scholarly journals Особливості ліпідного обміну в жінок із гострим коронарним синдромом без підйому сегмента ST залежно від гормонального статусу

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Protsko
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Lipid Metabolism Disorders ◽  
The Mean

Introduction. The role of lipid metabolism disorders in the process of atherogenesis has long been established. It is known little about the effects of dyslipidemia on the development of coronary artery disease in women. There is a perception that the effect of endogenous estrogens during the fertile period of woman's life slows down the manifestation of atherosclerosis in women and before the onset of menopause, the incidence of CVD in women is lower. Hypercholesterolemia or atherogenic dyslipidemia is a particular danger in the development of CVD in women and the risk of macrovascular injury associated with it is due to the long asymptomatic course and significant prevalence in the female population.The aim of the study – toconduct a comparative analysis of lipid metabolism in women with acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation(STEMI) and practically healthy women, depending on the hormonal status.Materials and Methods. We examined 157 women aged 35–72 years (average age 56.54±0.87 years). Among them, 112 female patients with STEMI (group 1) aged 39 to 72 years (average age 58.52±0.99 years). The comparison group (group 2) were 45 practically healthy women aged 35 to 71 years (average age 52.58±1.58 years). The levels of female sex hormones were determined. The lipid metabolism indices in women were measured.Depending on the type of hormonal status, women of the 1 and 2 groups were divided into subgroups A and B consisted of 64 patients with STEMI, aged from 39–72 (middle age – 60.77±1.16), 2А – 26 practically healthy women 42–71 years (average age 58.64 ± 2.18 years) with hormonal signs of postmenopause: estradiol level <80 pmol/l (21.79 pg/ml) and LH/FSH <1 ratio index. The subgroup 1Bincluded 48 female patients with non STEMI at the age of 35 to 65 years (mean age 52.29±1.63), IIB-19 practically healthy individuals of the female population aged 35 to 58 years (middle age – 49.84±1.84years) with estradiol levels> 80 pmol/l (21.79 pg/ml) and a ratio of LH/FSH> 1.Resultsand Discussion. Almost all female patients of the IA subgroup had a level of total cholesterol level more than 4 mmol/l, which was 1.3 times significantly greater than that of IB subgroup (95.31±2.64% (IA) vs 75.00±6.25 % (IB)). The mean level of LDL cholesterol is significantly higher in women IA subgroups (4.50±0.21 mmol/l (IA) vs 3.44±0.24 mmol/l (IB)). In 73,43±5,52% of the IA subgroup, hypertriglyceridemia was detected, which was 1.6 times more likely to be registered (45.83±8.19%) than in patients with IB subgroups. The proportion of patients with lowered LDL cholesterol was almost 1.5 times lower in the IA subgroup (37.50±6.05% (IA) vs 52.08±7.21% (IB)). The mean HDL cholesterol level in the IB was significantly lower in comparison with the subgroup 1A (1.04±0.03 mmol/l (1B) versus 1.16±0.05 mmol/l (IA). Diabet (31.25±5.15 %), smoking (54.16±7.19 %) and occupationally hazardous labor (89.58±4.41 %) was significantly higher in patients of the subgroup 1B.Conclusions.In women with STEMI, regardless of the hormonal balance of female sex hormones, there is a greater prevalence and severity of dyslipidemia compared with healthy individuals. Estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women with STEMI cause severe lipid and lipid metabolism disorders, which contributes to the development of acute coronary syndrome. Lower levels of HDL cholesterol in patients with estrogen retained estrogen compared to estrogen-deficient patients are due to higher prevalence of diabetes (31.25±5.15 %), smoking (54.16±7.19 %) and occupationally harmful work (89.58±4.41 %), along with the presence of traditional risk factors of STEMI in these women.

scholarly journals Informativity of lipid metabolism indicators for diagnostics and estimation of the effectiveness of treatment of dogs with pancreatitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Andrii Zemlianskyi ◽  
Olga Tymoshenko ◽  
Andriy Zakhariev ◽  
Yevheniia Vashchyk ◽  
Nataliia Seliukova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Lipid Metabolism Disorders ◽  
Low Hdl

