scholarly journals Penambahan Lisin pada Pakan Komersial terhadap Retensi Protein dan Retensi Energi Ikan Bawal Air Tawar (Colossoma macropomum) [Lysine Addition on Commercial Feed to the Protein Retention and Energy Retention Colossoma macropomum]

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afifa Khalida ◽  
Agustono Agustono ◽  
Widya Paramita
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Range Test

                                                                   AbstrakAsam amino adalah komponen terkecil yang menyusun protein. Sejumlah asam amino akan dihubungkan satu sama lain melalui perantara ikatan peptida untuk membentuk protein. Asam amino telah dibagi menjadi dua; yaitu asam amino esensial dan asam amino non-esensial. Asam amino esensial adalah asam amino yang tidak dapat disintesis oleh tubuh ikan; karena itu asam amino esensial harus ada dalam pakan. Lisin adalah salah satu dari sepuluh asam amino esensial, fungsi lisin adalah untuk pertumbuhan dan perbaikan jaringan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lisin dalam pakan komersial terhadap retensi protein dan retensi energi ikan bawal air tawar. Metode yang digunakan adalah desain eksperimen rancangan acak lengkap. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah kadar lisin yang berbeda, yaitu P0 (0%), P1 (0,6%), P2 (1,2%), P3 (2,4%), P4 (4,8%) dan perlakuan  diulang 4 kali. Parameter utama yang diamati adalah retensi protein dan retensi energi pada air tawar bawal. Parameter yang diukur didukung oleh parameter kualitas air. Analisis data menggunakan Analisis Varian (ANOVA) dan untuk menentukan perlakuan terbaik digunakan Duncan's multiple range test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p <0,05) dalam retensi protein dan energi adalah daging ikan bawal air tawar. Retensi protein dan retensi energi dalam pengobatan P1 (0,6% lisin), P2 (1,2% lisin), P3 (2,4% lisin) dan P4 (4,8% lisin) berbeda secara signifikan dengan perlakuan P0 (kontrol). Kualitas air selama 40 hari perlakuan ditetapkan pada suhu 27-300 C, pH 7,5-8,5, amonia 4 mg / l dan oksigen terlarut 4 mg / l.                                                                 AbstractAmino acids are the smallest components that compose proteins. A number of amino acids will be conducted to one another through the intermediary of peptide bonds to form proteins. Amino acids have divided into two; those are essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids. The essential amino acids are amino acids that can not be synthesized by the body of fish; therefore the essential amino acids must be in feed. Lysine is one of the ten essentials amino acids , the function of lysine are for the growth and repair body tissues. This research was aimed to determine the effect of lysine in commercial feed on protein retention and energy retention of freshwater Bawal.The method used is experiment with a completely randomized design as an experimental design. The treatment used is different lysine levels , namely P0 ( 0 % ) , P1 ( 0.6 % ) , P2 ( 1.2 % ) , P3 ( 2.4 % ) , P4 (4.8 % ) and treatment was repeated 4 times. The main parameters were observed protein retention and energy retention on Bawal fresh water. Parameters measured were supported by water quality parameters. Analysis of the data using Analysis of Varian ( ANOVA ) and to determine the best treatment used Duncan 's multiple range test. The results showed the significant differences ( p < 0.05 ) in protein retention and energy were freshwater pomfret fish meat. Retention of protein and energy retention in treatment P1 ( 0.6 % lysine ) , P2 ( 1.2 % lysine ) , P3 ( 2.4 % lysine ) and P4 ( 4.8 % lysine ) was significantly different with treatment P0 ( control ). The quality of water for 40 days treatment was set to temperature 27-300 C, pH 7.5-8.5, ammonia 4 mg/l and dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHEEP OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM WITH PRODUCTIVITY OF GROWING YOUNG SHEEP

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Sagidovich ISMAILOV ◽  
Nina Vladimirovna TREGUBOVA ◽  
Rashid Hasanbievich KOCHKAROV ◽  
Anna Victorovna MORGUNOVA ◽  
Natalija Alecseevna DRIZHD
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Development

