scholarly journals Alexandr Bogdanovich Fokht ― The Founder of Clinical-Experimental Approach in Medicine (in Honor of 170th Year Anniversary)

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
L. D. Maltseva ◽  
O. L. Morozova ◽  
N. A. Gorbachev ◽  
P. F. Litvitskiy
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
European Science ◽  
The Usa ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The review is dedicated to the investigation of the role of A.B. Fokht, who was one of the most famous scientist, teacher and doctor during the period of the development of clinical oriented approach pathophysiology. The article examines new vectors in clinical medicine development of the second half of the 19th century. It is pointed out in the article that Russian scientists of that time instead of aiming at history rewriting or repeating the traditions of the West-European science finally formed their own rational ideas and tried to provide unique scientific research. What is more, the article contains biographical information about Fokht’s family, his teachers and colleagues. The article describes the main principles of Fokht’s scientific school, which became the most remarkable in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century, and also achievements of his followers, who had been working in the largest laboratories and chairs of Great Britain, the USA, Poland etc. Moreover the article contains information about the influence which the results of Fokht’s research had on recognition of Russian independent medical science worldwide. The article emphasizes the Fokht’s political and civil position against the educational and scientific reforms, which had been conducted by the Russian government in the beginning of the 20th century. Finally, the article describes Fokht’s personality and his activities in other spheres.

scholarly journals The New Role of Ulama in Nigeria: Focus on the Post 1999 Democratic Dispensation

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Mukhtar Umar Bunza
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Nigeria is a country with a centuries’ long tradition of Islamic revivalism and activism. It was the impact of the activities of the 17th century scholars of Nigeria that culminated in the success of the 19th century tajdeed movement that brought about the emergence of the muslim caliphate of Sokoto. British imperialism brought an end to the caliphate in the beginning of the 20th century, the circumstances of which have been consistently challenged mainly by the ulama and their followers ever since. Some contemporary scholars such as Shaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, former Grand Qadi of Northern Nigeria, contributed significantly in the new dimension to the roles of muslim scholars in the government. Since 1999 muslim scholars have taken on new roles in the administration of states, serving as commissioners for newly established ministries for Religious Affairs, as special advisers, or directors of commissions like Hisbah, Hajj, Masjid, Moon Sighting, and other related government bodies, with full salaries and other benefits unlike ever before in the Nigerian system. This new role of ulama and its impacts in the governance of the contemporary Nigeria is what this paper intends to investigate and expound.[Nigeria merupakan sebuah negara dengan tradisi revivalisme dan aktivisme Islam selama berabad-abad. Hal itu terkait dengan upaya para ulama Nigeria abad ke-17 yang berpuncak pada keberhasilan gerakan tajdid pada abad 19 dengan munculnya kekhalifahan muslim dari Sokoto. Imperialisme Inggris mengakhiri kekhalifahan ini pada awal abad ke-20, yang terus dilawan oleh terutama para ulama secara konsisten. Beberapa ulama kontemporer seperti Syaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, mantan Grand Qadi Nigeria Utara, memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam membentuk dimensi baru peran ulama dalam pemerintahan Nigeria modern. Sejak tahun 1999 para ulama telah mengambil peran baru dalam pemerintahan, sebagai pegawai Kementerian Agama yang baru didirikan, sebagai penasihat ahli, atau direktur komisi seperti Hisbah, Haji, Masjid, Rukyah Hilal, dan badan-badan pemerintah terkait lainnya, dengan gaji penuh. Peran baru dari ulama dan pengaruhnya dalam pemerintahan Nigeria kontemporer inilah yang menjadi fokus tulisan ini.]

scholarly journals THE SITUATION IN CENTRAL ARABIA AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY: THE EMIRATE OF JABAL SHAMMAR

2016 ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
ARAM GASPARYAN
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
External Factor ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Domestic Policy ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

From the second half of the 19th century when Muhammad Ali’s Egyptian troops left Central Arabia а serious competition started in this region for political influence between ruling families, especially between the Houses of Rasheed, Saud and Al Sabah. Simultaneously, the role of the external factor in the Arabian Peninsula on the internal political processes also increased, as well as the relations between the houses. During the last decade in the 19th century Jabal Shammar became independent from Nejd thanks to the Rasheedi prudent and far-sighted policy. The Al-Rasheed managed to strengthen their power in Jabal Shammar and pursue an independent foreign, domestic policy from Riyadh thereby challenging the dominance of the region and even claiming the areas of Nejd. During the power of Muhammad Abdallah al-Rashīd, Jabal Shammar became the most influential and powerful emirate in Central Arabia. However, the further events taken place in the region, weakened Jabal Shammar which was finally conquered by the House of Saud in 1921.

