Chinese Language and Literature Reform in The Beginning of The 20th Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanh Nguyen Thi Mai ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Modern Literature ◽  
Language Reform ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

It is difficult not to mention language reform when referring to Chinese literature modernization between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Language played a critical role in facilitating the escape of Chinese literature from Chinese medieval literary works in order to integrate into world literature. The language reform not only laid a foundation for modern literature but also contributed considerably to the grand social transformation of China in the early days of the 20th century. Chinese new-born literature was a literature created by spoken language; in Chinese terms, it was considered as a literature focusing on “dialectal speech” instead of “classical Chinese” used in the past. In international terms, it can be named as living language literature which was used to replace classic literary language in ancient books – a kind of dead language. This article will analyze how language reform impacted Chinese modern literature at the beginning of the 20th century.

Main Forms of Propagandistic Activities of the Right-Wing Parties (1904–1914)

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 656-676
Author(s):  
Igor V. Omeliyanchuk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the main forms and methods of agitation and propagandistic activities of monarchic parties in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century. Among them the author singles out such ones as periodical press, publication of books, brochures and flyers, organization of manifestations, religious processions, public prayers and funeral services, sending deputations to the monarch, organization of public lectures and readings for the people, as well as various philanthropic events. Using various forms of propagandistic activities the monarchists aspired to embrace all social groups and classes of the population in order to organize all-class and all-estate political movement in support of the autocracy. While they gained certain success in promoting their ideology, the Rights, nevertheless, lost to their adversaries from the radical opposition camp, as the monarchists constrained by their conservative ideology, could not promise immediate social and political changes to the population, and that fact was excessively used by their opponents. Moreover, the ideological paradigm of the Right camp expressed in the “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality” formula no longer agreed with the social and economic realities of Russia due to modernization processes that were underway in the country from the middle of the 19th century.

scholarly journals VISI-VISI POSTMODERN DALAM KESUSASTRAAN JERMAN AWAL ABAD KE-20

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dudy Syafrudin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
German Literature ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Hermann Hesse ◽  
Architecture And Literature ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Postmodern Spirituality

Abstrak Visi-Visi PostModern dalam Kesusastraan Jerman Awal Abad ke-20. Aliran pemikiran postmodern yang menyeruak di segala bidang kehidupan mulai dirasakan pada paruh kedua abad ke-20. Namun akar pemikiran tersebut sudah mulai tampak pada abad ke-19. Kritik terhadap pemikiran modern itu muncul dalam berbagai ekspresi masyarakat, seperti seni, arsitektur, dan sastra. Dalam kesusastraan Jerman pemikiran yang dapat dikategorikan sebagai visi postmodern dapat kita temukan dalam beberapa karya sastranya yang terbit pada awal abad ke-20. Tulisan ini membahas tentang visi-visi postmodern yang terdapat dalam novel Siddahartha karya Hermann Hesse yang ditulis pada tahun 1919. Pembahasan difokuskan kepada visi spiritualitas postmoden. Visi-visi spiritualitas tersebut muncul dalam gambaran tentang tokoh utamanya dan relasi antar tokoh serta latarnya. Spiritualitas yang bersifat internal, esensial, dan konstitutif serta spiritualitas yang bersifat organis hadir menjadi penawar permasalahan modernism pada masa karya tersebut ditulis.Kata kunci: Postmodern, Siddhartha, spiritualitas Abstract Postmodern Visions In German Literature In The Beginning Of 20th Century. The flow of postmodern thinking in all areas of life began to imerge in the second half of the 20th century However; the roots of these ideas already started to appear in the 19th century. Criticism towards modern thinking occured in various expressions of the society, such as art, architecture, and literature. In German literature, ideas that can be categorized as postmodern vision can be found in several literary works published in the early 20th century. This paper discusses the postmodern visions contained in the novel Siddhartha written by Hermann Hesse in 1919. The discussion in this paper focuses on the vision of postmodern spirituality. The spiritual visions appear in the description of the main character and intercharacter relationships, and background. Spirituality which is internal, essential, and constitutive, and spirituality that is organis comes to netralize the issue of modernism at the time the work was written.Keywords: postmodern, Siddhartha, spirituality

