Informativity of lipid metabolism indicators for diagnostics and estimation of the effectiveness of treatment of dogs with pancreatitis

The aim of the research: to substantiate the pathogenetic role of lipid metabolism disorders in the occurrence and course of pancreatitis in dogs and to establish the informativeness of its indicators for diagnosis and evaluation of treatment effectiveness based on clinical and laboratory research methods. Materials and methods. Used clinical, instrumental, laboratory methods, including morphological studies of blood, urine, biochemical studies of serum: determination of the lipid profile by the content of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, lipoproteins cholesterol of very low – HDL, low – LDL and high density – VLDL, traditional tests and statistical methods. Results. It was found that the most significant changes are inherent in the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins in the serum: significantly increased concentrations of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, LDL cholesterol and especially LDL cholesterol. The content of HDL cholesterol, on the contrary, in the acute course of pancreatitis is below normal. The content of triacylglycerols, LDL cholesterol and VLDL remains high. Total cholesterol is normalized, and the level of HDL is below normal. Conclusions. Serum lipidogram of dogs without clinical symptoms of pathology does not differ in composition from the results obtained by other researchers. For pancreatitis in dogs, the concentration of total cholesterol increases by 1.9 times, triacylglycerols – by 5.4 times, cholesterol VLDL – in 6.0 times and LDL cholesterol – 7.7 times. The content of HDL cholesterol, in contrast, in the acute course of pancreatitis is 1.5 times lower than in clinically healthy dogs. Treatment reduces the degree of hyperenzymemia by ALT and AST, but α-amylase activity is not normalized in dogs. Above normal levels of triacylglycerols, LDL cholesterol and VLDL, and HDL cholesterol remain low, despite treatment

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GLYCEMIC AND LIPIDEIC STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1703723 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 04 (01) ◽

pp. 009-014

Author(s):

A. Harish Rao

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Low Hdl ◽

One Year

Abstract: Objective: to know the glycemic and lipidaemic status in patients with acute myocardial infarction, and with the secondary objective to know the effect of age, gender, diabetes, smoking, hypertension on fasting glucose and lipid levels. Methods and materials: The 74 patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction during the study period of one year were analysed for fasting glucose values and serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Results: The mean serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were 233.28±45.34, 139.22±41.71, 171.43±36.53 and 27.07±36.53 respectively. Mean levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting glucose values were not affected by age, gender, BMI, hypertension and smoking. BMI >30kg/m2 was associated with increased levels of total cholesterol(p=0.013) and LDL cholesterol(p=0.014). Also increase LDL cholesterol was seen in male gender(p=0.04). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol was 82.4%,77% and 78% respectively. Diabetes had no effect on lipid profile. Conclusion: our study highlighted the prevalence of dyslipidemias associated with myocardial infarction but not significant impact of fasting glucose levels.

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Meta-analysis of the health effects of using the glycaemic index in meal-planning

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20041203 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 367-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 121

Author(s):

A. Maretha Opperman ◽

Christina S. Venter ◽

Welma Oosthuizen ◽

Rachel L. Thompson ◽

Hester H. Vorster

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Glycaemic Index ◽

Mean Values ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Carbohydrate And Lipid Metabolism

Diabetes mellitus and CVD are some of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Accumulating data indicate that a diet characterised by low-glycaemic index (GI) foods may improve the management of diabetes or lipid profiles. The objective of the present meta-analysis was to critically analyse the scientific evidence that low-GI diets have beneficial effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism compared with high-GI diets. We searched for randomised controlled trials with a crossover or parallel design published in English between 1981 and 2003, investigating the effect of low-GI v. high-GI diets on markers for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Unstandardised differences in mean values were examined using the random effects model. The main outcomes were fructosamine, glycated Hb (HbA1c), HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol. Literature searches identified sixteen studies that met the strict inclusion criteria. Low-GI diets significantly reduced fructosamine by –0·1 (95 % CI –0·20, 0·00) mmol/l (P=0·05), HbA1c by 0·27 (95 % CI –0·5, –0·03) % (P=0·03), total cholesterol by –0·33 (95 % CI –0·47, –0·18) mmol/l (P>0·0001) and tended to reduce LDL-cholesterol in type 2 diabetic subjects by –0·15 (95 % CI –0·31, –0·00) mmol/l (P=0·06) compared with high-GI diets. No changes were observed in HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. No substantial heterogeneity was detected, suggesting that the effects of low-GI diets in these studies were uniform. Results of the present meta-analysis support the use of the GI as a scientifically based tool to enable selection of carbohydrate-containing foods to reduce total cholesterol and to improve overall metabolic control of diabetes.