The Great Reform and the Fate of Capitalism in Russia (On the 150th Anniversary of the Emancipation Reform)

2011 ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
M. Voeikov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
150Th Anniversary ◽  
In The Beginning

The paper deals with the problem of the establishment of capitalism in Russia in the late 19 - early 20th centuries. Using a wide array of historical research and documents the author argues that the thesis on the advanced state of capitalism in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century does not stand up to historical scrutiny, and the role of the famous Emancipation reform of 1861 appears to be of limited importance.

Main Forms of Propagandistic Activities of the Right-Wing Parties (1904–1914)

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 656-676
Author(s):  
Igor V. Omeliyanchuk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the main forms and methods of agitation and propagandistic activities of monarchic parties in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century. Among them the author singles out such ones as periodical press, publication of books, brochures and flyers, organization of manifestations, religious processions, public prayers and funeral services, sending deputations to the monarch, organization of public lectures and readings for the people, as well as various philanthropic events. Using various forms of propagandistic activities the monarchists aspired to embrace all social groups and classes of the population in order to organize all-class and all-estate political movement in support of the autocracy. While they gained certain success in promoting their ideology, the Rights, nevertheless, lost to their adversaries from the radical opposition camp, as the monarchists constrained by their conservative ideology, could not promise immediate social and political changes to the population, and that fact was excessively used by their opponents. Moreover, the ideological paradigm of the Right camp expressed in the “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality” formula no longer agreed with the social and economic realities of Russia due to modernization processes that were underway in the country from the middle of the 19th century.

scholarly journals The Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading: a space for medical science in the 19th century

Almanack ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 241-286
Author(s):  
Monique de Siqueira Gonçalves ◽  
Tânia Bessone
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Science Field ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
General Collection

Abstract: This work presents an analysis on the role of the Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading during the second half of the 19th century regarding the collection and safekeeping of medical science books. By analyzing the books contained in the 1906 catalog by Ramiz Galvão (consisting of the institution's collection since 1837), we intend to understand the relative importance of the medical science collection found in the general collection of the Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading, and whether it was updated and relevant amidst the constitution of Brazil's medical science field. It is also intended to discover the preponderant idiom among its works and at which target audience they were aimed at, therefore, whether its guard matched the institution's outline of lusophone culture preservation.

scholarly journals Źródła do odbudowy państwa polskiego w archiwach polonijnych w USA

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 111-136
Author(s):  
Anna Krochmal
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Arts And Sciences ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Military Mission ◽  
Catholic Mission ◽  
Commander In Chief

The article discusses the role of Polish and Polish diaspora organizations in the USA, and the role of their archives, libraries, and museum deposits in the study of the first years of the independent Polish state. The most important ones, created in the USA in the 19th and the 20th century by Polish immigrants, are the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America (located in New York), the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America (located in New York), the Polish Army Veterans’ Association in America (located in New York), the Polish Museum of America (located in Chicago), the Polish Archive in the Polish Catholic Mission in Orchard Lake near Detroit, and the Polish Music Center in Los Angeles. The key role in the study of the restoration of the Polish state in 1918-1923 plays the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, established on 4 July 1943 as a descendant of the Institute for Research into the Modern Polish History functioning in Warsaw between 1923 and 1939. The institute holds the so-called Belvedere Archives, saved in 1939 from Warsaw and taken from Europe to New York. It contains the documents of the Adjutancy Commander in Chief from the years 1918-1922, illustrating the struggle for the borders of the restored Polish state; documents of the Ukrainian Military Mission, showing Polish-Ukrainian cooperation in the face of the threat from Bolshevik Russia; documents from three Silesian uprisings, and archives of well-known supporters of Piłsudski, e.g. General Julian Stachiewicz and Marshal Rydz-Śmigły. Other additional sources from the years 1918-1923 are stored by Polish diaspora institutions, including priceless and understudied documents concerning the prominent composer, diplomat, and politician Ignacy Jan Paderewski, as well as unique materials concerning Polish volunteers from the USA fighting along with General Józef Haller’s so-called Blue Army.

scholarly journals Medycyna w ujęciu Jędrzeja Śniadeckiego

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Ryszard W. Gryglewski
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Pathological Model ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Derived Data

