scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHEEP OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM WITH PRODUCTIVITY OF GROWING YOUNG SHEEP

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Sagidovich ISMAILOV ◽  
Nina Vladimirovna TREGUBOVA ◽  
Rashid Hasanbievich KOCHKAROV ◽  
Anna Victorovna MORGUNOVA ◽  
Natalija Alecseevna DRIZHD
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Development

A number of studies on digestion of the ruminants have shown the process of synthesis of all the essential amino acids in the rumen (Abu Fadel, 2004; Trukhachev, V., Zlidnev, N. 2008). However, according to some researches, microbial protein is deficient in methionine and lysine. This assumption also proves the need for further study of the influence of balanced amino acids to these diets on the growth, development and productive performance of the ruminants. Scientific approbation of the issues related to establishing the requirements of young sheep in lysine and methionine with cystine and development of recommendations for their proper balance in animal rations have been conducted along with a series of physiological, scientific and practical experiments. For this purpose, we used the following research methods: preparative, analytical, measuring and calculating. Zootechnical evaluation of young sheep’s diet with different levels of lysine and methionine with cysteine has been conducted, and influence of these components on growth, development, metabolism, the use of amino acids and wool productivity have been studied. The importance of studying the content of amino acids in plasma is evident because they are the indicators of protein metabolism in the animals’ organism and represent themselves the exchange fund when used in the biochemical transformations in the process of updating the protein of the body tissues and the synthesis of animal products. Increase in young sheep’s diet of lysine and methionine can improve their productivity, reduce the cost of feed energy and improve biochemical indexes of meat, taking into account the optimization of its amino acid composition. Efficiency increase of young sheep during the process of the individual development is linked to conditions of feeding and in particular the usefulness of a protein food, which is primarily determined by sufficient intake of essential amino acids - lysine and methionine with cystine. Thus, the inclusion in the diet of growing young sheep some amount of synthetic amino acids – 6–8 grams of lysine and 3–4 g of methionine per 1 fodder unit, enhances oxidation-reduction processes, increase productivity, i.e. wool yield and other indicators. The content of free amino acids in plasma directly depends on their availability in feed. The use of synthetic amino acids (lysine, methionine and cystine) contributed to the increase of their content in a free state in the blood serum, indicating their increased demand in sheep. With the use of different doses of synthetic amino acids (lysine, methionine, cystine) in the diets of young sheep it has been found that the organization of optimum conditions of feeding, care and management of sheep in winter season help to avoid abrupt changes in the structure of the skin, to ensure the normal development of the histological structure and morphogenetic processes.)

scholarly journals Penambahan Lisin pada Pakan Komersial terhadap Retensi Protein dan Retensi Energi Ikan Bawal Air Tawar (Colossoma macropomum) [Lysine Addition on Commercial Feed to the Protein Retention and Energy Retention Colossoma macropomum]

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afifa Khalida ◽  
Agustono Agustono ◽  
Widya Paramita
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Range Test