A number of studies on digestion of the ruminants have shown the process of synthesis of all the essential amino acids in the rumen (Abu Fadel, 2004; Trukhachev, V., Zlidnev, N. 2008). However, according to some researches, microbial protein is deficient in methionine and lysine. This assumption also proves the need for further study of the influence of balanced amino acids to these diets on the growth, development and productive performance of the ruminants. Scientific approbation of the issues related to establishing the requirements of young sheep in lysine and methionine with cystine and development of recommendations for their proper balance in animal rations have been conducted along with a series of physiological, scientific and practical experiments. For this purpose, we used the following research methods: preparative, analytical, measuring and calculating. Zootechnical evaluation of young sheep’s diet with different levels of lysine and methionine with cysteine has been conducted, and influence of these components on growth, development, metabolism, the use of amino acids and wool productivity have been studied. The importance of studying the content of amino acids in plasma is evident because they are the indicators of protein metabolism in the animals’ organism and represent themselves the exchange fund when used in the biochemical transformations in the process of updating the protein of the body tissues and the synthesis of animal products. Increase in young sheep’s diet of lysine and methionine can improve their productivity, reduce the cost of feed energy and improve biochemical indexes of meat, taking into account the optimization of its amino acid composition. Efficiency increase of young sheep during the process of the individual development is linked to conditions of feeding and in particular the usefulness of a protein food, which is primarily determined by sufficient intake of essential amino acids - lysine and methionine with cystine. Thus, the inclusion in the diet of growing young sheep some amount of synthetic amino acids – 6–8 grams of lysine and 3–4 g of methionine per 1 fodder unit, enhances oxidation-reduction processes, increase productivity, i.e. wool yield and other indicators. The content of free amino acids in plasma directly depends on their availability in feed. The use of synthetic amino acids (lysine, methionine and cystine) contributed to the increase of their content in a free state in the blood serum, indicating their increased demand in sheep. With the use of different doses of synthetic amino acids (lysine, methionine, cystine) in the diets of young sheep it has been found that the organization of optimum conditions of feeding, care and management of sheep in winter season help to avoid abrupt changes in the structure of the skin, to ensure the normal development of the histological structure and morphogenetic processes.)

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Quality Parameters of Royal Jelly, Apilarnil and Queen Bee Larvae Triturate

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Rodica MARGAOAN ◽  
Liviu Alexandru MARGHITAS ◽  
Daniel Severus DEZMIREAN ◽  
Otilia BOBIS ◽  
Victorita BONTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Royal Jelly ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Soxhlet Method ◽  
Kjeldahl Method

Given their beneficial effects in terms of health, the natural products, especially beehive products, have drawn the attention of consumers since long time ago. In order to guarantee the quality of these products on the market, their chemical composition needs to be analyzed. Thus, this current research had as objective the establishment of quality parameters for beehive brood food derived products: apilarnil and queen bee larvae triturate. These two products were compared with royal jelly which is the basis of brood food in the first 3 days of larval stage. The carbohydrates were determined by HPLC-IR and allowed the identification of seven carbohydrate compounds, predominantly glucose, fructose and sucrose. The lipid profile was analyzed by the Soxhlet method. The total protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method. Free amino acids were analyzed by LC-MS. A total of 31 amino acids were identified of which nine are essential amino acids for humans. 

Utilisation of the end products of ruminant digestion

1957 ◽  
Vol 1957 ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Armstrong ◽  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
N. McC. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
End Products