The aim of the research: to substantiate the pathogenetic role of lipid metabolism disorders in the occurrence and course of pancreatitis in dogs and to establish the informativeness of its indicators for diagnosis and evaluation of treatment effectiveness based on clinical and laboratory research methods. Materials and methods. Used clinical, instrumental, laboratory methods, including morphological studies of blood, urine, biochemical studies of serum: determination of the lipid profile by the content of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, lipoproteins cholesterol of very low – HDL, low – LDL and high density – VLDL, traditional tests and statistical methods. Results. It was found that the most significant changes are inherent in the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins in the serum: significantly increased concentrations of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, LDL cholesterol and especially LDL cholesterol. The content of HDL cholesterol, on the contrary, in the acute course of pancreatitis is below normal. The content of triacylglycerols, LDL cholesterol and VLDL remains high. Total cholesterol is normalized, and the level of HDL is below normal. Conclusions. Serum lipidogram of dogs without clinical symptoms of pathology does not differ in composition from the results obtained by other researchers. For pancreatitis in dogs, the concentration of total cholesterol increases by 1.9 times, triacylglycerols – by 5.4 times, cholesterol VLDL – in 6.0 times and LDL cholesterol – 7.7 times. The content of HDL cholesterol, in contrast, in the acute course of pancreatitis is 1.5 times lower than in clinically healthy dogs. Treatment reduces the degree of hyperenzymemia by ALT and AST, but α-amylase activity is not normalized in dogs. Above normal levels of triacylglycerols, LDL cholesterol and VLDL, and HDL cholesterol remain low, despite treatment

The correlation between lipid metabolism disorders and the prostate cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Dłubek ◽  
Jacek Rysz ◽  
Zbigniew Jabłonowski ◽  
Anna Gluba-Brzózka ◽  
Beata Franczyk
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Lipid Metabolism Disorders

: Prostate cancer is second most common cancer affecting male population all over the world. The existence of a correlation between lipid metabolism disorders and cancer of the prostate gland has been widely known for a long time. According to hypotheses, cholesterol may contribute to prostate cancer progression as a result of its participation as a signalling molecule in prostate growth and differentiation via numerous biologic mechanisms including Akt signalling and de novo steroidogenesis. The results of some studies suggest that increased cholesterol levels may be associated with higher risk of more aggressive course of disease. The aforementioned alterations in the synthesis of fatty acids are a unique feature of cancer and, therefore, it constitutes an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of prostate cancer. Pharmacological or gene therapy aimed to reduce the activity of enzymes involved in de novo synthesis of fatty acids, FASN, ACLY (ATP citrate lyase) or SCD-1 (stearoyl-CoA desaturase) in particular, may result in cells growth arrest. Nevertheless, not all cancers are unequivocally associated with hypocholesterolaemia. It cannot be ruled out that the relationship between prostate cancer and lipid disorders is not a direct quantitative correlation between carcinogenesis and the amount of the circulating cholesterol. Perhaps the correspondence is more sophisticated and connected to the distribution of cholesterol fractions, or even sub-fractions of e.g. HDL cholesterol.

Complex lipid-lowering treatment options in patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome

2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (8) ◽  
pp. 296-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Győző Dani ◽  
László Márk ◽  
András Katona
Keyword(s):  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Target Values ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lipid Parameters

Authors aimed to assess how target values in serum lipid concentrations (LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride) can be achieved in patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome during follow up in an outpatient cardiology clinic. Methods: 201 patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome were included and were followed up between January 1 and May 31, 2007.Authors analyzed serum lipid parameters of the patients and the lipid-lowering medications at the time of the first meeting and during follow up lasting two years. Results: During the enrollment visit only 26.4% of the patients had serum LDL cholesterol at target level, whereas high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol levels were observed in 40.3% and 33.3% of the patients, respectively. Only 22 patients (10.9%) achieved the target levels in all three lipid parameters. Of the 201 patients, 179 patients participated in the follow up, and data obtained from these patients were analyzed. There was a positive trend toward better lipid parameters; 42.5% of the patients reached the desired LDL-cholesterol target value and 17.3% of the patients had HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides target values. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with those published in the literature. Beside the currently used therapeutic options for achieving optimal LDL-cholesterol, efforts should be made to reduce the so-called “residual cardiovascular risk” with the use of a widespread application of combination therapy. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 296–302.

