Language Theory, Phonology and Etymology in Buddhism and their relationship to Brahmanism

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-51
Author(s):  
Bryan Geoffrey Levman
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
First Language ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Language Theory ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Ultimate Truth ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Buddha ◽  
Insight Into

The Buddha considered names of things and people to be arbitrary designations, with their meaning created by agreement. The early suttas show clearly that inter alia, names, perceptions, feelings, thinking, conceptions and mental proliferations were all conditioned dhammas which, when their nature is misunderstood, led to the creation of a sense of ‘I’, as well as craving, clinging and afflictions. Although names were potentially afflictive and ‘had everything under their power’ (N?ma Sutta), this did not mean that they were to be ignored or even neglected; words were to be penetrated and thoroughly understood, as an essential instrument for liberation. One of the problems of transmitting the Buddha’s teachings was the large number of disciples who did not speak an Indo-Aryan language as their first language or spoke a dialect different from that of the Teacher. This also led to altered transmission of the Vinaya and Suttas by disciples who could not hear certain phonological distinctions not present in their own language or dialect. Hundreds of these anomalies are preserved in the different editions of the canon, testifying to these transmission ambiguities. The passages dealing with this problem provide a valuable insight into the phonological issues that the early sa?gha had to deal with to try and preserve the integrity of the s?sana. At the same time the etymological practices of Brahmanism were imported into Buddhism very early, probably from the time of the Buddha himself, to demonstrate the intellectual superiority of the Buddha and his teachings. Despite the Buddha’s teachings on the arbitrary nature of language, the commentarial and grammatical traditions developed a sophisticated theoretical framework to analyse, explicate and reinforce some of the key Buddhist doctrinal terms. Also, an elaborate classification system of different types of names (n?man) was developed, to show that the language of the Buddha was firmly grounded in saccika??ha, the highest truth, and that some terms were spontaneously arisen (opap?tika), even though such a concept — that words by themselves could arise spontaneously and directly embody ultimate truth — was quite foreign to their Founder.

scholarly journals The earliest Buddhist shrine: excavating the birthplace of the Buddha, Lumbini (Nepal)

Antiquity ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 87 (338) ◽  
pp. 1104-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A.E. Coningham ◽  
K.P. Acharya ◽  
K.M. Strickland ◽  
C.E. Davis ◽  
M.J. Manuel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Century ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Buddha ◽  
Insight Into

Key locations identified with the lives of important religious founders have often been extensively remodelled in later periods, entraining the destruction of many of the earlier remains. Recent UNESCO-sponsored work at the major Buddhist centre of Lumbini in Nepal has sought to overcome these limitations, providing direct archaeological evidence of the nature of an early Buddhist shrine and a secure chronology. The excavations revealed a sequence of early structures preceding the major rebuilding by Asoka during the third century BC. The sequence of durable brick architecture supplanting non-durable timber was foreseen by British prehistorian Stuart Piggott when he was stationed in India over 70 years ago. Lumbini provides a rare and valuable insight into the structure and character of the earliest Buddhist shrines.

scholarly journals Aspekte van die genetiese proses by Opperman soos afgelei uit ’n variantestudie van 'Gedagtes by ’n sarkofaag'

Literator ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-56
Author(s):  
E. Meihuizen
Keyword(s):  
Creative Process ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Genetic Process ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Structural Principles ◽  
De Bruijn ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Final Text

Aspects of the genetic process in the poetry of D.J. Opperman based on an analysis of different versions of the poem 'Gedagtes by ’n sarkofaag' (Thoughts on a sarcophagus) A study of the genesis of a literary text reveals the systematic changes effected by the author during the creative process, and an understanding of these creative tendencies foregrounds structural principles of the final text. In studying a larger corpus of the author’s work, scrutiny of text development affords the means to gain insight into stylistic, semantic and thematic characteristics of the author’s oeuvre. This article focuses on the genesis of D.J. Opperman’s poem “Gedagtes by ’n sarkofaag” within the theoretical framework of Dutch edition theory as represented by Dorleijn (1984), Mathijsen (1997) and De Bruijn (2000) in particular. The different phases of development in the genesis of “Gedagtes by ’n sarkofaag” are identified and represented in a synoptic apparatus. In the analysis of the textual development particular attention is paid to the creation of a symbolic level.

