EFFICIENCY OF ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF MANURE FROM CATTLE FED WITH SIDA HERMAPHRODITA SILAGE

The study aimed to determine the influence of addition of Sida hermaphrodita silage into cattle forage on efficiency of methane fermentation of cattle manure. Efficiency of methane fermentation connected with amount and composition of produced biogas was determined with respirometric tests. Methane fermentation was performed in mesophilic conditions with initial organic compounds loading of 5 g VS/(dm3∙d). The study was divided into two stages. In first stage, substrate in methane fermentation was only cattle manure. In second stage, substrate in methane fermentation was cattle manure and Sida silage. There were three series of experiments in each stage, due to cattle manure was obtained from cattle fed with forage differ in contribution of Sida silage (0 – series 1, 17% - series 2, 34% - series 3). In the stage 1, biogas production of 223±15 L/kg VS, 247±8.5 L/kg VS and 231±18 L/kg VS was noted in the series 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The addition of Sida silage to the cattle forage had no impact on biogas potential of cattle manure. In the stage 2, the same tendency was observed. No differences in biogas composition between series were also observed. Methane content in biogas was about 60%.

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The Reformed Australian Child Support Scheme

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/019251391012004003 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 430-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MARGARET HARRISON

Keyword(s):

Child Support ◽

Australian Government ◽

Court Order ◽

Taxable Income ◽

Australian Child ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Second Stage ◽

Stage 1 ◽

Two Stages ◽

Payment Mechanisms

The Australian child support reforms were introduced in two stages between mid-1988 and late 1989. The first stage sought to increase the collection and payment of money due by reason of a court order, by establishing the Child Support Agency within the Taxation Office. This agency assumes responsibility for locating missing liable parents and, where possible, withdraws the amount owed from the salaries of liable parents. The second stage uses the collection and payment mechanisms established under Stage 1 and also assesses amounts due administratively by applying a formula that takes account of parental taxable income and the number of children for whom there is a support liability. Results of an evaluation of the first stage of the scheme are discussed. Although single-parent poverty will not be resolved by measures such as those initiated by the Australian government, the evidence is that amounts awarded under Stage 1 are higher than they were prior to the introduction of the reforms and that administrative assessment under Stage 2 is yielding higher amounts.

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Potential of bacteria in sheep feces as biogas formation starter on lignite coal media

Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan ◽

10.21776/ub.jiip.2020.030.03.04 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 198-204

Author(s):

Yuli Astuti Hidayati ◽

Marlina ET ◽

Rahmah KN ◽

Pinandito K ◽

Puteri GCK ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biogas Production ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Second Stage ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Feces Sample ◽

Research Procedure ◽

Lignite Coal ◽

Two Stages ◽

Sheep Feces

Sheep farms produce waste in the form of feces and urine that are organic materials and the source of bacteria. This study aims to determine the potential of bacteria in sheep feces when used as a starter for biogas formation (the number of anaerobic bacteria and biogas production) on lignite coal media. The method used in this study was experimental in the laboratory using a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and Duncan test was performed to find out the differences between treatments. The research procedure was divided into two stages. The first stage was in vitro method to select the feces sample with the largest biogas production. The second stage was utilizing enriched media (media 98-5) liquid for observing the growth of bacteria originating from selected sheep feces, and then the bacteria consortium was used as starters on lignite coal media. The treatments were based on the concentration of bacteria consortium used, T1=0%, T2=1.5%, T3=3%, and T4=4.5%. The number of anaerobic bacteria was observed in Hungate tubes, and biogas production was observed in serum bottles. The results showed that the highest number of anaerobic bacteria (1012 CFU/ml) and the highest biogas production (105 mL) were achieved at T2=1.5%. Bacteria in sheep feces can be potentially used as a biogas forming agent on lignite coal media, which is proved by the growth of anaerobic bacteria and the biogas production from present study.