Medicine in terms of Jędrzej Śniadecki Jędrzej Śniadecki (1768–1838) remains one of most eminent scholars of his times. Remembered as a founder of modern chemistry in Poland, one of early pioneers in anthropology and social sciences, and author of the two volume book Theory of organic being (Teoria jestestw organicznych), in which the modern metabolic concept of life processes can be considered as grounded; he was also a highly educated and gifted physician. This paper aims to show the importance of medicine in Śniadecki’s theory of life, in its physiological and pathological manifestations in regard to the clinical model and the medical practice which he followed. It deals with the concept of illness as described in Śniadecki’s writings, focusing on the role of irritation and organic reaction as the major components of his proposed pathological model. The dynamic and variable conditions of diseases are explained by means of metabolic changes, which was a truly pioneering concept, already described in Śniadecki’s earlier theoretical works on the subject of life and nature. The paper discusses the problem of influence in terms of the leading medical doctrines at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, namely those of John Brown (1735–1788) and François Broussais (1772–1838), on Śniadecki as a researcher and practitioner. For practical (clinical) medicine his reserve towards auscultation and percussion, then a slowly gaining field in clinical subjects, is clearly present in Śniadecki’s writings and teaching. His passive and, as far as we can tell, sceptical attitude is explained by the lack of convincing evidence, based on empirical and experimental data, which would enable to connect the physical signs of a diagnosis fulfilled by means of stethoscope to that of the percussion process. It must be remembered that the books by Adam Raciborski (1809–1871) and Joseph Škoda (1805–1881) were both published in the 1830s, where modern diagnosing methods were established using a suitable scientific background to explain their importance. This was too late to influence the clinical work of Śniadecki. The same scepticism, with an obvious demand for strict and experimentally derived data, is probably responsible for the conservative therapy present in Śniadecki’s teaching.

Chinese Language and Literature Reform in The Beginning of The 20th Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanh Nguyen Thi Mai ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Modern Literature ◽  
Language Reform ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

It is difficult not to mention language reform when referring to Chinese literature modernization between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Language played a critical role in facilitating the escape of Chinese literature from Chinese medieval literary works in order to integrate into world literature. The language reform not only laid a foundation for modern literature but also contributed considerably to the grand social transformation of China in the early days of the 20th century. Chinese new-born literature was a literature created by spoken language; in Chinese terms, it was considered as a literature focusing on “dialectal speech” instead of “classical Chinese” used in the past. In international terms, it can be named as living language literature which was used to replace classic literary language in ancient books – a kind of dead language. This article will analyze how language reform impacted Chinese modern literature at the beginning of the 20th century.

19th and 20th century theories of case

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cienki
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Spatial Expressions ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary This article considers the similarities and differences between two types of semantically-based approaches to the study of grammatical case. One approach, which views the basic meanings of cases as spatial, stems from the localist hypothesis, which claims that spatial expressions serve as structural templates for other expressions. This view was most strongly espoused by certain German linguists in the 19th century, but has found support in the 20th century as well. The range of localist theories of case and the extent of the claims made by different localists are considered. These are compared and contrasted with contemporary approaches subsumed under the banner of ‘cognitive linguistics’. Research in this vein has focussed on the role of spatial notions in the semantics of case, but within a broader framework of human conceptualization. According to this view, space is only one of several domains which are basic to cognitive representation.

scholarly journals The Role of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the Countermovements Against Economic Liberalism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jose Villalobos Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Economic Liberalism ◽  
Double Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p><b>In recent years, revisionist studies of the history of economic, social and cultural rights have deemed that the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a failed instrument. My thesis explores the extent to which that assessment is accurate and concludes that, although the ICESCR’s drafters did imbue the treaty with a strong purpose of resistance against the detrimental impacts of economic liberalism, the instrument’s ties to its historical roots might be too strong for it to serve an effective purpose in present and future efforts to push back against excessive marketisation. </b></p> <p>In order to fully understand both the ICESCR’s shortcomings and its unfulfilled potential, it is helpful to analyse the treaty’s content and purpose from the perspective of Karl Polanyi’s theory of the double movement. This theory, presented by Polanyi in his 1944 monograph The Great Transformation, established that the 19th century was defined by a struggle between those who advocated for economic liberalism and those who protected society from that economic model through a “countermovement” that promoted mechanisms of “social protection”. A current wave of neo-Polanyian scholarship has reinterpreted the double movement as a pendulum that has continued to swing between economic liberalism and social protection, explaining the rise of neoliberal practices in the second half of the 20th century and contemporary efforts to limit the influence of the market over society.</p> <p>From a neo-Polanyian viewpoint, the ICESCR was a product of the second countermovement – a series of actions taken by governments all around the world during the mid-20th century to mitigate the harmful effects of the market on people’s wellbeing. After conducting a detailed examination of the ICESCR’s travaux préparatoires, I determine that the members of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights consciously shaped the treaty according to six principles that I identify as underlying the second countermovement. </p> <p>This thesis argues that such an intimate connection with those principles, which at first might seem benign, is the source of the ICESCR’s current limitations. Because the instrument is a product of the second countermovement, it is now out of place in an era where economic liberalism presents different challenges than it did in the mid-20th century. That dilemma is illustrated by the contrast between the tentative approach of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – bound by the constraints of the ICESCR – and the confrontational tone of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, which has taken advantage of its wider mandate to endorse practices of an emerging third countermovement that directly address the specific challenges of this era. Therefore, while the ICESCR has been used by those bodies to resist neoliberal ambitions, the treaty might become less relevant the further we move away – both chronologically and socio-politically – from the second countermovement.</p>

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