Internal motivations and formal approaches

2020 ◽  
pp. 188-221
Author(s):  
Anne Breitbarth ◽  
Christopher Lucas ◽  
David Willis
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
First Language ◽  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Negative Concord ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation

This chapter argues that, while the creation of indefinites from generic nouns is grammaticalization in the form of upwards reanalysis from N to R, the quantifier and free-choice cycles do not in fact constitute instances of grammaticalization. Indefinites restricted to stronger negative-polarity contexts are not more functional than indefinites licensed in weaker negative-polarity contexts. Rather, it is argued that implicational semantic features requiring roofing by different types of operators situated in the Q head of indefinites, and in particular the way they are acquired in first language acquisition, are responsible for the diachronic developments. Negative concord items arise through an acquisitional mechanism maximizing the number of agreement relations in the acquired grammar consistent with the primary linguistic data.

A Coaching Culture Definition: An Industry-Based Perspective From Managers as Coaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-254
Author(s):  
Julia Milner ◽  
Trenton Milner ◽  
Grace McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Organizational Values ◽  
Top Management ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Proactive Role

Despite increasingly common references to “coaching cultures,” little empirical research has been conducted to understand the nature of coaching cultures. Our study aims to address this gap with a study of Australian managers. In their responses to open-ended questions, managers gave us insight into their experiences of coaching cultures. The elements needed to create a coaching culture are consistent use of different types of coaching across the organization, a formalized process, provision of appropriate training and resources, the involvement of top management, transparency of benefits, and the alignment with organizational values such as ownership, empowerment, collaboration, and respect. Managers should take a proactive role in the creation of coaching cultures within their organizations, including acting as coaching role models, actively engaging in training themselves, and promoting the benefits of such a culture.

Solidarity under siege: The crimmigration of activism(s) and protest against border control in Spain

2019 ◽  
pp. 147737081988290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana López-Sala ◽  
Iker Barbero
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Immigrant Rights ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Police Control ◽  
Practical Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Over the past two decades, the creation of the European border regime has increasingly sparked acts of protest and resistance by immigrants and led to the creation of initiatives to defend immigrant rights. This activism has provoked many European states to formalize what is known in the literature as ‘crimes of solidarity’ in their legal systems. Taking the Spanish case as an example, the objective of this article is to analyse the ‘crimmigration’ of protest and activism defending the rights of irregular immigrants at Europe’s southern border. This analysis describes the development and implementation of the repressive tactics employed by the state against activists, including forms of police control of protests, informal and formal dissuasion techniques, and the use of administrative and criminal sanctions. This work provides valuable insight into the practical impact of these crimmigration processes, particularly how they have affected activists, social organizations and immigrants, as well as how they have extended beyond the territory of the state (externalizing punishment).

Development of conditional imperatives in Japanese: A diachronic constructional approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-273
Author(s):  
Chiharu Uda Kikuta
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Effective Model ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Multiple Inheritance ◽  
Inheritance Model ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Type ◽  
Grammar Analysis ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThis paper proposes a diachronic construction grammar analysis of the conditional imperative in Japanese to demonstrate that a constructional approach provides an effective model for language change. The Japanese conditional imperative comprises two types with distinct properties, but no study to date has successfully analyzed how the two types appeared and are related to each other. In diachronic construction grammar, language change is situated in the context of a construction as well as in relation to other constructions linked in a network. This perspective makes it a particularly beneficial model for accommodating the case in question. The construction developed in two steps, exemplifying different types of language change, both of which, however, are motivated by analogy between different constructions. Adopting the multiple inheritance analysis, I contend that the construction first emerged as a result of the reanalysis of a sequence of an imperative sentence and a subsequent sentence as a type of the conditional construction. A later development reflected another case of construction-based analogy: the daughter construction inherited the host-class expansion that occurred in the parent, and the new type emerged as a result of coercion to accommodate the expansion. Thus the development of the Japanese conditional imperative not only finds a consistent analysis in this framework, but provides valuable insight into the workings of the construction network. This paper also addresses the issues of the inheritance model, and suggests the present case argues for a model with default inheritance at the construction level, which runs counter to previous studies which have restricted the overrides of default inheritance to the level of construct.