                                                                   AbstrakAsam amino adalah komponen terkecil yang menyusun protein. Sejumlah asam amino akan dihubungkan satu sama lain melalui perantara ikatan peptida untuk membentuk protein. Asam amino telah dibagi menjadi dua; yaitu asam amino esensial dan asam amino non-esensial. Asam amino esensial adalah asam amino yang tidak dapat disintesis oleh tubuh ikan; karena itu asam amino esensial harus ada dalam pakan. Lisin adalah salah satu dari sepuluh asam amino esensial, fungsi lisin adalah untuk pertumbuhan dan perbaikan jaringan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lisin dalam pakan komersial terhadap retensi protein dan retensi energi ikan bawal air tawar. Metode yang digunakan adalah desain eksperimen rancangan acak lengkap. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah kadar lisin yang berbeda, yaitu P0 (0%), P1 (0,6%), P2 (1,2%), P3 (2,4%), P4 (4,8%) dan perlakuan  diulang 4 kali. Parameter utama yang diamati adalah retensi protein dan retensi energi pada air tawar bawal. Parameter yang diukur didukung oleh parameter kualitas air. Analisis data menggunakan Analisis Varian (ANOVA) dan untuk menentukan perlakuan terbaik digunakan Duncan's multiple range test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p <0,05) dalam retensi protein dan energi adalah daging ikan bawal air tawar. Retensi protein dan retensi energi dalam pengobatan P1 (0,6% lisin), P2 (1,2% lisin), P3 (2,4% lisin) dan P4 (4,8% lisin) berbeda secara signifikan dengan perlakuan P0 (kontrol). Kualitas air selama 40 hari perlakuan ditetapkan pada suhu 27-300 C, pH 7,5-8,5, amonia 4 mg / l dan oksigen terlarut 4 mg / l.                                                                 AbstractAmino acids are the smallest components that compose proteins. A number of amino acids will be conducted to one another through the intermediary of peptide bonds to form proteins. Amino acids have divided into two; those are essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids. The essential amino acids are amino acids that can not be synthesized by the body of fish; therefore the essential amino acids must be in feed. Lysine is one of the ten essentials amino acids , the function of lysine are for the growth and repair body tissues. This research was aimed to determine the effect of lysine in commercial feed on protein retention and energy retention of freshwater Bawal.The method used is experiment with a completely randomized design as an experimental design. The treatment used is different lysine levels , namely P0 ( 0 % ) , P1 ( 0.6 % ) , P2 ( 1.2 % ) , P3 ( 2.4 % ) , P4 (4.8 % ) and treatment was repeated 4 times. The main parameters were observed protein retention and energy retention on Bawal fresh water. Parameters measured were supported by water quality parameters. Analysis of the data using Analysis of Varian ( ANOVA ) and to determine the best treatment used Duncan 's multiple range test. The results showed the significant differences ( p < 0.05 ) in protein retention and energy were freshwater pomfret fish meat. Retention of protein and energy retention in treatment P1 ( 0.6 % lysine ) , P2 ( 1.2 % lysine ) , P3 ( 2.4 % lysine ) and P4 ( 4.8 % lysine ) was significantly different with treatment P0 ( control ). The quality of water for 40 days treatment was set to temperature 27-300 C, pH 7.5-8.5, ammonia 4 mg/l and dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l.

scholarly journals The case for regulating indispensable amino acid metabolism: the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase-knockout mouse

2006 ◽  
Vol 400 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Hutson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Keto Acid ◽  
Acid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Branched Chain

BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids) are indispensable (essential) amino acids that are required for body protein synthesis. Indispensable amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be acquired from the diet. The BCAA leucine provides hormone-like signals to tissues such as skeletal muscle, indicating overall nutrient sufficiency. BCAA metabolism provides an important transport system to move nitrogen throughout the body for the synthesis of dispensable (non-essential) amino acids, including the neurotransmitter glutamate in the central nervous system. BCAA metabolism is tightly regulated to maintain levels high enough to support these important functions, but at the same time excesses are prevented via stimulation of irreversible disposal pathways. It is well known from inborn errors of BCAA metabolism that dysregulation of the BCAA catabolic pathways that leads to excess BCAAs and their α-keto acid metabolites results in neural dysfunction. In this issue of Biochemical Journal, Joshi and colleagues have disrupted the murine BDK (branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase) gene. This enzyme serves as the brake on BCAA catabolism. The impaired growth and neurological abnormalities observed in this animal show conclusively the importance of tight regulation of indispensable amino acid metabolism.

scholarly journals Response of adult rats to deficiencies of different essential amino acids

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Said ◽  
D. M. Hegsted ◽  
K. C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Fatty Livers