scholarly journals A zágrábi Tudományegyetem hungarológiai tanszékének története

Gerundium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-81
Author(s):  
István Lőkös
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
World Literature ◽  
National Council ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Representative Volume ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hungarian Language ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The author gives an overview on the history of a quarter of a century of the youngest foreign workshop of Hungarian studies, namely, Department of Hungarian Language and Literature of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Zagreb. The education on Hungarian studies started in Zagreb in 1944 and was precedented. At the University of Zagreb the Hungarian Language Department was functioning as early as the second half of the 19th century. Form 1904 to 1918, for almost one and a half century at the same place Hungarian language and literature was educated with the direction of professor Dr. Kázmér Greska. After the collapse of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy the representatives of the Croatian National Council radically put out professor Greska from the university and closed down the department. It was impossible to reorganize it in Yugoslavia between the two world wars. A new possibility came only after the independence of Croatia in 1994. The work in the department restarted on the basis of an interstate contract under the leadership of professor Dr. Milka Jauk-Pinhak and with the partnership of visiting teachers from Hungary. Today, under the management of Orsolya Žagar-Szentesi, 25-30 students start their studies at the department in each year. The function of the special college of translation of poetic works is outstanding. The department in 2002 celebrated the 900 years jubilee of the coronation of Kálmán Könyves as Croatian king with the representative volume of essays entitled Croato-Hungarica. The department was introduced in the „Hungarian issue” of the journal Književna smotra, the Zagreb journal of world literature in 2014 on the 20th jubilee of the department. Their latest publication is With heart and Soul/ Dušom i srcem Hungarian-Croatian Somatic Phraseology/ Mađarsko-hrvatski rječnik somatskih frazema (2018).

scholarly journals The New Role of Ulama in Nigeria: Focus on the Post 1999 Democratic Dispensation

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Mukhtar Umar Bunza
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Nigeria is a country with a centuries’ long tradition of Islamic revivalism and activism. It was the impact of the activities of the 17th century scholars of Nigeria that culminated in the success of the 19th century tajdeed movement that brought about the emergence of the muslim caliphate of Sokoto. British imperialism brought an end to the caliphate in the beginning of the 20th century, the circumstances of which have been consistently challenged mainly by the ulama and their followers ever since. Some contemporary scholars such as Shaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, former Grand Qadi of Northern Nigeria, contributed significantly in the new dimension to the roles of muslim scholars in the government. Since 1999 muslim scholars have taken on new roles in the administration of states, serving as commissioners for newly established ministries for Religious Affairs, as special advisers, or directors of commissions like Hisbah, Hajj, Masjid, Moon Sighting, and other related government bodies, with full salaries and other benefits unlike ever before in the Nigerian system. This new role of ulama and its impacts in the governance of the contemporary Nigeria is what this paper intends to investigate and expound.[Nigeria merupakan sebuah negara dengan tradisi revivalisme dan aktivisme Islam selama berabad-abad. Hal itu terkait dengan upaya para ulama Nigeria abad ke-17 yang berpuncak pada keberhasilan gerakan tajdid pada abad 19 dengan munculnya kekhalifahan muslim dari Sokoto. Imperialisme Inggris mengakhiri kekhalifahan ini pada awal abad ke-20, yang terus dilawan oleh terutama para ulama secara konsisten. Beberapa ulama kontemporer seperti Syaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, mantan Grand Qadi Nigeria Utara, memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam membentuk dimensi baru peran ulama dalam pemerintahan Nigeria modern. Sejak tahun 1999 para ulama telah mengambil peran baru dalam pemerintahan, sebagai pegawai Kementerian Agama yang baru didirikan, sebagai penasihat ahli, atau direktur komisi seperti Hisbah, Haji, Masjid, Rukyah Hilal, dan badan-badan pemerintah terkait lainnya, dengan gaji penuh. Peran baru dari ulama dan pengaruhnya dalam pemerintahan Nigeria kontemporer inilah yang menjadi fokus tulisan ini.]

scholarly journals From the Manorial Village to the Regional Center. The Economic Development of Barcs in the Period of Dualism

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-160
Author(s):  
Máté Szabó ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
Drava River ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Village