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Performance, Microbial Community Analysis and Fertilizer Value of Anaerobic Co-digestion of Cattle Manure with Waste Kitchen Oil

Applied Engineering in Agriculture ◽

10.13031/aea.13023 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 239-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ricardo Galbiatti Sandoval Nogueira ◽

Teng Teeh Lim ◽

Haoqi Wang ◽

Paulo Henrique Mazza Rodrigues

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Hydraulic Retention Time ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Preliminary Test ◽

Community Analysis ◽

Cattle Manure ◽

Microbial Community Analysis ◽

Fertilizer Value ◽

Replication Control ◽

Mesophilic Conditions

Abstract. Co-digestion trials of beef cattle manure and waste kitchen oil (WKO) were conducted to evaluate potential increase of biogas production for a local beef farm anaerobic digester. The trials were conducted using laboratory-scale, semi-continuously loaded digesters under mesophilic conditions, with 21-day hydraulic retention time (HRT). In a preliminary test, WKO was added at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% by volume, each with replicate digesters (n=2), except for the 0% level, which had one digester (n=1). Methane (CH4) yield per week increased linearly with WKO levels. Populations of bacteriodetes decreased, while clostridiales and synergistales increased with the WKO levels. A second test was conducted using treatments with more replication: control (n=3), and 1.0% (n=3) and 2% (n=3) WKO levels. Methane yields of the 1.0% and 2.0% WKO levels were 79.1% and 203% higher than the control, respectively. Addition of WKO have resulted in changes of the metagenomics of the digesters. Populations of clostridiales increased, while bacteroidales and euryarchaeota methanomicrobia YC-E6 decreased with the WKO levels. The findings confirm adding low amounts (1% and 2%) of WKO as co-digestion feedstock can be an effective way to increase CH4 yield for beef operation anaerobic digestion, especially when there are available feedstock nearby. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Biogas, Methane, Semi-continuous digesters.

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Impact of Adding Biopreparations on the Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Sewage Sludge with Grease Trap Waste

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports ◽

10.1515/ceer-2016-0045 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 167-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Małgorzata Worwąg

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Fermentation Process ◽

Hydraulic Retention Time ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Production Plant ◽

Similar Relationship ◽

Methane Fermentation ◽

Grease Trap Waste ◽

Mesophilic Conditions

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of using biopreparations on efficiency of the co-fermentation process. Commercial bacterial biopreparations DBC Plus Type L, DBC Plus Type R5 and yeast biopreparations were used in the study. The process of cofermentation of sewage sludge with grease trap waste from a production plant that manufactured methyl esters of fatty acids was analysed in the laboratory environment under mesophilic conditions. The sludge in the reactor was replaced once a day, with hydraulic retention time of 10 days. Grease trap waste accounted for 35%wt. of the fermentation mixture. The stabilization process was monitored everyday based on the measurements of biogas volume. Addition of yeast biopreparation to methane fermentation of sewage sludge with grease trap waste caused an increase in mean daily biogas production from 6.9 dm3 (control mixture) to 9.21dm3 (mixture M3). No differences in biogas production were found for other cases (mixtures M1, M2). A similar relationship was observed for methane content in biogas.

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Anaerobic Decomposition of Cattle Manure Blended with Food Waste for Biogas Production

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.a1504.079220 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 357-365

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Batch Process ◽

Cattle Manure ◽

Livestock Waste ◽

Anaerobic Decomposition ◽

Digestion Process ◽

The Third ◽

The World ◽

Process Operation

The concern on how food and livestock waste should be managed and recycled has greatly increased in the world. This research investigated the anaerobic decomposition (digestion) process for biogas production on dairy cattle manure (CM) and food waste (FW) using a bacteria as inoculum - Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CM and FW were co-digested with bacteria (P. aeruginosa) as the substrate. FW was allowed to decompose separately without inoculum for 30 days. Digesters (Bioreactor) were prepared in five places to monitor the maximum biogas production, generation rate of methane and number of days for the production of biogas. 1 to ratio 5ml and 10ml of FW were codigested with P. aeruginosa (bacteria) in 2 proportion and also Cow manure with 1 to ratio 1 and 0.5ml in 2 proportions [ 1:5ml; 1:10ml and 1:1; 1:5ml]. Batch process operation was used under mesophilic condition (35⁰C) for the digesters/bioreactor. Production of biogas was notices on the third and fourth day after commencement for the digesters with cattle manure, fourth to fifth day for the digester (bioreactor) with bacteria and third day for the digester with only FW. FW and CM generated highest cumulative biogas with volume of 88.5g/kg.