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Prevalence of Dyslipidaemia and Pre-Diabetes Among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Do We Overestimate Cardiovascular Risk?

Hormone and Metabolic Research ◽

10.1055/a-0896-4144 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (08) ◽

pp. 539-545

Author(s):

Krzysztof C. Lewandowski ◽

Justyna Płusajska ◽

Wojciech Horzelski ◽

Andrzej Lewiński

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Glucose Intolerance ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Convincing Evidence ◽

Common Belief ◽

Low Hdl ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity

AbstractPCOS is widely accepted as associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, however, without convincing evidence of an increased cardiovascular mortality. We assessed prevalence of obesity, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidaemia in 490 women with PCOS, aged 24.75±8.05 years, diagnosed according to the Rotterdam consensus criteria. Fifty-two percent of women had BMI<26 kg/m2, 81.8% had total cholesterol<200 mg/dl, 82.8% had LDL cholesterol<130 mg/dl (48.3%<100 mg/dl), 81.4% had triglycerides<150 mg/dl, 96.08% had fasting glucose<100 mg/dl, 90.3% had glucose<140 mg/dl at 120′ of OGTT. The most frequent abnormality was low HDL cholesterol, as only 33.9% had LDL>60 mg/dl. Combination of several risk factors related to dyslipidaemia was, however, relatively rare, for example, a combination of raised total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was present only in 2.9% of subjects. An increase in BMI, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and glucose concentrations at 120′ of OGTT was more pronounced in women, who had raised concentrations of at least two androgens (n=172, 35.1%), yet there was no increase in insulin resistance parameters, that is, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, McAuley, or Belfiore index. Contrary to common belief, over 50% of women with PCOS have normal body weight, and with exception of lower HDL cholesterol, most have no significant dyslipidaemia or glucose intolerance. Women with normal or borderline abnormal androgens, who form the majority of PCOS subjects, seem to have more healthy metabolic profile. This might be one of the reasons for the absence of evidence of an increased CV mortality in women with PCOS.

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Особливості ліпідного обміну в жінок із гострим коронарним синдромом без підйому сегмента ST залежно від гормонального статусу

Medical and Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.11603/mcch.2410-681x.2017.v0.i4.7965 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

