scholarly journals Proximate composition, lipid quality and heavy metals content in the muscle of two carp species

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-369
Author(s):  
A. Merdzhanova ◽  
V. Panayotova ◽  
D.A. Dobreva ◽  
K. Peycheva
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Lipid Classes ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Omega 3

Abstract. The aim of the presented study was to characterize the quality of edible tissue of freshwater common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), based on their proximate and lipid composition (lipid classes, fatty acid profile, fat soluble vitamins, carotenoids and cholesterol). Health risk assessment was evaluated based on the analysis of some toxic elements (As, Cd, Ni, Pb and total Hg). Proximate composition (moisture, crude protein and total lipid) was determined using standard procedures. Lipids were subsequently separated into neutral (NL) and polar lipids: Phospho- (PL) and Glycolipids (GL) by means of column and thin-layer chromatography. Lipid classes were derivatized into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) which were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Vitamins A, D3 and E, beta-carotene, astaxanthin and cholesterol were analysed simultaneously using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, Hg and Ni) were determined by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) following a microwave digestion procedure. Protein content was higher in bighead carp (18.5%) and lower for common carp (15.5%), whereas lipid content showed opposite trend. Similarities in lipid classes distribution were observed for both species: NL>GL>PL. Neutral lipids constituted approximately 70% of TL in both species, as FAs profile was dominated by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), whereas polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA) prevailed in polar fractions. Omega-3 PUFAs were higher in all lipid classes compared to omega-6 PUFAs. Cholesterol content was low (17-24 mg.100-1g ww). Astaxanthin was detected only in bighead carp, whereas beta-carotene, vitamin D3 and vitamin A showed similar concentrations in both samples. Vitamin E content was higher in bighead carp (10.4 mg.100 g-1 w.w.). Trace elements content was higher in bighead carp showing a maximum value of As (0.312 mg.kg-1 w.w). All determined toxic elements were found below the recommended value in carp muscle. The results of the present study confirmed the high quality and safety of common carp and bighead carp meat. These freshwater species are valuable sources of essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamin D3 and long chain omega-3 PUFAs. Together with the nutrients, the information for low concentrations of toxic elements makes them valuable components of a healthy human diet.

scholarly journals Comparison of Fatty Acid Contents in Major Lipid Classes of Seven Salmonid Species from Siberian Arctic Lakes

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadezhda N. Sushchik ◽  
Olesia N. Makhutova ◽  
Anastasia E. Rudchenko ◽  
Larisa A. Glushchenko ◽  
Svetlana P. Shulepina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Arctic Lakes ◽  
Lipid Classes ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Siberian Arctic ◽  
Similar Content ◽  
Valuable Compounds

Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) essential for human nutrition are mostly obtained from wild-caught fish. To sustain the LC-PUFA supply from natural populations, one needs to know how environmental and intrinsic factors affect fish fatty acid (FA) profiles and contents. We studied seven Salmoniformes species from two arctic lakes. We aimed to estimate differences in the FA composition of total lipids and two major lipid classes, polar lipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TAG), among the species and to evaluate LC-PUFA contents corresponding to PL and TAG in muscles. Fatty acid profiles of PL and TAG in all species were characterized by the prevalence of omega-3 LC-PUFA and C16-C18 monoenoic FA, respectively. Fish with similar feeding spectra were identified similarly in multivariate analyses of total lipids, TAG and PL, due to differences in levels of mostly the same FA. Thus, the suitability of both TAG and total lipids for the identification of the feeding spectra of fish was confirmed. All species had similar content of LC-PUFA esterified as PL, 1.9–3.5 mg g−1, while the content of the TAG form strongly varied, from 0.9 to 9.8 mg g−1. The LC-PUFA-rich fish species accumulated these valuable compounds predominately in the TAG form.

scholarly journals Nutritional Enhancement of Farmed Salmon Meat via Non-GMO Nannochloropsis Gaditana: Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) and Vitamin D3 for Human Health

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 4615
Author(s):  
Ivonne Lozano-Muñoz ◽  
Susana Muñoz ◽  
Nelson F. Díaz ◽  
Alberto Medina ◽  
Jazmín Bazaes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Nannochloropsis Gaditana ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Essential Components

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFAs) and vitamin D3 are essential components of human nutrition. A regular human diet is highly deficient in n-3 LC PUFAs. Fish like salmon are highly recommended in the human diet as they are a major source of high-value n-3 LC PUFAs and vitamin D3. The levels of these nutrients have been decreasing over the last few years in farmed salmon, whose production urgently needs sustainable sources of these nutrients. The microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana (NG) is known for its naturally high potential for the production of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3) fatty acid. A commercial diet for Atlantic salmon was supplemented with 1% and 10% of spray-dried NG grown under controlled conditions for a high EPA content. Salmon were harvested on day 49, following which, boneless and skinless salmon meat was recovered from fish and analyzed for the fatty acid profile, total fat, and vitamin D3. Vitamin D3, EPA, and docosapentaenoic fatty acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) by supplementing the basal diet with 10% NG, thus, NG represents a novel, functional, natural ingredient and a sustainable source of n-3 LC-PUFAs that can raise the levels of healthy fats and vitamin D3 in farmed salmon meat.