scholarly journals Meta-analysis of the health effects of using the glycaemic index in meal-planning

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Maretha Opperman ◽  
Christina S. Venter ◽  
Welma Oosthuizen ◽  
Rachel L. Thompson ◽  
Hester H. Vorster
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Carbohydrate And Lipid Metabolism

Diabetes mellitus and CVD are some of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Accumulating data indicate that a diet characterised by low-glycaemic index (GI) foods may improve the management of diabetes or lipid profiles. The objective of the present meta-analysis was to critically analyse the scientific evidence that low-GI diets have beneficial effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism compared with high-GI diets. We searched for randomised controlled trials with a crossover or parallel design published in English between 1981 and 2003, investigating the effect of low-GI v. high-GI diets on markers for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Unstandardised differences in mean values were examined using the random effects model. The main outcomes were fructosamine, glycated Hb (HbA1c), HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol. Literature searches identified sixteen studies that met the strict inclusion criteria. Low-GI diets significantly reduced fructosamine by –0·1 (95 % CI –0·20, 0·00) mmol/l (P=0·05), HbA1c by 0·27 (95 % CI –0·5, –0·03) % (P=0·03), total cholesterol by –0·33 (95 % CI –0·47, –0·18) mmol/l (P>0·0001) and tended to reduce LDL-cholesterol in type 2 diabetic subjects by –0·15 (95 % CI –0·31, –0·00) mmol/l (P=0·06) compared with high-GI diets. No changes were observed in HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. No substantial heterogeneity was detected, suggesting that the effects of low-GI diets in these studies were uniform. Results of the present meta-analysis support the use of the GI as a scientifically based tool to enable selection of carbohydrate-containing foods to reduce total cholesterol and to improve overall metabolic control of diabetes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Lipid Profile in the Smokers and Non-Smokers

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Vachan Mehta ◽  
Darshak Salat
Keyword(s):  
Serum Lipids ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Dependent Relationship ◽  
Young Smokers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Group 1

Background: Cigarette smoking leads to increased serum level of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Triglyceride levels and decreased level of anti atherogenic HDL cholesterol. Many studies have shown a dose-dependent relationship between smoking and lipoprotein profile. Hence this study was-taken up to know the lipoprotein pattern in healthy young smokers. Subjects and Methods: Total of hundered healthy smokers and fifty healthy non smokers were included in the study. All the smokers’ subjects were divided in two groups as per the severity of the habit of smoking. Group 1: all those who smoke upto 10 cigarette per day, Group 2: all those who smokemore than 10 cigarette per day. Results: In our study, the mean serum cholesterol of smokers is 205.9 26.1 and that of non-smokers is 165.4 15.2 which is statistically significant Mean HDL-cholesterol is 34.20 4.0 in smokers and 38.40 6.4 in non-smokers, which is statistically significant. Mean LDL-cholesterol is 155.8±29.30 in smokers and 136.70 ±14.45 in nonsmokers which is statistically significant. Mean Triglyceride level in smokers is 163.28±38.7  and in non-smokers it is 116.72±23.3 which is statistically significant. Conclusion: The mean serum lipid values were significantly higher in smokers except HDL-C which were significantly decreased, as compared to non smokers. There is a linear increase in the levels of serum lipids except HDL-C which shows decrease in the levels with the duration and severity of smoking.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN PROFIL LIPID PADA SERUM DARAH PENDERITA HIPERTENSI DAN NORMOTENSI