1. Adult rats were fed on diets free of either lysine, methionine, threonine or protein. The threonine- and protein-deficient animals lost weight at approximately the same rate, about 100 g in 14 weeks, at which time several were moribund. In contrast, lysine-deficient animals lost only about 30 g in 14 weeks and had lost only 46 g after 22 weeks, when they were killed. Methionine-deficient animals showed an intermediate response. Losses in weight of several tissues – kidney, heart and two muscles – were related to, but not necessarily proportional to, the loss of body-weight. Liver weights relative to body-weights were large in lysine- and threonine-deficient animals and smallest in methionine-deficient animals.2. Adult rats were fed on diets containing zero, a moderate amount (about twice the estimated minimal requirement) or an excess (about four times the estimated requirement) of lysine or threonine in all combinations (3 × 3 design). Analysis of variance of the body-weights, tissue weights and tissue nitrogen contents indicated, in general, a significant effect of each amino acid, as expected, but also, in most instances, a significant interaction. Plasma concentrations of lysine and threonine were affected by the intakes of the respective amino acids, but plasma lysine concentrations were also affected by the threonine intake.3. Liver histology also suggested significant interactions between the two amino acids. Animals given no lysine but moderate amounts of threonine developed severely fatty livers; next most severely affected were animals receiving excess of both amino acids. Threonine deficiency, in the presence or absence of lysine, produced moderately fatty livers similar to those seen in protein-deficient animals.4. Since animals have varying ability to conserve body nitrogen when they are fed on diets limiting in different essential amino acids, measurements of biological value (BV) and net protein utilization by conventional methods, over a short period of time, over-estimate nutritive value relative to amino acid score and probably over-estimate the true nutritive value of poor-quality proteins, particularly those limiting in lysine. If so, this is a serious error, since it leads to underestimates of the protein requirements if BV is used. The fact that certain tissues, particularly the liver, do not necessarily lose nitrogen in proportion to total body nitrogen and may show specific pathological effects depending on the limiting amino acid or the proportions of amino acids in the diet also indicates that general measures of nitrogen economy may not be sufficiently discriminating tests of the nutritive value of proteins.

scholarly journals The effect of dietary amino acid abundance and isotopic composition on the growth rate, metabolism and tissue δ13C of rainbow trout

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (12) ◽  
pp. 1764-1771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Gaye-Siessegger ◽  
James S. O. McCullagh ◽  
Ulfert Focken
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid

The aim of the present study was to test whether the dietary non-essential/conditionally essential amino acid composition has an effect on growth and protein utilisation and on δ13C of individual amino acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Trout were reared on six purified diets containing only synthetic amino acids in place of protein. Diet 1 mimicked the amino acid composition of fishmeal, in diet 2, cysteine (Cys), glycine (Gly), proline (Pro) and tyrosine (Tyr) were isonitrogenously replaced by their precursor amino acids serine (Ser), glutamic acid (Glu) and phenylalanine (Phe), and in diet 3, alanine (Ala), asparagine and aspartate, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser and Tyr were isonitrogenously replaced by Glu. Diets 4, 5 and 6 resembled diets 1, 2 and 3 except that Glu contained 0·1 % 13C-enriched Glu. A control group was reared on a fishmeal-based diet. A total of forty-two trout (4·7 (sd 0·57) g) were fed one of the diets at a level of 3·5 % body mass for 10 weeks in a flow-through system. Dietary non-essential amino acid composition significantly influenced protein gain (P < 0·025) and δ13C of Ala, arginine (Arg), Gly, histidine (His), Phe and Tyr. Non-enriched Glu was predominantly found in trout fed 13C-enriched Glu, which is consistent with the fact that Glu has been shown to be used extensively in the gut as an energy source but is less consistent with the enrichment of Pro in fish fed diet 6 compared with fish fed diet 3. Further research is required to better understand the mechanisms that lead to the alteration of amino acid δ13C between diet and body tissues.

scholarly journals QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PROTEINS IN COOKED SAUSAGES WITH FOOD COMPOSITIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Fursik ◽  
I. Strashynskiy ◽  
V. Pasichny ◽  
О. Kochubei-Lytvynenko
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Experimental Sample

. In the article, the data are given of research carried out in vitro to determine the amino acid composition and the degree of digestibility of the reference and experimental samples of cooked sausage, with the use of the protein-containing composition developed. The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) has been calculated to clarify the assimilation of amino acids that enter the body as part of proteins in experimental cooked sausage samples.It has been established that replacing a part of the meat raw material with the protein-containing composition in the formula of cooked sausages does not affect significantly the amino acid composition of the finished product. The addition of mechanically deboned poultry meat reduces the amount of such essential amino acids as isoleucine by 68 %, compared with the control formula, leucine by 38 %, and valine by 48 %. At the same time, the content of lysine significantly increases by 1.5 times.  The in vitro index of digestibility for an experimental sample of cooked sausages with protein-containing composition at the pepsinolysis stage is slightly reduced compared with the reference sample (by an average of 7 %). At the second stage of hydrolysis (trypsin enzyme), this parameter does not differ from the reference one. During the two stages of hydrolysis, this parameter, with mechanically deboned poultry meat introduced, decreased by an average of 20 %, compared with the reference sample.Calculated PDCAAS has allowed establishing that the true efficiency of proteins in cooked sausages is different from the in vitro index of digestibility, which is due to the presence of limiting values of the essential amino acids content in the product.