Influence of diet on proximate composition and fatty acid profile in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejana Trbović ◽  
Zoran Marković ◽  
Dušanka Milojković-Opsenica ◽  
Radivoj Petronijević ◽  
Danka Spirić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio

Effects of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA/EPA) and Vitamin E on Fatty Acid Profile of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio Ovaries

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Osamah Salih
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Omega 6

The current study aimed to clarify the fatty acids profile in the breeding stock ovaries of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed on two food additives. The study was carried out in the Shrimp Hatchery which belonging to the Basrah Agricultural Directorate. Three treatment groups were used, the first treatment (T1) represented as control without any food additives, the second treatment (T2) supplemented with 5 g/kg omega-3 fatty acids, and the third treatment (T3) to which vitamin E was added at a concentration of 200 mg/kg. Fishes were randomly distributed in three replicates for each treatment with six of common carp brood stock per replicate. Nine cages were used which placed in earthen pond. Feeding trail lasted from 29 Oct 2018 to 14 Mar 2019. After feeding fish for 82 days, the oil was extracted from gonads by two methods, the first one by Soxhlet apparatus and the second by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) method. The fatty acid profiles were analyzed using gas chromatograph by GC/MS (Gas Chromatography Mass spectrometry). Results showed that the content of fatty acids in the ovaries of treated fishes in T1, the presence of saturated and unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, were monounsaturated fatty acid (C19H36:1) scored the highest percentage (52.55%). Fishes in T2 recorded the presence of saturated and unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were omega-12 (C18H34:12) recorded the highest percentage (50.02%), while T3 fishes showed the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from the group of omega-6 fatty acids and the unsaturated fatty acid omega-9 (C18H34:9) record the highest percentage (63.24%).In conclusion this study suggested that the content of fatty acids in fish ovaries reflects the composition of fatty acids in the diet.

scholarly journals An Update on the Content of Fatty Acids, Dioxins, PCBs and Heavy Metals in Farmed, Escaped and Wild Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Ida-Johanne Jensen ◽  
Karl-Erik Eilertsen ◽  
Carina Helen Almli Otnæs ◽  
Hanne K. Mæhre ◽  
Edel Oddny Elvevoll
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

In this paper, we present updated data on proximate composition, amino acid, and fatty acid composition, as well as concentrations of dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and selected heavy metals, in fillets from farmed (n = 20), escaped (n = 17), and wild (n = 23) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The concentrations of dioxins (0.53 ± 0.12 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)/g), dioxin-like PCBs (0.95 ± 0.48 pg TEQ/g), mercury (56.3 ± 12.9 µg/kg) and arsenic (2.56 ± 0.87 mg/kg) were three times higher in wild compared to farmed salmon, but all well below EU-uniform maximum levels for contaminants in food. The six ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) PCBs concentrations (5.09 ± 0.83 ng/g) in wild salmon were higher than in the farmed fish (3.34 ± 0.46 ng/g). The protein content was slightly higher in wild salmon (16%) compared to the farmed fish (15%), and the amount of essential amino acids were similar. The fat content of farmed salmon (18%) was three times that of the wild fish, and the proportion of marine long-chain omega-3 fatty acids was a substantially lower (8.9 vs. 24.1%). The omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio was higher in farmed than wild salmon (0.7 vs. 0.05). Both farmed and wild Atlantic salmon are still valuable sources of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. One 150 g portion per week will contribute to more (2.1 g and 1.8 g) than the recommended weekly intake for adults.

scholarly journals Low-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D for Anthropometric, Biochemical Blood Indices and Respiratory Function. Does it work?

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67-83
Author(s):  
Arturas Sujeta ◽  
Sandrija Capkauskiene ◽  
Daiva Vizbaraite ◽  
Loreta Stasiule ◽  
Mindaugas Balciunas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Fatty Acid Supplementation ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid

