IMMUNE MECHANISMS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROLLED AND PARTIALLY CONTROLLED ASTHMA

Despite a significant amount of works specifying immune mechanisms of bronchial asthma (BA), different phenotypes observed in this pathology need to be studied. The aim of present study was to analyze functional activity of Th1, Th2 и Th17 lymphocytes, and to determine features of inflammation in controlled and partly controlled asthma.We examined eighty-four BA patients that were divided into 2 groups, depending on the control of symptoms and the clinical course of BA. Group I included 45 patients with controlled BA, whereas group II included 39 patients with partially controlled asthma. The subsets of Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes were assessed by serum cytokine levels (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A) using flow cytometry technique.The results of this study were as follows: we have shown a combined T-helper (Th) immune response in asthma patients, with its origin depending on the degree of the disease control. Th2 (62%), Th1/Th2 (20%) and Th1 (18%) types of immune response have been detected in the patients with controlled BA. Th2/Th17 (49%), Th1/Th17 (13%) and Th17 (37%) types of immune response have been identified in the patients with partially controlled BA. It has been shown, that Th1 immune response in patients with controlled asthma is induced by intracellular infection. The formation of the Th1/Th2 phenotype is associated with a site of chronic bacterial infection revealed, and with persistence of viral infection in the body. This phenotype can be used as an indicator of asthma worsening. Further studies in the role of prevalent immune response type in the development of partially controlled BA have shown that activation of Th17 lymphocytes is associated with prolonged course of the disease. Irrespectively of initial phenotype, the development of Th17-dependent immune response seems to result from a durable systemic persistent inflammation.The views on the key role of Th1/Th2 balance in the development of asthma are accomplished by evidence of Th17 lymphocyte involvement into the process, and Th1/Th17, Th2/Th17 phenotypes seem to be the polar features of the disease. Estimation of intensity and phenotype of inflammation in BA will permit a more objective evaluation of the therapy applied, and to choose further management strategies.

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Young Male with Bilateral ICA Dissection: Beyond CADISS Trial

Journal of Stroke Medicine ◽

10.1177/2516608520984289 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 251660852098428

Author(s):

Vikas Bhatia ◽

Chirag Jain ◽

Sucharita Ray ◽

jay Kumar

Keyword(s):

Management Strategies ◽

Young Male ◽

Acute Onset ◽

The Body ◽

Artery Dissection ◽

Cervical Artery Dissection ◽

Stroke Study ◽

History Of

Objective: To report a case of young male with stroke and bilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection. Background: Cervical Artery Dissection in Stroke Study trial has provided some insight on management of patients with ICA dissection. However, there is a need to modify the management strategies as per specific clinical scenario. Design/Methods: Case report and literature review. Results: A 45-year-old male presented with 1 month old history of acute onset numbness of right half of the body with slurring of speech. Computed tomography angiography showed complete occlusion of left cervical ICA just beyond origin with presence of fusiform dilatation and spiral flap in right extracranial cervical ICA. The patient was started on antiplatelets and taken for endovascular procedure using 2-mesh-based carotid stents. Patient was discharged after 3 days on antiplatelet therapy. At 1-year follow-up, there were no fresh symptoms. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the role of successful endovascular management of carotid dissection in a young male. These clinical situations may not be fully represented in trials, and a case-based approach is required.

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The Role of Th17 Response in COVID-19

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10061550 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1550

Author(s):

Diana Martonik ◽

Anna Parfieniuk-Kowerda ◽

Magdalena Rogalska ◽

Robert Flisiak

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Treg Cells ◽

The Body ◽

System Response ◽

Th17 Response ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽

Acute Infectious Disease ◽

Cytokine Cascade ◽

Necrosis Factor

COVID-19 is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory system caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infections occurs through droplets and contaminated objects. A rapid and well-coordinated immune system response is the first line of defense in a viral infection. However, a disturbed and over-activated immune response may be counterproductive, causing damage to the body. Severely ill patients hospitalised with COVID-19 exhibit increased levels of many cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Increasing evidence suggests that Th17 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, not only by activating cytokine cascade but also by inducing Th2 responses, inhibiting Th1 differentiation and suppressing Treg cells. This review focuses on a Th17 pathway in the course of the immune response in COVID-19, and explores plausible targets for therapeutic intervention.

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The Adenosine Pathway and HIV-Associated Inflammation

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofab396 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Emily A Hixson ◽

Priya V Borker ◽

Edwin K Jackson ◽

Bernard J Macatangay

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Chronic Inflammation ◽

Viral Suppression ◽

Purinergic Signaling ◽

The Body ◽

Inflammatory Conditions ◽

Persistent Inflammation ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with an increased risk of age-associated comorbidities and mortality compared to people without HIV. This has been attributed to HIV-associated chronic inflammation and immune activation despite viral suppression. The adenosine pathway is an established mechanism by which the body regulates persistent inflammation in order to limit tissue damage associated with inflammatory conditions. However, HIV infection is associated with derangements in the adenosine pathway that limits its ability to control HIV-associated inflammation. This article reviews the function of purinergic signaling and the role of the adenosine signaling pathway in HIV-associated chronic inflammation. This review also discusses the beneficial and potential detrimental effects of pharmacotherapeutic strategies targeting this pathway among people with HIV.