scholarly journals Study of amino acid composition of filling for extruded grain crops

2021 ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
U. Ch. Сhomanov ◽  
G. E. Zhumalieva ◽  
M. Ch Tultabayev ◽  
G. S. Aktokalova ◽  
R. K. Kassimbek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Grain Products

In this paper, the amino acid composition of protein filling for extruded grain products is studied. According to research, essential amino acids make up more than 1/3 of all amino acids, which means that the protein filling is of high quality. The article considers covering the daily requirement of amino acids of the body with protein filling. It was found that the protein filling contains a rich amino acid composition, and allows you to get extruded grain products with a long shelf life.

scholarly journals Absorptive transport of amino acids by the rat colon

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. G189-G202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxin Chen ◽  
Meredith M. Dinges ◽  
Andrew Green ◽  
Scott E. Cramer ◽  
Cynthia K. Larive ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Ussing Chamber ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rat Colon ◽  
Colonic Epithelium ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Body Tissues

The capacity of the colon to absorb microbially produced amino acids (AAs) and the underlying mechanisms of AA transport are incompletely defined. We measured the profile of 16 fecal AAs along the rat ceco-colonic axis and compared unidirectional absorptive AA fluxes across mucosal tissues isolated from the rat jejunum, cecum, and proximal colon using an Ussing chamber approach, in conjunction with 1H-NMR and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry chemical analyses. Passage of stool from cecum to midcolon was associated with segment-specific changes in fecal AA composition and a decrease in total AA content. Simultaneous measurement of up to 16 AA fluxes under native luminal conditions, with correction for endogenous AA release, demonstrated absorptive transfer of AAs across the cecum and proximal colon at rates comparable (30–80%) to those across the jejunum, with significant Na+-dependent and H+-stimulated components. Expression profiling of 30 major AA transporter genes by quantitative PCR revealed comparatively high levels of transcripts for 20 AA transporters in the cecum and/or colon, with the levels of 12 exceeding those in the small intestine. Our results suggest a more detailed model of major apical and basolateral AA transporters in rat colonocytes and provide evidence for a previously unappreciated transfer of AAs across the colonic epithelium that could link the prodigious metabolic capacities of the luminal microbiota, the colonocytes, and the body tissues. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides evidence for a previously unappreciated transfer of microbially generated amino acids across the colonic epithelium under physiological conditions that could link the prodigious metabolic capacities of the luminal microbiota, the colonocytes, and the body tissues. The segment-specific expression of at least 20 amino acid transporter genes along the colon provides a detailed mechanistic basis for uniport, heteroexchange, Na+-cotransport, and H+-cotransport components of colonic amino acid absorption.

scholarly journals To the question of amino acids and whey consumption

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (91) ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
O. O. Korytko
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Microbiological Synthesis

The article summarizes, in a concise form, information about the importance of amino acids in the context of solving the problem of fodder protein deficiency. Amino acids, as structural components of proteins, are central to the exchange of nitrogen-containing compounds and are vital for life processes. Essential amino acids are not synthesized by the body of animals and humans, but are prepared as a part of diets. Vegetable proteins are less complete than animal proteins due to the absence of some essential amino acids. Therefore, in feeding, plant feeds are balanced by limiting amino acids, which are obtained by chemical or microbiological synthesis, or combine protein sources, taking into account their amino acid composition. Amino acids are the primary microbial metabolites that are synthesized by microorganisms in the process of life. Due to the large-scale cultivation of microorganisms in industrial conditions, amino acids, proteins, preparations for increasing the productivity of crops and animals are receive. Appropriate types of microorganisms use ammonia oxidation energy to synthesize their own organic matter. Different bacteria for the synthesis of amino acids also use nitrogen, nitrates, urea. The microbiological synthesis and accumulation of metabolites in the substrate depends on the component composition, temperature. Microbial growth is usually limited by the nutrient component. Sulfur deficiency limits the utilization of nitrogen by microorganisms. The introduction of sulfur compounds into the environment stimulates microbial synthesis in general, including sulfur-containing amino acids. As a result of incubation of the biosubstrate for 3 days at a temperature of 18 °C, the synthesis of most amino acids by microbial association was activated. Incubation with sodium sulfate (at a dose of 0.3% by weight of biosubstrate) for 3 days at 25 °C had the best stimulating effect on amino acid biosynthesis. Such a biosubstrate can be used as a source of amino acids in the form of a fertilizer or feed additive. In the XXI century anthropogenic impact causes an imbalance of the ecological situation, one of the manifestations of which is the reduction of soil fertility, which can be restored by the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers, as well as preparations containing amino acids and stimulate seed germination, increase the yield, fertility, and fertility. Amino acids are used as additives in food production, in the treatment of diseases of different etiologies and for other purposes.