V. V. Protsko

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Female Patients ◽

Coronary Syndrome ◽

Healthy Women ◽

Female Sex Hormones ◽

Lipid Metabolism Disorders ◽

The Mean

Introduction. The role of lipid metabolism disorders in the process of atherogenesis has long been established. It is known little about the effects of dyslipidemia on the development of coronary artery disease in women. There is a perception that the effect of endogenous estrogens during the fertile period of woman's life slows down the manifestation of atherosclerosis in women and before the onset of menopause, the incidence of CVD in women is lower. Hypercholesterolemia or atherogenic dyslipidemia is a particular danger in the development of CVD in women and the risk of macrovascular injury associated with it is due to the long asymptomatic course and significant prevalence in the female population.The aim of the study – toconduct a comparative analysis of lipid metabolism in women with acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation(STEMI) and practically healthy women, depending on the hormonal status.Materials and Methods. We examined 157 women aged 35–72 years (average age 56.54±0.87 years). Among them, 112 female patients with STEMI (group 1) aged 39 to 72 years (average age 58.52±0.99 years). The comparison group (group 2) were 45 practically healthy women aged 35 to 71 years (average age 52.58±1.58 years). The levels of female sex hormones were determined. The lipid metabolism indices in women were measured.Depending on the type of hormonal status, women of the 1 and 2 groups were divided into subgroups A and B consisted of 64 patients with STEMI, aged from 39–72 (middle age – 60.77±1.16), 2А – 26 practically healthy women 42–71 years (average age 58.64 ± 2.18 years) with hormonal signs of postmenopause: estradiol level <80 pmol/l (21.79 pg/ml) and LH/FSH <1 ratio index. The subgroup 1Bincluded 48 female patients with non STEMI at the age of 35 to 65 years (mean age 52.29±1.63), IIB-19 practically healthy individuals of the female population aged 35 to 58 years (middle age – 49.84±1.84years) with estradiol levels> 80 pmol/l (21.79 pg/ml) and a ratio of LH/FSH> 1.Resultsand Discussion. Almost all female patients of the IA subgroup had a level of total cholesterol level more than 4 mmol/l, which was 1.3 times significantly greater than that of IB subgroup (95.31±2.64% (IA) vs 75.00±6.25 % (IB)). The mean level of LDL cholesterol is significantly higher in women IA subgroups (4.50±0.21 mmol/l (IA) vs 3.44±0.24 mmol/l (IB)). In 73,43±5,52% of the IA subgroup, hypertriglyceridemia was detected, which was 1.6 times more likely to be registered (45.83±8.19%) than in patients with IB subgroups. The proportion of patients with lowered LDL cholesterol was almost 1.5 times lower in the IA subgroup (37.50±6.05% (IA) vs 52.08±7.21% (IB)). The mean HDL cholesterol level in the IB was significantly lower in comparison with the subgroup 1A (1.04±0.03 mmol/l (1B) versus 1.16±0.05 mmol/l (IA). Diabet (31.25±5.15 %), smoking (54.16±7.19 %) and occupationally hazardous labor (89.58±4.41 %) was significantly higher in patients of the subgroup 1B.Conclusions.In women with STEMI, regardless of the hormonal balance of female sex hormones, there is a greater prevalence and severity of dyslipidemia compared with healthy individuals. Estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women with STEMI cause severe lipid and lipid metabolism disorders, which contributes to the development of acute coronary syndrome. Lower levels of HDL cholesterol in patients with estrogen retained estrogen compared to estrogen-deficient patients are due to higher prevalence of diabetes (31.25±5.15 %), smoking (54.16±7.19 %) and occupationally harmful work (89.58±4.41 %), along with the presence of traditional risk factors of STEMI in these women.

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ERICA: prevalence of dyslipidemia in Brazilian adolescents

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s01518-8787.2016050006723 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 50 (suppl 1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

José Rocha Faria Neto ◽

Vivian Freitas Rezende Bento ◽

Cristina Pellegrino Baena ◽

Marcia Olandoski ◽

Luis Gonzaga de Oliveira Gonçalves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Plasma Lipids ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cardiovascular Risks ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Low Hdl

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the distribution of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in Brazilian adolescents, as well as the prevalence of altered levels of such parameters. METHODS Data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) were used. This is a country-wide, school-based cross-sectional study that evaluated 12 to 17-year old adolescents living in cities with over 100,000 inhabitants. The average and distribution of plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were evaluated. Dyslipidemia was determined by levels of total cholesterol ≥ 170 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dl, HDL cholesterol < 45 mg/dL, or triglycerides ≥ 130 mg/dl. The data were analyzed by gender, age, and regions in Brazil. RESULTS We evaluated 38,069 adolescents – 59.9% of females, and 54.2% between 15 and 17 years. The average values found were: total cholesterol = 148.1 mg/dl (95%CI 147.1-149.1), HDL cholesterol = 47.3 mg/dl (95%CI 46.7-47.9), LDL cholesterol = 85.3 mg/dl (95%CI 84.5-86.1), and triglycerides = 77.8 mg/dl (95%CI 76.5-79.2). The female adolescents had higher average levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol, without differences in the levels of triglycerides. We did not observe any significant differences between the average values among 12 to 14 and 15- to 17-year old adolescents. The most prevalent lipid alterations were low HDL cholesterol (46.8% [95%CI 44.8-48.9]), hypercholesterolemia (20.1% [95%CI 19.0-21.3]), and hypertriglyceridemia (7.8% [95%CI 7.1-8.6]). High LDL cholesterol was found in 3.5% (95%CI 3.2-4.0) of the adolescents. Prevalence of low HDL cholesterol was higher in Brazil’s North and Northeast regions. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of Brazilian adolescents has alterations in their plasma lipids. The high prevalence of low HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia, especially in Brazil’s North and Northeast regions, must be analyzed in future studies, to support the creation of strategies for efficient interventions.