Introduction

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Lee
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Central Thesis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Market Infrastructure ◽  
Insight Into

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the nature of governance. It then sets out the book's purpose, namely to analyze how market infrastructure institutions are governed and how they should be governed. The central thesis presented here is that there is no single global answer either to the question of how market infrastructure institutions are governed, or to the question of how market infrastructure institutions should be governed. Instead, the answers to these questions are specific to the contexts in which they are raised. This argument contradicts the notion promoted in many other analyses of financial markets, that standardization, harmonization, and the creation of an international consensus are critical. A key aim of the book is to provide insight into the governance of market infrastructure institutions for a wide range of situations globally. Much of the analysis is therefore presented in an abstract and general way so as to be useful across different types of institutions, jurisdictions, and contexts. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of saccade suppression revealed in the anti-saccade task

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1718) ◽  
pp. 20160192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Coe ◽  
Douglas P. Munoz
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Natural Response ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Saccadic Reaction Times ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

The anti-saccade task has emerged as an important tool for investigating the complex nature of voluntary behaviour. In this task, participants are instructed to suppress the natural response to look at a peripheral visual stimulus and look in the opposite direction instead. Analysis of saccadic reaction times (SRT: the time from stimulus appearance to the first saccade) and the frequency of direction errors (i.e. looking toward the stimulus) provide insight into saccade suppression mechanisms in the brain. Some direction errors are reflexive responses with very short SRTs (express latency saccades), while other direction errors are driven by automated responses and have longer SRTs. These different types of errors reveal that the anti-saccade task requires different forms of suppression, and neurophysiological experiments in macaques have revealed several potential mechanisms. At the start of an anti-saccade trial, pre-emptive top-down inhibition of saccade generating neurons in the frontal eye fields and superior colliculus must be present before the stimulus appears to prevent express latency direction errors. After the stimulus appears, voluntary anti-saccade commands must compete with, and override, automated visually initiated saccade commands to prevent longer latency direction errors. The frequencies of these types of direction errors, as well as SRTs, change throughout the lifespan and reveal time courses for development, maturation, and ageing. Additionally, patients diagnosed with a variety of neurological and/or psychiatric disorders affecting the frontal lobes and/or basal ganglia produce markedly different SRT distributions and types of direction errors, which highlight specific deficits in saccade suppression and inhibitory control. The anti-saccade task therefore provides valuable insight into the neural mechanisms of saccade suppression and is a valuable tool in a clinical setting. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness’.

Study of the resistor material of an automotive spark plug by use of the charge-up effect along with elemental mapping in an electron microprobe

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 742-743
Author(s):  
D. R. Liu ◽  
S. S. Shinozaki ◽  
J. S. Park ◽  
B. N. Juterbock
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Coated Sample ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Elemental Mapping ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Electron Imaging ◽  
Insight Into

The electric and thermal properties of the resistor material in an automotive spark plug should be stable during its service lifetime. Containing many elements and many phases, this material has a very complex microstructure. Elemental mapping with an electron microprobe can reveal the distribution of all relevant elements throughout the sample. In this work, it is demonstrated that the charge-up effect, which would distort an electron image and, therefore, is normally to be avoided in an electron imaging work, could be used to advantage to reveal conductive and resistive zones in a sample. Its combination with elemental mapping can provide valuable insight into the underlying conductivity mechanism of the resistor.This work was performed in a CAMECA SX-50 microprobe. The spark plug used in the present report was a commercial product taken from the shelf. It was sectioned to expose the cross section of the resistor. The resistor was known not to contain the precious metal Au as checked on the carbon coated sample. The sample was then stripped of carbon coating and re-coated with Au.

Antecedents of parental psychological control: A narrative review grounded in Self-Determination Theory perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-54
Author(s):  
Sebastiano Costa ◽  
Francesca Liga ◽  
Maria Cristina Gugliandolo ◽  
Simona Sireno ◽  
Rosalba Larcan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Psychological Control ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Parental Psychological Control ◽  
Parental Characteristics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Control Construct

Self-determination theory has become a consolidated theoretical framework to deepen the psychological control construct. Numerous studies have widely investigated the consequences of the use of this parenting strategy during the life cycle. Although studies focused on the antecedents of parental psychological control are not so numerous, they provide an interesting picture that needs to be systematized and organized. For this reason, this narra-tive review was aimed at describing the studies on the antecedents of psychological control that used SDT as a theoretical framework. These studies were structured according to three categories: Parental Characteristics (or pressure from within), Child Characteristics (pres-sure from below), and Family Social Environment Characteristics (pressure from above). The results highlighted a wealth of studies in each category and indicating the need to con-tinue this line of studies in the future through the integration of the different types of ante-cedents too.

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