scholarly journals Influence of heat treatment on amino acid composition of snails meat

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (88) ◽  
pp. 69-71
Author(s):  
I. S. Danilova
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Helix Pomatia ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Helix Aspersa ◽  
The Body ◽  
Animal Origin

Amino acids are organic compounds that are the structural component of the protein. That is, protein is the main building material of the tissues of the body. It is needed for muscle mass growth and is indispensable in fat burning – all about amino acids, of which protein is formed. The main source of amino acids are food that is rich in protein. However, based on the content of one or another amino acid proteins contained in food, can be divided into complete and inferior. Complete proteins contain all the essential amino acids. These products include, primarily, products of animal origin: meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products. In order to plant sources of full protein is soybean. Inferior proteins – in their composition there is at least one irreplaceable acid. Accordingly, in their “quality” defective proteins can be very different. The source of defective proteins is mainly products of planting: legumes, cereals, nuts and seeds. The purpose of our work was to determine the content of amino acids in raw and cooked meat of the food species Helix pomatia, Helix aspersa maxima and Helix aspersa muller and to make an analysis on the effect of heat treatment on the amino acid composition of snail meat. This article presents the results of the content of amino acids in meat of food snails using electrophoresis “Capel-105/105M”. Three types of snails have identified the presence and amount of amino acids. In general, the meat of snails contains amino acids – arginine, histidine, serine, alanine, glycine, tyrosine and proline, and irreplaceable – lysine, phenylalanine, leucine + isoleucine, methionine, valine, threonine.

Peptide Utilisation by the Mammary Gland of Lactating Goats

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 2-2
Author(s):  
F.R.C. Backwell ◽  
B.J. Bequette ◽  
A.G. Calder ◽  
J.A. Metcalf ◽  
D. Wray-Cahen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Lactating Goats

Most considerations of protein digestion assume that amino acids are made available to the body tissues as the free form but recent reports suggest that a substantial portion may be absorbed from the stomach region of ruminants as small peptides (1). However, the quantitative relevance of this absorption to amino acid supply to tissues remains unclear. We have previously indicated that in early lactation at least part of the amino acid supply to the lactating mammary gland may be met from blood derived peptides or small proteins (2) but at present there is no direct evidence to suggest that peptides can contribute amino acids to the gland for milk protein synthesis. However, it has been demonstrated in dairy animals that the uptake of certain amino acids across the mammary gland is insufficient to account for their output in milk protein (J.A. Metcalf, unpublished observation) and the possible utilisation of amino acids in ‘non-free’ form must be considered. The present study involves the use of a dual-labelled tracer approach to evaluate the ability of the mammary gland to utilise amino acids in peptide-bound form for milk protein synthesis. The technique involves infusion into the external pudic artery (EPA) supplying one half of die gland of a dipeptide XY where Y is a [13C]-labelled amino acid, coupled with a simultaneous (jugular) infusion of the amino acid Y but with a deuterium label. The jugular infusion allows a correction for recycled amino acid generated by whole animal (i.e. non-mammary) hydrolysis of the infused peptide. In theory if the half of the gland receiving direct infusion of the dipeptide utilises peptide-bound Y for milk protein synthesis then the ratio of [13C] : deuterium should be greater in casein secreted from that half of the gland compared with the other (control) side of the gland.

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