NITROGEN CYCLES IN CROP ROTATIONS DIFFERING IN FERTILIZATION

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulius GUŽYS ◽  
Stefanija MISEVIČIENĖ
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Cereal Crop

The use of nitrogen fertilizer is becoming a global problem; however continuous fertilization with nitrogen ensures large and constant harvests. An 8 year research (2006–2013) was conducted to evaluate the relationships between differently fertilized cultivated plant rotations. The research was conducted in Lipliunai (Lithuania) in the agroecosystem with nitrogen metabolism in fields with deeper carbonaceous soil, i.e. Endocalcari Endohypogleyic Cambisol (CMg-n-w-can). The research area covered three drained plots where crop rotation of differently fertilized cereals and perennial grasses was applied. Samples of soil, water and plants were investigated in the Chemical Analysis Laboratory of the Aleksandras Stulginskis University certified by the Environment Ministry of the Republic of Lithuania. The greatest productivity was found in a crop rotation with higher fertilization (N32-140). In crop rotation with lower fertilization (N24-90) productivity of cereals and perennial grasses (N0-80) was 11–35 % lower. The highest amount of mineral soil nitrogen was found in cereal crop rotation with higher fertilization. It was influenced by fertilization and crop productivity. The lowest Nmin and Ntotal concentrations in drainage water were found in grasses crop rotation. Crop rotations of differently fertilized cereals increased nitrogen concentration in drainage water. Nmin concentration in water depended on crop productivity, quantity of mineral soil nitrogen, fertilization, and nitrogen balance. The lowest nitrogen leaching was found in the crop rotation of grasses. Cereal crop rotation increased nitrogen leaching by 12–42 %. The usage of all crop rotations resulted in a negative nitrogen balance, which essentially depended on fertilization with nitrogen fertilizer.

scholarly journals Nitrogen migration in crop rotations differing in fertilisation

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e0303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulius Guzys ◽  
Stefanija Miseviciene
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
N Balance ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Soil N

<p>Inappropriate use of nitrogen fertilisers is becoming a global problem; however, continuous fertilisation with N fertiliser ensures large and constant harvests. To evaluate the relationships of differently fertilised cultivated plant rotation with N metabolism in the agroecosystem the research was conducted between 2006 and 2013 at Lipliūnai, Lithuania, in fields with calcareous gley brown soil, <em>i.e.</em> <em>Endocalcari Endohypogleyic Cambisol</em> (<em>CMg-n-w-can</em>). The research area covered three drained plots where crop rotation of differently fertilised cereals and perennial grasses were applied. The greatest productivity was found in a higher fertilisation (TII, 843 kg N/ha) cereals crop rotation. With less fertilisation (TI, 540 kg N/ha) crop rotation productivity of cereals and perennial grasses (TIII, 218 kg N/ha) was 11-35% lower. The highest amount of mineral soil N (average 76 kg/ha) was found in TI. It was influenced by fertilisation (<em>r</em>=0.71) and crop productivity (<em>r</em>=0.39). TIII tended to reduce N<sub>min</sub> (12.1 mg/L) and N<sub>total</sub> (12.8 mg/L) concentrations in drainage water and leaching of these elements (7 and 8 kg/ha). N<sub>min</sub> and N<sub>total</sub> concentrations in the water depended on crop productivity respectively (<em>r</em>=0.48; <em>r</em>=0.36), quantity of mineral soil N (<em>r</em>=0.65; <em>r</em>=0.59), fertilisation (<em>r</em>=0.59; <em>r</em>=0.52), and N balance (<em>r</em>=0.26; <em>r</em>=0.35). Cereal crop rotation increased N leaching by 12-42%. The use of all crop rotations resulted in a negative N balance. Nitrogen balance depended on fertilisation with N fertiliser (<em>r</em>=0.55). The application of perennial grasses crop rotation in agricultural fields was the best environmental tool, reducing N migration to drainage.</p>

Crop rotations with clover and their productivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ol'ga Gladysheva ◽  
Oksana Artyuhova ◽  
Vera Svirina
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Gray Forest Soil ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
Pure Steam ◽  
Positive Effect

The results of long-term research in experiments with crop rotations with different clover saturation are presented. It is shown that the cluster has a positive effect on the main indicators of vegetation of dark-gray forest soil. The introduction of two fields of perennial grasses into the six-field crop rotation significantly increases both the humus reserves and increases the productivity of arable land by 1.5–2 times compared to the crop rotation with a field of pure steam.