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Altered Fine Structure of B Lymphocytes Correlated with Defective Terminal Differentiation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010007237x ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 386-387

Author(s):

Dale E. Bockman ◽

L. Y. Frank Wu ◽

Alexander R. Lawton ◽

Max D. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Immune Deficiency ◽

B Lymphocytes ◽

Plasma Cells ◽

Present Report ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Terminal Differentiation ◽

Second Stage ◽

Two Stages ◽

Deficiency Diseases ◽

Cell Line Generation

B-lymphocytes normally synthesize small amounts of immunoglobulin, some of which is incorporated into the cell membrane where it serves as receptor of antigen. These cells, on contact with specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin. The two stages of differentiation of this cell line (generation of B-lymphocytes and antigen-driven maturation to plasma cells) are clearly separable during ontogeny and in some immune deficiency diseases. The present report describes morphologic aberrations of B-lymphocytes in two diseases in which second stage differentiation is defective.

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Distributed Entropy Energy-Efficient Clustering algorithm for cluster head selection (DEEEC)

Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems ◽

10.3233/jifs-189135 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 8139-8147

Author(s):

Ranganathan Arun ◽

Rangaswamy Balamurugan

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficient ◽

Clustering Algorithm ◽

Cluster Head ◽

Residual Energy ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Second Stage ◽

Energy Efficient Clustering ◽

Two Stages ◽

Ch Selection

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) the energy of Sensor nodes is not certainly sufficient. In order to optimize the endurance of WSN, it is essential to minimize the utilization of energy. Head of group or Cluster Head (CH) is an eminent method to develop the endurance of WSN that aggregates the WSN with higher energy. CH for intra-cluster and inter-cluster communication becomes dependent. For complete, in WSN, the Energy level of CH extends its life of cluster. While evolving cluster algorithms, the complicated job is to identify the energy utilization amount of heterogeneous WSNs. Based on Chaotic Firefly Algorithm CH (CFACH) selection, the formulated work is named “Novel Distributed Entropy Energy-Efficient Clustering Algorithm”, in short, DEEEC for HWSNs. The formulated DEEEC Algorithm, which is a CH, has two main stages. In the first stage, the identification of temporary CHs along with its entropy value is found using the correlative measure of residual and original energy. Along with this, in the clustering algorithm, the rotating epoch and its entropy value must be predicted automatically by its sensor nodes. In the second stage, if any member in the cluster having larger residual energy, shall modify the temporary CHs in the direction of the deciding set. The target of the nodes with large energy has the probability to be CHs which is determined by the above two stages meant for CH selection. The MATLAB is required to simulate the DEEEC Algorithm. The simulated results of the formulated DEEEC Algorithm produce good results with respect to the energy and increased lifetime when it is correlated with the current traditional clustering protocols being used in the Heterogeneous WSNs.

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Analisis Kebutuhan Petunjuk Praktikum Berbasis Keterampilan Proses Sains untuk Mencapai Kemampuan Merancang Eksperimen

Talenta Conference Series Science and Technology (ST) ◽

10.32734/st.v2i2.524 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Fitriah Khoirunnisa ◽

Friska Septiani Silitonga ◽

Veri Firmansyah

Keyword(s):