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Effects of diacerein intake on cardiometabolic profiles in type 2 diabetics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867327666200728134755 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

Author(s):

Peyman Nowrouzi-Sohrabi ◽

Reza Tabrizi ◽

Mohammad Jalali ◽

Navid Jamali ◽

Shahla Rezaei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Body Weight ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Cochrane Central Register ◽

Statistical Heterogeneity

Introduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials was undertaken to evaluate the effect of diacerein intake on cardiometabolic profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Electronic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to 31 July 2019. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q test and I-square (I2 ) statistic. Data were pooled using random-effect models and weighted mean difference (WMD). Results: From 1,733 citations, seven clinical trials were eligible for inclusion and meta-analysis. A significant reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (WMD -0.73; 95%CI -1.25 to -0.21; P= 0.006; I2 = 72.2%) and body mass index (BMI) (WMD -0.55; 95%CI -1.03 to -0.07; P= 0.026; I2 = 9.5%) were identified. However, no significant effect of diacerein intake was identified on fasting blood sugar (FBS) (WMD - 9.00; 95%CI -22.57 to 4.57; P= 0.194; I2 = 60.5%), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD 0.39; 95%CI 0.95 to 1.73; P= 0.569; I2 = 2.2%), body weight (WMD -0.54; 95%CI -1.10 to 0.02; P= 0.059), triglycerides (WMD -0.56; 95%CI -24.16 to 23.03; P= 0.963; I2 = 0.0%), total-cholesterol (WMD -0.21; 95%CI -12.19 to 11.78; P= 0.973; I2 = 0.0%), HDL-cholesterol (WMD -0.96; 95%CI -2.85 to 0.93; P= 0.321; I2 = 0.0%), and LDL-cholesterol levels (WMD -0.09; 95%CI -8.43 to 8.25; P= 0.983; I2 = 37.8%). Conclusion: Diacerein intake may reduce HbA1c and BMI; however, no evidence of effect was observed for FBS, HOMA-IR, body weight, triglycerides, total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol.

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The correlation between lipid metabolism disorders and the prostate cancer

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867327666200806103744 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

Author(s):

Justyna Dłubek ◽

Jacek Rysz ◽

Zbigniew Jabłonowski ◽

Anna Gluba-Brzózka ◽

Beata Franczyk

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Cancer Progression ◽

De Novo ◽

Prostate Gland ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Atp Citrate Lyase ◽

Male Population ◽

Lipid Metabolism Disorders

: Prostate cancer is second most common cancer affecting male population all over the world. The existence of a correlation between lipid metabolism disorders and cancer of the prostate gland has been widely known for a long time. According to hypotheses, cholesterol may contribute to prostate cancer progression as a result of its participation as a signalling molecule in prostate growth and differentiation via numerous biologic mechanisms including Akt signalling and de novo steroidogenesis. The results of some studies suggest that increased cholesterol levels may be associated with higher risk of more aggressive course of disease. The aforementioned alterations in the synthesis of fatty acids are a unique feature of cancer and, therefore, it constitutes an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of prostate cancer. Pharmacological or gene therapy aimed to reduce the activity of enzymes involved in de novo synthesis of fatty acids, FASN, ACLY (ATP citrate lyase) or SCD-1 (stearoyl-CoA desaturase) in particular, may result in cells growth arrest. Nevertheless, not all cancers are unequivocally associated with hypocholesterolaemia. It cannot be ruled out that the relationship between prostate cancer and lipid disorders is not a direct quantitative correlation between carcinogenesis and the amount of the circulating cholesterol. Perhaps the correspondence is more sophisticated and connected to the distribution of cholesterol fractions, or even sub-fractions of e.g. HDL cholesterol.

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The effects of pre-pregnancy obesity and gestational weight gain on maternal lipid profiles, fatty acids and insulin resistance

Journal of Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.1515/jpm-2020-0540 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Muge Gul Gulecoglu Onem ◽