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3. Kill or be killed

Viruses: A Very Short Introduction ◽

10.1093/actrade/9780198811718.003.0004 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 24-32

Author(s):

Dorothy H. Crawford

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Herpes Simplex ◽

The Body ◽

Protective Mechanism ◽

Human Immune Response ◽

Human Immune ◽

Epstein Barr ◽

Living Organisms ◽

Simplex Virus

‘Kill or be killed’ shows how viruses survive—they must reproduce before the host either dies or its immune system recognizes and eliminates them. The transmission routes of viruses such as flu, measles, common cold, herpes simplex virus, HIV, Epstein–Barr, and hepatitis B are discussed. How do we fight viruses? All living organisms have defences against invading viruses. Vertebrates, and possibly some invertebrates, are immune to re-infection by the same virus. Another protective mechanism, used by plants, but also by insects and other animal species, is gene silencing by RNA interference. The human immune response is explained, discussing the role of lymphocytes and immunopathology, where the immune response may actually harm the body.

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QUAL O PAPEL DO SISTEMA IMUNE NAS MORTES POR MALÁRIA?

Revista de Patologia do Tocantins ◽

10.20873/uft.2446-6492.2019v6n1p58 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 58-62

Author(s):

Gabriel Ferraz Campos Basilio ◽

Lucília Fraissat Santana ◽

Matheus Moreira

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Global Health ◽

The Body ◽

Health Issues ◽

Biological Cycle ◽

Malaria Therapy ◽

The North ◽

New Research

biológico complexo que pode causar diferentes reações imunes no organismo. Essa resposta imune leva a manifestações leves ou graves da doença. O objetivo deste trabalho é abordar o papel do sistema imune na fisiopatologia da malária e suas complicações. Visando assim, definir a melhor abordagem a ser seguida pelas novos trabalhos em terapêutica da malária. Palavras-chave: malária; sistema imune; fisiopatologia; complicações. ABSTRACT Malaria is one of the leading global health issues; it causes more than a million deaths each year. In Brazil, malaria cases are mainly concentrated in the north region of the country. The disease is caused by a complex biological cycle parasite which can cause different immune reactions in the body. This immune response leads to mild or severe manifestations of the disease. The objective of this work is to address the role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of malaria and its complications. In this way, we can define the best approach to new research in malaria therapy. Keywords: malaria; immune system; physiopathology; complications.

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Is it possible to enhance immune response after vaccination? The role of a probiotic with a proven positive effect on all components of the immune system

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2021-11-89-98 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 89-98

Author(s):

E. V. Kanner ◽

M. L. Maksimov ◽

I. D. Kanner ◽

N. M. Lapkin ◽

A. V. Gorelov

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Human Life ◽

Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽

Probiotic Strain ◽

Route Of Administration ◽

The Body ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Vaccine Adjuvants ◽

Probiotic Strains

Preventive vaccination is currently the most affordable and economical way to reduce morbidity and mortality from many infections, improve quality and human life expectancy with an almost ideal balance of benefits and risks among all medical procedures. The article deals with the reasons for variability of the immune response caused by vaccines, between individuals and between populations, which is of fundamental importance for human health. The authors have presented data indicating a key role of the gut microbiota in the control of the immune response to vaccination. Particular attention is paid to the microbial diversity in different loci of the body. The role of microorganisms in the proper functioning of the body and the formation of a number of pathological conditions is described. Most modern vaccines are live-attenuated, killed / inactivated or subunit (recombinant) vaccines, and they are designed for the parenteral route of administration. Most of these vaccines elicit a weak immune response, especially in the mucous membranes, due to the route of administration and are associated with weak cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, mechanisms that can enhance virus-specific vaccine immunity in infants and children are required, such as the use of more potent or selective immunity-enhancing adjuvants. Some probiotic strains may be considered as promising vaccine adjuvants. This article evaluates the recent clinical studies of probiotics used to enhance vaccine-specific immunity in adults and infants. The present-day knowledge on the role of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with the aim of activating immunity after vaccination are presented.

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The role of vitamin D in the body

Diagnostyka Laboratoryjna ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0013.7375 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 55-60

Author(s):

Agnieszka Grafka ◽

Maciej Łopucki ◽

Jarosław Kuna ◽

Anna Kuna ◽

Barbara Pęksa

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Immune Response ◽

Adrenal Glands ◽

Bone Mineralization ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

The Body ◽

Endocrine Function ◽

The Sun ◽

Pituitary Glands

Vitamin D performs a lot of important functions in the body, and its deficiency is just as harmful as the excess. From its precious properties, we draw primarily in the summer while staying in the sun, while in other seasons you should take care of a appropriate diet and implement vitamin D supplementation. The proper level of vitamin D in the human body results in proper bone mineralization, regulates the endocrine function of the pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid gland and pituitary glands. It acts as an anti-proliferative factor of some tumor such as melanoma, breast, prostate, colon, and increases differentiation and inhibits apoptosis of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and skin melanocytes. It has an influence on the proper functioning of many systems and regulates the immune response.