Abstract. Omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D3 have beneficial effects on different blood, cardiovascular parameters and physical performance. However, the effect of low-dose omega-3 fatty acid supplementation remains unclear. 84 office workers aged 40–60 years, participated in a 16-week open, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. The experimental group received 330 mg of omega-3 fatty acid and 0.005 mg (200 IU) of vitamin D3 per day and the control group received placebo. Anthropometric, biochemical blood and respiratory indices were measured at 12 and 16 weeks. Body mass (BM) and body mass index (BMI) significantly reduced in both the experimental (BM from 74.4 ± 13.04 to 73.2 ± 13.02 kg, p < 0.001; BMI from 25.8 ± 4.1 to 25.4 ± 4.3 kg/m2, p < 0.001) and the placebo groups (BM from 69.5 ± 11. to 68.7 ± 11.4 kg, p < 0.05; BMI from 24.1 ± 4.0 to 23.8 ± 4.2 kg/m2, p < 0.05). Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly improved glucose (from 5.12 ± 0.55 to 4.97 ± 0.62 mmol/l; p = 0.05), total cholesterol (from 5.86 ± 1.0 to 5.32 ± 1.55 mmol/l; p = 0.003), and vitamin D levels (from 35.07 ± 21.65 to 68.63 ± 25.94 nmol/l; p = 0.000). Maximal oxygen consumption (from 33.7 ± 2.4 to 36.6 ± 3.2 ml/kg/min, p = 0.035), forced vital capacity (from 3.5 ± 0.6 to 3.9 ± 0.9 l, p = 0.044), forced expiratory volume (from 3.2 ± 0.6 to 3.5 ± 0.7 l, p = 0.014), and peak expiratory flow (from 6.7 ± 1.4 to 7.5 ± 1.6 l/s, p = 0.019) also slightly improved in the omega-3 fatty acid group. Daily supplementation of 330 mg of omega-3 fatty acids had a slight positive impact on total cholesterol and glucose level, while there was no effect on low and high density lipoproteins, and triglycerides levels. Therefore, dose of 330 mg per day seems as insufficient.

scholarly journals Comparison of farmed and wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Seasonal variations in chemical composition and fatty acid profile

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Yeganeh ◽  
B. Shabanpour ◽  
HosseiniH ◽  
ImanpouMR ◽  
A. Shabani
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Carp

Chemical composition and fatty acid profile of fillets from farmed and wild common carp were assessed in the course of four seasons. Ten wild and ten0 farmed fish were collected in the middle month of each season (except summer due to unavailability of wild fish) during the year. Lipid and protein contents of the samples decreased from summer to spring (protein: 17.6 &plusmn; 0.3&ndash;15.9 &plusmn; 1.6; 18.2 &plusmn; 0.1&ndash;17.9 &plusmn; 1.4%, in the farmed and wild carp samples, lipid (5.1 &plusmn; 0.2&ndash;1.5 &plusmn; 0.5; 3.8&nbsp;&plusmn; 0.6&ndash;2.8 &plusmn; 0.9%, respectively; P &gt; 0.05), moisture content of both samples increased in this period (76.7 &plusmn; 1.4&ndash;81.4&nbsp;&plusmn;&nbsp;0.4, 75.5 &plusmn; 0.6&ndash;78.5 &plusmn; 0.2 in the farmed and wild carp, respectively). Protein content of wild carp fillet was higher (17.7 &plusmn; 0.8% protein vs. and 16.2 &plusmn; 1.2%) and moisture content was lower than those of the farmed counterparts (77.65 &plusmn; 0.6 vs. and 79.3 &plusmn; 0.1, P &lt; 0.05). In all seasons, MUFA were higher than SFA and also the PUFA. In the wild carp fillet, PUFA was higher than SFA in winter and spring but in the farmed carp it was higher in all seasons except the spring. Palmitic, oleic, and DHA were the major SFA, MUFA, and PUFA in the wild carp fillet, respectively. In the farmed carp fillet, the major SFA and MUFA were similar to those in the wild one but linoleic acid was the major PUFA in all seasons. &omega;-3/&omega;-6 PUFA ratios in the wild carp fillet were higher than in the farmed counterparts.

scholarly journals Quantification and Distribution of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in South Pacific Fish and Shellfish Species

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Rincón-Cervera ◽  
Valeria González-Barriga ◽  
Jaime Romero ◽  
Rodrigo Rojas ◽  
Sandra López-Arana
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Polar Lipids ◽  
Lipid Classes ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Sea Squirt ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Fish And Shellfish

Fatty acid composition and distribution in edible species of fish and shellfish captured in the South Pacific were studied, with a focus on n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA). Fatty acids were quantified using gas-chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and the distribution of different fatty acids within lipid classes (neutral and polar lipids) was achieved after oil extraction using the Folch method and separation of lipid classes via solid-phase extraction for further GC-FID analysis. Red cusk-eel was the fish species with the lowest content of both EPA and DHA (40.8 and 74.4 mg/100 g, respectively) whereas mackerel contained the highest amount (414.7 and 956.0 mg/100 g for EPA and DHA, respectively). Sea squirt was the shellfish species with the highest content of EPA and DHA (375.0 and 165.7 mg/100 g, respectively) whereas the lowest amount of EPA + DHA was found in Chilean abalone (63.6 mg/100 g). PUFA were mostly found in neutral or polar lipids depending on the studied species. Indexes used to discuss the nutritional quality of lipids (PUFA/SFA, n-6/n-3 ratio and the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic fatty acid index) were calculated and reported in the manuscript. This information provides a novel nutritional insight which may be useful to help nutritionists and other health professionals give more accurate counseling for the population to reach the recommended daily intakes of EPA and DHA.

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