The effect of long-term fertilization on forage crop productivity and quality in the North

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.Т. Чеботарёв ◽  
Н.Н. Шергина
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
The Impact

В условиях Республики Коми в полевом стационарном опыте на дерново-подзолистой легкосуглинистой почве изучена эффективность различных доз органических и минеральных удобрений, а также совместного их применения. Исследования проводили в 1978–2019 годах на опытных полях Института агробиотехнологий ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН. Целью проводимых исследований было изучение влияния комплексного применения удобрений на продуктивность и качество кормовых культур в шестипольном севообороте. Кормовой севооборот имел следующее чередование культур: картофель, викоовсяная смесь с подсевом многолетних трав, многолетние травы 1 г.п., многолетние травы 2 г.п., викоовсяная смесь, картофель. В результате научных исследований (более 40 лет) установлено, что наиболее эффективной была органоминеральная система удобрений, особенно при внесении 80 т/га торфонавозного компоста (ТНК) и минеральных удобрений. Многолетние исследования показали, что наиболее значительные урожаи кормовых культур (в среднем за три ротации) получены при использовании 80 т/га ТНК и NPK: однолетних трав — 4,4 т/га; многолетних трав — 6,2 и картофеля — 7,1 т/га сухого вещества высокого качества. Содержание сухого вещества в клубнях картофеля в вариантах с NPK составило 18,0–18,8%, на органическом фоне — 18,4–18,9 и при комплексном применении удобрений — 17,1–17,7; в контроле — 19,6%. Количество крахмала в картофеле незначительно различалось по вариантам опыта и равнялось 12,6–13,1%. Содержание нитратов не превышало ПДК (250 мг/кг сырой массы). Количество сухого вещества в однолетних и многолетних травах изменялось незначительно и составляло 19,0–19,8 и 25,0–26,8% соответственно. Установлено, что удобрения способствовали повышению содержания сырого протеина в однолетних и многолетних травах до 13,1–15,0% (в контроле — 11,2%) и 8,8–10,6 % (в контроле — 8,1%) соответственно. The impact of various rates of organic and mineral fertilizers was analyzed in the Komi Republic on sod-podzolic soil with low loam content. The research took place at the Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology in 1978–2019. The goal was to test forage crop productivity and quality under fertilization and six-field crop rotation. Crop rotation happened as follows: potatoes, vetch-oat mixture overseeded by perennial grasses, first-year perennial grasses, second-year perennial grasses, vetch-oat mixture, potatoes. For 40 years the combination of mineral and organic fertilizers was the most effective. The highest yields for three rotations were observed under the application of 80 t ha-1 of peat-manure compost and NPK: annual grasses produced 4.4 t ha-1; perennial grasses — 6.2, and potatoes — 7.1 t ha-1 of high-quality dry matter (DM). Potato tubers accumulated 18.0–18.8% of DM under NPK application, 18.4–18.9 — under organic nutrition, 17.1–17.7 — when using complex fertilization, and 19.6% — in the control. Starch content varied within 12.6–13.1% in potatoes. Nitrate content did not exceed the maximum acceptable concentration (250 mg/kg of raw mass). DM concentrations amounted to 19.0–19.8 and 25.0–26.8% in annual and perennial grasses, respectively. Fertilization increased crude protein amount in annual and perennial grasses up to 13.1–15.0% (versus 11.2% in the control) and 8.8–10.6 % (versus 8.1%), respectively.

scholarly journals The productivity of crop rotations on the eroded slope of ordinary chernozems depending on agricultural practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Izida Ilyinskaya ◽  
Emma Gaevaya
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Preservation Of Fertility

Field experiments were carried out in the Rostov region on the slope of ordinary chernozems in the system of contour-strip organization of the territory in 2011-2020. The aim of the research was the development of agrotechnical methods (design of crop rotation, the method of basic tillage and the background of fertilizers), which ensure high productivity of crop rotations on the eroded slope of ordinary chernozems and the preservation of fertility. The experiment included three factors: the design of the crop rotation, the method of the main tillage, the background of mineral fertilizers. It was found that, on average, for the period of research, the level of mineral nutrition has the greatest influence on the productivity of the crop rotation (83.9%), followed by the design of the crop rotation (14.9%). The influence of basic tillage is estimated at only 1.2%. It was found that the introduction of 20% of perennial grasses into the structure of crop rotation reduces soil washout by 19.5-27.7%, and an increase in the proportion of perennial grasses to 40% by 38.3-43.8%. The use of chisel tillage reduces washout by 15.6-24.2%, and with it the loss of humus. In the “C” crop rotation in all variants of the experiment, the humus content increased by 0.010.03%. It was revealed that the productivity of all the studied crop rotations changed under the influence of agrotechnical methods, reaching in the crop rotation “C” with 40% of perennial grasses and 60% of grain crops on average for the studied period the highest value of 3.53 t / ha of grain units, which is 9.3% higher than in the “B” crop rotation and 17.3% higher than in the “A” crop rotation.

