetary funding level of operating organizations, providing these services, the number of water transfers, the volume of actual irrigation on irrigated lands, the share of irrigated areas in the service area. The economic assessment of irrigation efficiency when having different water and other technological costs, taking into account the depreciation of capital investments, indicates that having a water price of 4,0-5,0 UAH/m3, the gross profit from growing the most profitable field crops is 35-40 % higher than the efficiency in rainfed agriculture. At the cost of water is 3,0-3,5 UAH/m3 and the use of the production capacity of the inter-farm irrigation network by 60-70%, financial prerequisites will be created for the effective operation of these networks.

scholarly journals COST ESTIMATION USING ECONOMETRIC MODEL FOR RESTAURANT BUSINESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-216
Author(s):  
Uma Shankar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Prime Cost ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Factors

Study is aimed to develop an econometric model to estimate the cost of the restaurant business in Erbil city of Kurdistan. Restaurant food is costly in Erbil city as a common opinion of consumers. Restaurants are also struggling to make the business sustainable. A basic assumption considered to evaluate all cost factors and to establish an equation to get the clarity of cost estimation and check it with sales of the business. So the research questions formulated as what are different cost factors involve with the restaurant business, which cost is the most important to consider having the significant impact on the business, and what can be the standard econometric model to incorporate cost factors? A sample of 215 restaurants has been taken as the representative of industry. Variables and data get feed in the SPSS software for the analysis. Five dimensions of cost structure from cost namely Prime Cost, Works Cost, Cost of Production, Cost of Sales and Sales has been taken in study. Conclusion of the research based on the data analysis shoes that Prime Cost is the least important, Works Cost has the negative trend shows that there is increase in Sales will have the huge fall in Works Cost, increasing Sales has the small increase in Cost of Production, Cost of Sales is under question. Finally an econometric equation model is presented assuming the standardized equation for this specific case.

Banning of herbicides and the impact on agriculture: the case of glyphosate in Sri Lanka

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-252
Author(s):  
Buddhi Marambe ◽  
Swarna Herath
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
White Leaf ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

AbstractGlyphosate, a widely used preplant herbicide in annual and perennial crops, was introduced to Sri Lanka in 1977. Its use has expanded since 2008 with the phase-out and ban in 2014 of paraquat. In December 2014, glyphosate use in Sri Lanka was regionally restricted. Crop protection and production in the country was severely affected in 2016 and 2017 due to the irrational decisions of the government of Sri Lanka (GoSL). Increased crop production costs due to the absence of effective and economically viable weed control techniques, low crop yields, loss of foreign exchange, and enhanced use of smuggled glyphosate products are the consequences of the glyphosate ban. The ban was imposed without a scientific basis because of sociopolitical pressure. A series of dialogues with the GoSL helped rescind the ban in 2018 for a period of 36 mo, but its use is limited to tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntz.] and rubber [Hevia brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.]. In August 2019, the Cabinet of Ministers of the GoSL also decided to allow use of glyphosate to devitalize propagules in the floriculture industry (export oriented) and destroy coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) trees infected by Weligama coconut leaf wilt disease and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) infected by white leaf disease. However, glyphosate products with the co-formulant polyethoxylated tallow amine are still not permitted in Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Digital Transformation of Crop Production of the Pskov Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 08005
Author(s):  
I.S. Sandu ◽  
I.P. Voiku
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Process Variable ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Computer Technologies ◽  
Pskov Region ◽  
Technological Effectiveness ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with the essence and advantages of digitalization – the introduction of digital computer technologies and information presented in digital form into production activities. The cost of economy digitalization and its individual industries is estimated. It is concluded that the decision on digitalization should be justified, supported by the necessary calculations. The article states that the use of computer technologies by Russian agrarians in production processes is the exception rather than the rule. The capacity of crop production as a long-term process, variable in terms of technological effectiveness, structure of operations and costs, for the introduction of advanced information technologies, is estimated. The article presents a description of the place of agriculture in the economy of the Pskov region, the characteristics of the main indicators of crop production. It is concluded that the growth of the gross output of the main types of agricultural products in crop production was largely due to a significant increase in yield index, but the acreage and provision of agricultural machinery in the region continue to decline. The study revealed that the power supply per production unit of agricultural producers combined with the level of digitalization reduce the size and change the structure of production costs. In addition, an assessment of the effect of the introduction of information technology in the chain of formation of the costs of crop production is given. The article describes the sequence of evaluation of the return on investment costs for digitalization of crop production in the Pskov region. The rate of payback due to savings in production costs is estimated at 5 years.

scholarly journals Documentary support of the agricultural producer

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Stafievskaya ◽  
Nadezhda Kurochkinа
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Agricultural Producer ◽  
Agricultural Organizations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Management Functions ◽  
The Cost

One of the significant management functions today is financial accounting. Today, farmers can independently develop primary accounting documents that would meet the requirements of legislation and internal management. The presence of workflow is an important information source for the management process. Timely information on the costs incurred is generated in the field of primary accounting as an information system for all accounting subsystems (tax, management, financial). Today, the list of primary documents is extensive, presented in unified and specialized forms, however, farmers feel the problem of establishing accurate and efficient exchange of information within the enterprise units. The article provides a critical analysis of the current standard forms of primary accounting documents used by agricultural organizations to account for costs at the present stage. The object of the study was the activity of agricultural enterprises of the Republic of Mari El. The subject of the study is the documentary support of the production and sale of agricultural products, the performance of work in crop production. This study is based on the application of methods of deduction, induction, information analysis. The analysis made it possible to identify the main shortcomings in documenting operations related to the implementation of agricultural work and to develop recommendations for their elimination. The scientific novelty is the author's recommendations on improving the primary accounting for the agricultural producer. The implementation of the proposed recommendations in the practice of accounting for agricultural organizations of the Mari El Republic will allow: • simplify the initial accounting of production costs by reducing the number of primary accounting documents; • reduce the cost of working time to prepare information about the costs for the management of organizations; • increase the reliability and efficiency of the information received on the magnitude of the costs incurred and the cost of agricultural products.

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