Jurnal BIOMA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Pratiwi Widyamurti ◽  
Rusdi Rusdi ◽  
Sri Rahayu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Increased blood pressure more than 140/90 mmHg taken from three measurement in 24 hours can be diagnosed as hypertension. Abnormality of lipid values condition was found at many hypertensive. Based on this reason examination of lipid profile in hypertensive and normotensive should be done. The aim of this research was to measure and compare lipid profile on blood serum in hypertensive    and normotensive. Lipid profile was measured by Konelab 20XT clinical chemistry analyzer. Ex     Post Facto used as method and Cross-sectional used as design. A total of 50 blood samples collected from Hypertensive (N1=25) and normotensive (N2=25) from June to August 2014. SPSS 16.0 was used to analyze the data, T-test was used to compare value of LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol while U Mann-Whitney test was used to compare value of triglyceride. The result      of this research showed that the mean value of triglyceride was 146.56 mg/dL in hypertensive and 143.92 mg/dL in normotensive (p=0.11). The mean value of LDL cholesterol was 129.80 mg/dL in hypertensive and 136.72 mg/dL in normotensive (p=0.62). The mean value of HDL cholesterol was  38.80 mg/dL in hypertensive and 45.04 mg/dL in normotensive (p=0.1). The mean value of total cholesterol was 201.04 mg/dL in hypertensive and 221.88 mg/dL in normotensive (p=0.25). In conclusion, there was no different of lipid profile on blood serum in hypertensive and normotensive.  Keywords: hypertension, lipid profile, normotensive

scholarly journals Association of Clinical Characteristics with the Proportion of the HDL-Cholesterol Subclasses HDL-2b and HDL-3 Among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Bor Chen ◽  
Wen-Chin Lee ◽  
Sin-Hua Moi ◽  
Cheng-Hong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Diabetic Status ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hs Crp

Abstract Background: Altered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) composition in patients with chronic kidney disease is common. However, reports on the distribution of HDL-C subclasses in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) are limited. Objective: We aimed to compare the two main HDL-C subclasses, HDL-2b and HDL-3, in two cohorts of HD patients and healthy individuals and examine their associations with clinical characteristics. Methods: A total of 164 prevalent HD patients and 71 healthy individuals in one hospital-facilitated outpatient clinic were enrolled from May 2019 to July 2019. The HDL-2b and HDL-3 proportions were measured and statistical analysis was performed. Results: The mean ages of HD patients and healthy individuals were 63 and 49.9 years, respectively. HD patients showed lower HDL-2b and HDL-3 proportions compared with those of healthy individuals (23.6% vs. 31.2%, P < 0.001; 31.7% vs. 33.6%, P = 0.137, respectively). The HDL-2b proportion was significantly higher with a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels of <3 mg/L compared with hs-CRP ≥3mg/L in the HD cohort (P = 0.005). HDL-3 proportion was lower with a hs-CRP level of <3 mg/L compared with hs-CRP ≥3mg/L in the HD cohort (P = 0.022). Sex and diabetes did not influence the HDL-2b and HDL-3 proportions in the HD cohort.Conclusions: HD patients had lower HDL-2b and HDL-3 proportions than those of healthy individuals. The distribution of the HDL-2b and HDL-3 subclasses in HD patients is influenced by proinflammatory status, not by sex and diabetic status.

scholarly journals BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF LIPID METABOLISM IN ANIMALS AFFECTED BY HEAVY METAL SALTS AND TREATED WITH CARNITINE CHLORIDE AND SODIUM ALGINATE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Bekus ◽  
M. V. Kyryliv ◽  
I. B. Ivanusa ◽  
O. B. Furka ◽  
I. Ya. Krynytska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Gastric Lavage ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Vldl Cholesterol ◽  
Lipid Metabolism Disorders ◽  
Toxic Damage

Background. Lipid metabolism disorders in the organism affected by environmental pollutants, including poisoning with cadmium and lead salts are of topical matter nowadays.Objective. The study was aimed to examine biochemical features of lipid metabolism in rats subjected to toxic damage by lead and cadmium salts and treated with carnitine chloride and Algigel.Methods. Experiments were carried out on white mature outbred male rats weighing 180-200 g. To cause the toxic damage the animals were administered with aqueous solution of cadmium chloride and lead acetate daily for the period of 30 days using intra-gastric lavage. The indices of lipid metabolism were detected by biochemical methods.Results. In animals treated with cadmium chloride and lead acetate the following changes were observed: HDL-cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased, resulting in 87% of the levels in the intact animals on the third day, 84% on the fifth and 80% on the seventh day. Conversely, concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol significantly increased during the experiment. Respectively, the ratios for HDL-cholesterol are 240%, 352%, and 388%; and for VLDL-cholesterol 108%, 116%, and 132%.Conclusions. Lipids profile of the rats displayed changes in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins of low, high and very low density.es New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Medical errors were combined, especially during the diagnostics, treatment and in medical records. The majority of cases (82.1%) of medical malpractice were caused by the objective reasons. 