scholarly journals Advantages of grass-grain crop rotations due to prolonged use of clover-alfalfa-timothy mixture

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 752-763
Author(s):  
A. K. Svechnikov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Significant Saving ◽  
Timothy Grass ◽  
One Year

It is known that significant saving of nitrogen fertilizers are due to perennial legume-cereal grasses use in crop rotations. From 2013 to 2018in the Mari El Republic six-field grass-grain fodder crop rotations were compared on sod-podzolic soils with a very high level of phosphorus and potassium. In the third rotation their productivity and bioenergetic efficiency, changes in several important soil fertility indicators, and crud protein content in the produced fodder were evaluated. The main difference between the crop rotations was based on the duration of the clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture (CAG) use: from one year to three years. In given experiment there was also studied the effect of mineral nitrogen (variants N0, N60) against Р60К60 background on the yield of crop rotations. During six years, there was no significant soil acidification in the variants. Each additional year of clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture use raised the energy efficiency ratio of crop rotations by 24-47 % (from 1.13-1.24 by one-year use to 2.08-2.25 by three years of use). Three-year CAG use as compared with one- and two-years has given to the crop rotation significant advantages in energy efficiency (up to two times) and productivity (approximately 40-80 %) of cultivated crops. After refusing to apply nitrogen fertilizations in such crop rotation, average crop productivity, soil humus and nitrogen content in the soil were better preserved. The average crude protein content in dry matter of the obtained fodder increased from 12.7 % to 14.6 % when prolonging theca use up to two years. The average energy value of the yield per rotation was recorded low (8.4-8.7 MJ/kg) and did not depend on the studied factors.

scholarly journals REVIEW OF THE INFLUENCE OF CROP ROTATION AND PRIMARY TILLAGE OPERATIONS ON WEED SEED BANK

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 407-421
Author(s):  
Nawal Al-Hajaj
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Weed Emergence

In this study, we reviewed weed seed bank dynamic and main agriculture operations to come up with the weed seed management modeling designed to increase crop productivity by removing weed competition. Weed contributing with 10% loss of total global grain production. Weed seed bank regulate by five demographic processes seedling recruitment and survival, seed production, dispersal and seed survival in soil. The main agriculture operations that interference with weed seed bank are crop rotation and primary tillage. Tillage systems affect weed emergence, management, and seed production; therefore, changing tillage practices changes the composition, vertical distribution, and density of weed seed bank in agricultural soils. Weed species vary in their response to various crop rotations, due to the variability of weed-crop competition in their relative capacity to capture growth–limiting resources. Crop rotations affect weed emergence, management, composition, and density of weed seed bank. Finally, the study suggests elevating crop competitiveness against weeds, through a combination of crop rotation and reduce_ zero tillage, has strong potential to reduce weed-induced yield losses in crop.

scholarly journals The consumption of nitrogen of perennial legume-grass mixture on the second year of life (study with 15n)

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-38
Author(s):  
N. Ya. Shmyreva ◽  
A. A. Zavalin ◽  
O. A. Sokolov ◽  
V. A. Litvinsky
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Local Application ◽  
Life Study ◽  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Perennial Legume

On the eroded sod-podzolic soil of the drive-separated part of the slope in the 3rd rotation of the crop rotation, the consumption of nitrogen fertilizer by herbs increases by 20%, soil nitrogen by 67%, and symbiotic by 23% compared to its lower part. This reduces the immobilization of nitrogen fertilizer, and increase its gaseous losses. Localization of nitrogen fertilizer increases grass consumption of nitrogen fertilizer by 14%, soil nitrogen by 7-10% and symbiotic nitrogen by 26-53% compared to the scattered method of its application. With local application of nitrogen fertilizer grass better (1.1-1.2 times) use nitrogen fertilizer, it is more (1.1-1.2 times) is fixed in the soil and less (1.6-2.6 times) is lost in the form of gaseous compounds compared to the scattered method of its application. This increases the productivity of herbs by 6-11%, the content of raw protein in the phytomass by 0.3-1.1% and reduces the amount of nitrates by 7-16%.