The work of the late Sir Joseph Barcroft and his collaborators (see Elsden & Phillipson, 1948) left little doubt that, in ruminants, the end products of the bacterial dissimilation of dietary carbohydrate included large amounts of the steam-volatile fatty acids—acetic, propionic and butyric acids. More recently, el Shazly (1952a, b) has shown that the steam-volatile fatty acids also arise together with ammonia during the bacterial breakdown of amino-acids in the rumen. Studies by Pfander & Phillipson (1953) and Schambye (1955) further indicate that the acids are absorbed from the digestive tract in amounts that suggest they make a major contribution to the energy requirement of the animal. Quantitative data relative to the amounts absorbed, however, are difficult to obtain. Carroll & Hungate (1954) have calculated that in cattle some 6,000-12,000 Cal. of energy are available from the acids produced by fermentation in the rumen. With sheep, Phillipson & Cuthbertson (1956) have calculated from the results of Schambye (1951a, b; 1955) that at least 600-1,200 Cal. of energy in the form of steam-volatile fatty acids could be absorbed every 24 hrs. Since the fasting heat production of the steer is about 6,500 Cal./24 hrs. and that of the sheep about 1,100 Cal./24 hrs. it is clear that if the fatty acids can be utilised efficiently by the body tissues, they could make a major contribution to the energy requirements, at least those for maintenance.

scholarly journals The case for regulating indispensable amino acid metabolism: the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase-knockout mouse

2006 ◽  
Vol 400 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Hutson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Keto Acid ◽  
Acid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Branched Chain

BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids) are indispensable (essential) amino acids that are required for body protein synthesis. Indispensable amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be acquired from the diet. The BCAA leucine provides hormone-like signals to tissues such as skeletal muscle, indicating overall nutrient sufficiency. BCAA metabolism provides an important transport system to move nitrogen throughout the body for the synthesis of dispensable (non-essential) amino acids, including the neurotransmitter glutamate in the central nervous system. BCAA metabolism is tightly regulated to maintain levels high enough to support these important functions, but at the same time excesses are prevented via stimulation of irreversible disposal pathways. It is well known from inborn errors of BCAA metabolism that dysregulation of the BCAA catabolic pathways that leads to excess BCAAs and their α-keto acid metabolites results in neural dysfunction. In this issue of Biochemical Journal, Joshi and colleagues have disrupted the murine BDK (branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase) gene. This enzyme serves as the brake on BCAA catabolism. The impaired growth and neurological abnormalities observed in this animal show conclusively the importance of tight regulation of indispensable amino acid metabolism.

scholarly journals Response of adult rats to deficiencies of different essential amino acids

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Said ◽  
D. M. Hegsted ◽  
K. C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Fatty Livers

1. Adult rats were fed on diets free of either lysine, methionine, threonine or protein. The threonine- and protein-deficient animals lost weight at approximately the same rate, about 100 g in 14 weeks, at which time several were moribund. In contrast, lysine-deficient animals lost only about 30 g in 14 weeks and had lost only 46 g after 22 weeks, when they were killed. Methionine-deficient animals showed an intermediate response. Losses in weight of several tissues – kidney, heart and two muscles – were related to, but not necessarily proportional to, the loss of body-weight. Liver weights relative to body-weights were large in lysine- and threonine-deficient animals and smallest in methionine-deficient animals.2. Adult rats were fed on diets containing zero, a moderate amount (about twice the estimated minimal requirement) or an excess (about four times the estimated requirement) of lysine or threonine in all combinations (3 × 3 design). Analysis of variance of the body-weights, tissue weights and tissue nitrogen contents indicated, in general, a significant effect of each amino acid, as expected, but also, in most instances, a significant interaction. Plasma concentrations of lysine and threonine were affected by the intakes of the respective amino acids, but plasma lysine concentrations were also affected by the threonine intake.3. Liver histology also suggested significant interactions between the two amino acids. Animals given no lysine but moderate amounts of threonine developed severely fatty livers; next most severely affected were animals receiving excess of both amino acids. Threonine deficiency, in the presence or absence of lysine, produced moderately fatty livers similar to those seen in protein-deficient animals.4. Since animals have varying ability to conserve body nitrogen when they are fed on diets limiting in different essential amino acids, measurements of biological value (BV) and net protein utilization by conventional methods, over a short period of time, over-estimate nutritive value relative to amino acid score and probably over-estimate the true nutritive value of poor-quality proteins, particularly those limiting in lysine. If so, this is a serious error, since it leads to underestimates of the protein requirements if BV is used. The fact that certain tissues, particularly the liver, do not necessarily lose nitrogen in proportion to total body nitrogen and may show specific pathological effects depending on the limiting amino acid or the proportions of amino acids in the diet also indicates that general measures of nitrogen economy may not be sufficiently discriminating tests of the nutritive value of proteins.