At the very beginning of my essay I point out that what kind of natural and economical conditions Barcs have had in the 19th centuries. This is important becouse I had to place Barcs into this medium, which in the beginning of the 19th was a simple manorial village situated in the flood plain of the Drava. The Drava river had a great impact on the improvement of the village. This little manorial village by the end of the century became one of the determinative villages in the region of southern Transdanubia. I show why was the location of the village so importan at that time. As a vehicular interchange and with its warehouse capacity by the beginning of the 19th century it was significant too. There were five railway lines that are met in Barcs in the begining of the 20th century. So it was a significant vehicular intersection at that time. Furthermore after Kaposvár it was the second biggest industrial centre of the county. By this time it was famous about its wood and mill industries across Europe. Moreover it had a regional centre role at different types of food industries. I introduce to what kind of economical processies and infrastructural investments helped the large economical developement of the village. At the end of my essay I want to show the series of events

scholarly journals Twentieth-century astronomical heritage: the case of the Brazilian National Observatory

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (A29A) ◽  
pp. 106-108
Author(s):  
Christina Helena Barboza
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
South American ◽  
National Observatory ◽  
South American Country ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Instruments

AbstractThis paper aims at contributing to the UNESCO-IAU Astronomy and World Heritage Initiative's discussions by presenting the case study of a 20th-century observatory located in a South American country. In fact, the National Observatory of Brazil was created in the beginning of the 19th century, but its present facilities were inaugurated in 1921. Through this paper a brief description of the heritage associated with the Brazilian observatory is given, focused on its main historical instruments and the scientific and social roles it performed along its history. By way of conclusion, the paper suggests that the creation of the Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences with its multidisciplinary team of academic specialists and technicians was decisive for the preservation of that expressive astronomical heritage.

Liberal-Conservative and Liberal Views on the Popular Representation in the Beginning of the 20th Century and Their Reflection in the Legislation of 1905–1906

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 223-231
Author(s):  
Vadim A. Demin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Control ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Liberal Society ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Further Development

The article is devoted to the study of the views of Russian liberals and liberal-conservatives on the representative authority in the beginning of the 20th century. It is shown that since the 70-ies of the 19th century all of them supported the transfer to representative authority. By the beginning of the 20th century even moderate liberals could not envisage further development of the country without such reforms. The revolution of 1905 intensified the activity of all social and political movements. Liberal conservatives supported the introduction of advisory representation that was to be elected by the democratized “Zemstva” and that should submit their opinions directly to the Emperor. The liberals pressed for the introduction of the parliament elected by universal, equal, direct and secret voting, that would issue laws, approve the budget and effect political control of the government. The development of political system reforms had bureaucratic and secret character. The demands of liberal society were taken into account only occasionally and only on minor issues. And it became the factor that intensified confrontation of the government and the educated society.

Policy of the Russian Empire in the 70s of the 19th - Early 20th Century Regarding the Use of Dagestani Forests and Forest

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Valentina P. Egorova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Actual State ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Forest Lands ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Real State

The article describes the causes of the forestry crisis in Dagestan in the 70-80s of the 19th century and its negative impact on the further development. The materials of the newspaper “Kavkazˮ on the actual state of forest lands in Dagestan and the Circular of the military governor of the Dagestan region of 1890 are analyzed. The data from the report of the forest inspector L.P. Portansky in the beginning of the 20th century on the real state of forestry in Dagestan and the conclusion about the need to create a state system for the protection and conservation of forests are considered.

scholarly journals Russian Classics in the USA Transcultural Canon

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
Evgeniya M. Butenina
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The 19Th Century

The issue of the canon (the most studied and taught classics) is one of the most important in the world literature system. The paper briefly outlines the formation of the USA literary canon since the middle of the 19th century and details the formation of the Russian segment in the transcultural canon since the late 20th century. In the history of the USA canon formation, the institutional or sociological model (Jonathan Culler, Stanley Fish, Paul Lauter), which argues that social institutions respond to ideological demands, and the aesthetic model embodied by Harold Blooms Shakespeare-centered Western Canon stand out. An up-to-date approach to the canon assumes taking both models into account, as well as the perception of the canon as cultural memory. Anthologies are most important sources of documenting the canon. For the 20th century American literature researchers distinguish three phases formed by the leading literary trends: historiographic (1919-1946), new critical (1947-1967) and multicultural (1967- present). Based on the analysis of Norton and Longman anthologies, as well as a popular textbook The Bedford Introduction to Literature since the late 20th century to the present, the paper highlights the Russian core in the USA transcultural canon, which became the source of creative reinterpretation in contemporary literature. The present research is to be continued through the study of the Russian literature canon in specialized editions to outline a comprehensive history of the Russian-American cultural transfer.

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