Influence of Various Heparin Preparations on Lipoproteins in Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicentre Study

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (04) ◽  
pp. 1025-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Kronenberg ◽  
Paul König ◽  
Ulrich Neyer ◽  
Martin Auinger ◽  
Andreas Pribasnig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Multicentre Study ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Chronic Hemodialysis ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Groups

SummaryRecent studies have indicated controversial effects of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on lipid metabolism in patients on chronic hemodialysis as compared to unfractionated heparin (UFH).We therefore conducted a cross-sectional multicentre study comparing 153 patients treated with LMWH and 153 patients with UFH, matched for sex, age and diabetes mellitus. Both groups have been treated with LMWH or UFH for six months or longer (14.9 vs.23.4 months). We observed no differences between the UFH and LMWH treatment groups for total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apoB, apoA-IV or Lp(a). The only significant differences were seen for HDL cholesterol and the corresponding apolipoprotein apoA-I, which were significantly higher in the UFH group (HDL cholesterol: 0.97 ± 0.35 mM/l vs. 0.87 ± 0.37 mM/l, p<0.05; apoA-I 1.23 ± 0.27 g/l vs. 1.15 ± 0.27 g/l, p <0.05).We conclude that the results of studies investigating the influence of LMWH on lipid metabolism are as heterogeneous as the substances themselves. This challenges the beneficial influence supposedly had by LMWH preparations on lipid metabolism.

scholarly journals Associations between choline intake, body composition, lipid profile, and liver status in healthy adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Młodzik-Czyżewska ◽  
Anna Malinowska ◽  
Agata Chmurzyńska
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Choline Intake

AbstractCholine is an essential nutrient involved in several processes, including the export of lipids from the liver. Recent studies have underlined that low choline intake may be linked to greater body weight and liver dysfunction. The aim of this study was thus to determine whether choline intake is associated with body weight, body mass index (BMI), body composition, lipid profile, or liver steatosis indices.407 healthy subjects aged 20–40 were enrolled in Poznań, Poland from 2016 to 2018. Food intake was assessed using three-day food records. Choline intake was analyzed using the USDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods, which summarizes the levels of choline found in a range of food items. Weight to 0.1 kg and height to 0.01 m were measured using an electronic scale and a stadiometer, respectively. BMI was calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Fat mass and lean body mass were determined using whole-body air-displacement plethysmography. Waist and hip circumferences were measured to 0.5 cm using nonelastic tape. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in serum were determined using a biochemical analyzer. The following biomarkers of liver steatosis were calculated: NAFLD liver fat score (NAFLD-LFS), fatty liver index (FLI), and hepatic steatosis index (HSI). To analyze associations between choline intake and these parameters, we used multiple regression with adjustments for age, sex, and energy intake.The mean BMI was 25.9 ± 5.28 kg/m2, the mean body weight was 78.39 ± 18.03 kg, the mean body fat percentage was 29.1 ± 10.79%, and the mean choline intake was 447.93 ± 235 mg/day. Choline intake was negatively associated with body weight, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and FLI index (p < 0.05 for all associations) and positively associated with HDL cholesterol (p < 0.05). There were no associations between choline intake and BMI, hip circumference, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and the following fatty liver indexes: HSI and NAFLD-LFS.Our study suggests that higher choline intake is associated with favorable body composition and may have a protective role on liver status. However, additional studies are needed to understand the effect of choline on these parameters.The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.This work was supported by the Polish National Science Centre (grants 2014/15/B/NZ9/02134 and 2016/21/N/NZ9/01195).

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