scholarly journals DIET AND TISSUE GROWTH

1924 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Smith ◽  
Theodore S. Moise
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Relative Toxicity

The relative toxicity of chloroform given subcutaneously to rats fed on two diets deficient in respect to their nitrogenous components, the sole sources of protein in which were, respectively, gliadin and gelatin and to rats without food, is as follows: gelatin diet &gt; fasting &gt; gliadin diet. The rate of regeneration of liver cells after chloroform poisoning in rats fed a diet in which gliadin is the only protein is about as rapid as that in animals fed a diet containing casein as the source of nitrogen. The rate of regeneration on a food containing its nitrogen as gelatin and also during fasting is definitely slower than that in animals fed the gliadin food. The results of these experiments indicate that the requirement for the essential amino acids for growth of individual organs of the body is less than that for correlated growth of the whole body.

scholarly journals QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PROTEINS IN COOKED SAUSAGES WITH FOOD COMPOSITIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Fursik ◽  
I. Strashynskiy ◽  
V. Pasichny ◽  
О. Kochubei-Lytvynenko
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Experimental Sample

. In the article, the data are given of research carried out in vitro to determine the amino acid composition and the degree of digestibility of the reference and experimental samples of cooked sausage, with the use of the protein-containing composition developed. The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) has been calculated to clarify the assimilation of amino acids that enter the body as part of proteins in experimental cooked sausage samples.It has been established that replacing a part of the meat raw material with the protein-containing composition in the formula of cooked sausages does not affect significantly the amino acid composition of the finished product. The addition of mechanically deboned poultry meat reduces the amount of such essential amino acids as isoleucine by 68 %, compared with the control formula, leucine by 38 %, and valine by 48 %. At the same time, the content of lysine significantly increases by 1.5 times.  The in vitro index of digestibility for an experimental sample of cooked sausages with protein-containing composition at the pepsinolysis stage is slightly reduced compared with the reference sample (by an average of 7 %). At the second stage of hydrolysis (trypsin enzyme), this parameter does not differ from the reference one. During the two stages of hydrolysis, this parameter, with mechanically deboned poultry meat introduced, decreased by an average of 20 %, compared with the reference sample.Calculated PDCAAS has allowed establishing that the true efficiency of proteins in cooked sausages is different from the in vitro index of digestibility, which is due to the presence of limiting values of the essential amino acids content in the product.

scholarly journals Amino Acids Content Comparison with Different Processing Methods (Cook, Raw and Fermented) and Inclusion Levels of Delonix regia in Formulated Fish Diets

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Bosede Oyegbile ◽  
Okeke Rufina Obioma ◽  
Yunusa Abubakar ◽  
Idris Abdullahi ◽  
Stanley David Oziegbe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Fish Nutrition ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Delonix Regia ◽  
Amino Acids Composition ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Range Test

This study investigated the effects of different processing methods of Delonix regia seeds on amino acids composition of experimental diets. Ten isonitrogenous diets (40% crude protein) were formulated with cooked, raw and fermented Delonix regia seeds at 0% (Control), 10%, 20% and 30% inclusion levels respectively. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance, significant differences in means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. All the essential amino acids (lysine, arginine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine) differs significantly among the treatments except histidine which was statistically similar (P > 0.05) across the dietary treatments. The activity of essential and non- essential amino acid concentration was higher in cooked than the fermented and raw Delonix regia seeds. It was concluded that cooked Delonix regia seeds at 10% inclusion levels had the highest activities of essential and non-essential amino acids and could be used to supplement conventional feedstuff for livestock especially in fish nutrition and bioenergetics.

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