Erosion-preventive crop rotations and water erosion rates on undulating slopes in Lithuania

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jankauskas ◽  
G. Jankauskiene ◽  
M. A. Fullen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Erosion Rates

A combination of perennial grass species and selected crop rotations can help prevent soil erosion in upland regions and minimize the risk of soil erosion and associated water pollution (to both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems). Research data were obtained on sandy loam Eutric Albeluvisols at the Kaltinenai Research Station of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture on the undulating hilly topography of the Zemaiciai Uplands of Western Lithuania. The aim was to identify crops and crop rotations that would minimize soil erosion. Measured water erosion rates over 18 yr of field experiments were: 3.2–8.6 m3 ha-1 yr-1 under winter rye, 9.0–27.1 m3 ha-1 yr-1 under spring barley and 24.2–87.1 m3 ha-1 yr-1 under potatoes. Perennial grasses completely prevented water erosion, while the erosion-preventive grass-grain crop rotations (>50% grass) decreased soil losses on arable slopes of 2–5°, 5–10° and 10–14° by 75–80%. The grain-grass crop rotation (<50% grass) decreased rates by 23–24% compared to the field crop rotation. The main attributes of the proposed soil conservation systems were the careful selection of optimum erosion-preventive ecosystems (sod-forming perennial grasses or erosion-preventive crop rotations) with high erosion-resisting capabilities. These selected systems varied in response to slope gradient and thus assist erosion control and ecological stability of the undulating topography of Lithuania. These results may have wider applicability on the undulating landscapes of the temperate agricultural zone. Key words: Undulating upland topography, water erosion rates, erosion-preventive crop rotations, temperate climate

scholarly journals Rhizosphere microbial communities explain positive effects of diverse crop rotations on corn and soybean performance: microbiome explain benefits of diverse rotations.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Soledad Benitez ◽  
Patrick Ewing ◽  
Shannon L. Osborne ◽  
R. Michael Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Previous Crop

Abstract In agricultural systems, crop rotation diversity influences soil microbial communities and often increases crop productivity. Yet the specific contributions of microorganisms to crop rotation benefits are unknown. We studied corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) within a two-year corn-soybean rotation and four, four-year, four-crop rotations with varying crop sequences. We hypothesized that rhizosphere microbial communities would predict crop productivity contingent on rotation diversity and previous crop legacy. Sampling at seedling and flowering stages, we assessed rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities, plant tissue nutrients, aboveground biomass, and yield. Rhizosphere communities varied with rotation diversity and previous crop legacy. Concurrently, corn and soybean yields and biomasses were larger in more diverse rotations and with different crop legacies, but not tissue nutrients. Fungal communities predicted the suppression of corn seedlings when following soybean, and soybean seedlings when following corn, independently of rotation effects. This fungal effect ultimately predicted suppressed corn yield in the corn-soybean rotation, while in more diverse rotations, bacterial communities predicted corn would fully recover from a soybean legacy by flowering. These results suggest that corn-soybean rotations select for yield-suppressive microbial communities and highlight a microbial mechanism behind the benefits of diverse rotations.

scholarly journals Comparative bioenergy estimation of field crop rotations using perennial and annual grasses in the Rostov region

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
G. V. Ovsyannikova ◽  
G. V. Metlina ◽  
S. A. Vasilchenko
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Rotation Sequence

Annual and perennial grasses are important not only as a source of green fodder, hay, silage, grass meal and haylage in feed production, but also as good forecrops, due to the ability to accumulate biological nitrogen in the soil (since it decreases the cost of mineral fertilizers), to disinfect the soil from micro zoo pests, to improve the physical condition of the soil (since it decreases soil density). Perennial grasses are also an important component of biologized crop rotations, since the amount of crop residues remaining in the soil after harvesting is several times greater than after winter crops. The field trials were conducted in 2009–2016 by the staff of the laboratory of row crop cultivation technology of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The experimental plot is located in the southern soil-climatic zone of the Rostov region (with insufficient and unstable moisture). The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary heavy loamy chernozem on loesslike loams, with 3.2% humus, neutral pH, and a high content of movable phosphorus and exchange potassium according to Machigin. The current paper has presented a bioenergetic estimation of grain (4-crop rotation sequence with annual grasses included) and biologized (8-crop rotation sequence with 25% perennial grasses) crop rotations. It has been established that nutrients’ amount per 1 ha of crop rotation area of biologized crop rotation is higher than in grain crop rotation on 22% of dry matter, on 40% of raw protein and on 39% of metabolic energy. Energy consumption per 1 kg of raw protein is lower on 27%.

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