Core Competence ◽

Process Skills ◽

Learning Materials ◽

Science Process Skills ◽

Second Stage ◽

The Core ◽

The Core Competence ◽

Two Stages ◽

Practical Instruction ◽

Design Experiments

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kebutuhan petunjuk praktikum berbasis Keterampilan Proses Sains (KPS) untuk mencapai kemampuan merancang eksperimen pada materi kalor reaksi kalorimetri. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap peserta didik kelas XI SMA Negeri 2 Kota Tanjungpinang. Variabel penelitian mencakup analisis kebutuhan bahan ajar dan analisis kesesuaian Kompetensi Inti (KI) dan Kompetensi Dasar (KD). Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Tahapan pertama dalam penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kebutuhan bahan ajar dengan cara membandingkan dua petunjuk praktikum yang selama ini telah digunakan di sekolah tersebut, ditinjau dari aspek struktur format penulisan, aspek kreativitas, dan aspek keterampilan proses sains yang terdapat dalam petunjuk praktikum. Sehingga didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa petunjuk praktikum yang selama ini digunakan tidak memberikan kesempatan kepada peserta didiknya untuk merancang eksperimen yang telah ditentukan. Tahapan kedua yaitu menganalisis kesesuaian kompetensi inti dan kompetensi dasar, yang bertujuan untuk menentukan indikator pencapaian kompetensi (IPK) yang akan menjadi acuan dalam mengembangkan petunjuk praktikum berbasis keterampilan proses sains. Dari kedua tahapan yang telah dilakukan maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa peserta didik memerlukan petunjuk praktikum yang mampu mengonstruksi pikiran dan mengaktifkan kinerja mereka, sehingga pendekatan Keterampilan Proses Sains menjadi pilihan dalam mengembangkan petunjuk praktikum yang sesuai dengan karakteristik kurikulum 2013. This research aims to analyze the needs of Science Process Skills based Practical Instruction to achieve the ability to design experiments on the calor of reaction. This research was done to the students of class XI SMA Negeri 2 Tanjungpinang City. Research Variable includes the analysis of the needs of the learning materials and analysis of the suitability of the Core Competence (KI) and Basic Competence (KD). The type of research conducted is descriptive qualitative research. The first stages in this research is to analyze the needs of learning materials by comparing two practical instructions that had been implementing in the school, from the aspects of the structure of writing format, creativity, and science process skills embedded in practical instructions. The conclusion of this research that current practical instructions does not give an opportunity to the participants to design determined experiments. The second stage, namely analyzing the suitability of core competence and basic competence, which aims to determine the indicators of achievement of the competencies (GPA) which will be a reference in developing process skills-based teaching instructions science. Of the two stages that has been done then it can be concluded that learners need practical instructions to construct thinking and and their performance, so the Science Process Skills approach is an option in developing practical instruction suitable for the characteristics of the curriculum of 2013.

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ESTIMATING GAS AND ROCK OUTBURST RISK ON THE BASIS OF KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE – THE EXPERT SYSTEM BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC

Archives of Mining Sciences ◽

10.2478/amsc-2014-0003 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 41-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Norbert Skoczylas

Keyword(s):

Fuzzy Logic ◽

Expert System ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Automatic Assessment ◽

Science Field ◽

Second Stage ◽

Two Stages ◽

Outburst Hazard

Abstract The Author endeavored to consult some of the Polish experts who deal with assessing and preventing outburst hazards as to their knowledge and experience. On the basis of this knowledge, an expert system, based on fuzzy logic, was created. The system allows automatic assessment of outburst hazard. The work was completed in two stages. The first stage involved researching relevant sources and rules concerning outburst hazard, and, subsequently, determining a number of parameters measured or observed in the mining industry that are potentially connected with the outburst phenomenon and can be useful when estimating outburst hazard. Then, the Author contacted selected experts who are actively involved in preventing outburst hazard, both in the industry and science field. The experts were anonymously surveyed, which made it possible to select the parameters which are the most essential in assessing outburst hazard. The second stage involved gaining knowledge from the experts by means of a questionnaire-interview. Subjective opinions on estimating outburst hazard on the basis of the parameters selected during the first stage were then systematized using the structures typical of the expert system based on fuzzy logic.

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