Canan Coker ◽

Kemal Baysal ◽

Sabahattin Altunyurt ◽

Pembe Keskinoglu

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Second Trimester ◽

Gestational Weight

Abstract Objectives Pregnancy is associated with physiological alterations in insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. This study investigates the associations between pregestational body mass index (pBMI) and the rate of gestational weight gain (rGWG) in the second trimester with the biomarkers of lipid, fatty acids metabolism and insulin resistance. Methods Sixty nine pregnant women followed. The body weights of the pregnant women were measured and blood samples were obtained at 11–14th and 24–28th weeks of pregnancy. Glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, insulin levels and fatty acids were measured. Rate of GWG (kg/week) and The Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. The pregnant women were stratified according to their pBMI and the 2nd trimester rGWG. Results The rate of GWG was significantly higher for the group with pBMI<25, compared to the group with pBMI≥25 (p=0.024). Triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol were significantly increased in the second trimester compared with the first trimester. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, myristic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), total omega-6 (n − 6) and omega-3 (n − 3) fatty acid levels and n − 6/n − 3 ratio were significantly higher in the second trimester. Glucose was significantly decreased and insulin was increased in the second trimester. In the overweight/obese group; HOMA-IR, insulin, AA, palmitoleic acid and stearic acid were found to be high in comparison to the group with low/normal pBMI. No parameters were associated with rGWG. Conclusions The changes in lipid parameters, free fatty acids, insulin and HOMA-IR in the second trimester were compatible with the changes in lipid metabolism and the development of insulin resistance. Pregestational BMI was shown to have a stronger influence on lipid profile, insulin resistance, and fatty acids than rGWG.

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THE EFFECTS OF NICOTINIC ACID ON BLOOD LIPIDS IN PATIENTS WITH LOW HDL-CHOLESTEROL AND NORMAL TOTAL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS

Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation ◽

10.1097/00008483-198910200-00047 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 414 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. W. Squire ◽

G. T. Gau ◽

B. A. Kottke ◽

T. D. Miller ◽

T. G. Allison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nicotinic Acid ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Blood Lipids ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Low Hdl

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Fasting Is Not Routinely Required for Determination of a Lipid Profile: Clinical and Laboratory Implications Including Flagging at Desirable Concentration Cutpoints—A Joint Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2016.258897 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (7) ◽

pp. 930-946 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

Børge G Nordestgaard ◽

Anne Langsted ◽

Samia Mora ◽

Genovefa Kolovou ◽

Hannsjörg Baum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Cholesterol ◽

Familial Hypercholesterolemia ◽

Apolipoprotein B ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Clinical Chemistry ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Lipid Profiles ◽

Apolipoprotein A1 ◽

Lipoprotein A ◽

Remnant Cholesterol

Abstract AIMS To critically evaluate the clinical implications of the use of non-fasting rather than fasting lipid profiles and to provide guidance for the laboratory reporting of abnormal non-fasting or fasting lipid profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS Extensive observational data, in which random non-fasting lipid profiles have been compared with those determined under fasting conditions, indicate that the maximal mean changes at 1–6 h after habitual meals are not clinically significant [+0.3 mmol/L (26 mg/dL) for triglycerides; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for total cholesterol; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for LDL cholesterol; +0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated remnant cholesterol; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated non-HDL cholesterol]; concentrations of HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) are not affected by fasting/non-fasting status. In addition, non-fasting and fasting concentrations vary similarly over time and are comparable in the prediction of cardiovascular disease. To improve patient compliance with lipid testing, we therefore recommend the routine use of non-fasting lipid profiles, whereas fasting sampling may be considered when non-fasting triglycerides are >5 mmol/L (440 mg/dL). For non-fasting samples, laboratory reports should flag abnormal concentrations as triglycerides ≥2 mmol/L (175 mg/dL), total cholesterol ≥5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol ≥3 mmol/L (115 mg/dL), calculated remnant cholesterol ≥0.9 mmol/L (35 mg/dL), calculated non-HDL cholesterol ≥3.9 mmol/L (150 mg/dL), HDL cholesterol ≤1 mmol/L (40 mg/dL), apolipoprotein A1 ≤1.25 g/L (125 mg/dL), apolipoprotein B ≥1.0 g/L (100 mg/dL), and lipoprotein(a) ≥50 mg/dL (80th percentile); for fasting samples, abnormal concentrations correspond to triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL). Life-threatening concentrations require separate referral for the risk of pancreatitis when triglycerides are >10 mmol/L (880 mg/dL), for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia when LDL cholesterol is >13 mmol/L (500 mg/dL), for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia when LDL cholesterol is >5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL), and for very high cardiovascular risk when lipoprotein(a) >150 mg/dL (99th percentile). CONCLUSIONS We recommend that non-fasting blood samples be routinely used for the assessment of plasma lipid profiles. Laboratory reports should flag abnormal values on the basis of desirable concentration cutpoints. Non-fasting and fasting measurements should be complementary but not mutually exclusive.

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