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Construction of irf4a Transgenic Zebrafish Using Tol2 System and Its Potential Application

Dose-Response ◽

10.1177/1559325820926733 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 155932582092673 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yawei Gou ◽

Wei Sun ◽

Lingling Liu ◽

Mingming Zhang ◽

Jianan Du ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

The Body ◽

Transgenic Zebrafish ◽

Regulatory Factor ◽

Green Fluorescence ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 ◽

Tol2 Vector

Purpose: Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is identified as a transcriptional factor and plays an important role in the immune response in mammals; however, there are few reports about the function of zebrafish IRF4. Methods: We first amplified the coding sequence of irf4a from the testis of zebrafish. Besides, the fragments of irf4a, P2A, EGFP, and Tol2 vector were added for homologous recombination. By sequencing, we can get the Tol2-ef1α-irf4a-EGFP recombinant plasmid and it was microinjected into zebrafish embryos. Fluorescence observation was proceeded at days 3 post fertilization; F0 generations expressing green fluorescence in multiple tissues throughout the body were screened as the founder and raised them to sexual maturity. After mating with WT zebrafish to generate F1 offspring, polymerase chain reaction was used to identify whether irf4a was integrated into the zebrafish genome. Conclusion: We obtained the systematic overexpressed irf4a transgenic zebrafish with green fluorescence labeled in spine, eyes, heart, brain, and other tissues. The transgenic zebrafish will be used as a tool for the role of IRF4a in the immune response to the inflammation preconditioning in the future study.

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Effects of Diets Containing Finger Millet Straw and Corn Straw on Growth Performance, Plasma Metabolites, Immune Capacity, and Carcass Traits in Fattening Lambs

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10081285 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1285

Author(s):

Xiaoyong Chen ◽

Hao Mi ◽

Kai Cui ◽

Rongyan Zhou ◽

Shujun Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Finger Millet ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

The Body ◽

Plasma Metabolites ◽

Corn Straw ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

As the byproduct of finger millet, millet straw is a new forage resource of ruminants. The effect of the combined utilization of millet straw with corn straw on fattening lamb production is seldom reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different proportions of millet straw instead of corn straw on the growth performance, blood metabolites, immune response, meat yield, and quality of fattening lamb. Sixty-three-month-old healthy Small-Tailed Han sheep crossbred rams with an average initial weight of 19.28 ± 2.95 kg were randomly divided into four groups, with three replicates in each group and five lambs in each replicate. The replacement ratio of millet straw of each group (Group I, II, III, IV) was 0%, 25%, 35%, 50% at the first stage (the first two months) and 0%, 20%, 28%, 40% in the second period (final two months), respectively. The experiment lasted 4 months 10 days of the pre-feeding period. The results indicated that the body weight gain and average daily gain of group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those of group Ⅰ and group Ⅳ (p < 0.05). The concentration of total protein in group Ⅳ was significantly increased compared to those of the other three groups at the second stage (p < 0.05), which proved that the protein synthesis metabolism capacity was improved with the addition of millet straw. The concentration of the plasma glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase of lambs was significantly decreased in group Ⅱ (p < 0.05). The combination of millet straw and corn straw had no impact on the glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides metabolism (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the pre-slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, loin-eye area, and GR value among the four groups (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the immune response and meat quality were not impacted by the different proportions of millet and corn forage diets. The results showed that the combined utilization of millet straw with corn straw could improve the blood biochemistry metabolism capability of fattening lambs. The replacement of 50% of corn straw with millet straw could improve the growth performance and be an application in fattening lamb production.

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Atypical chromatin structure of immune-related genes expressed in chicken erythrocytes

Biochemistry and Cell Biology ◽

10.1139/bcb-2019-0107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (2) ◽

pp. 171-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sanzida Jahan ◽

Tasnim H. Beacon ◽

Wayne Xu ◽

James R. Davie

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Innate Immune Response ◽

Chromatin Structure ◽

Regulatory Elements ◽

The Body ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Erythroid Cell ◽

Toll Like Receptors ◽

Polychromatic Erythrocytes

The major biological role of red blood cells is to carry oxygen to the tissues in the body. However, another role of the erythroid cell is to participate in the immune response. Mature erythrocytes from chickens express Toll-like receptors and several cytokines in response to stimulation of the immune system. We previously reported the application of a biochemical fractionation protocol to isolate highly enriched transcribed DNA from polychromatic erythrocytes from chickens. In conjunction with next-generation DNA, RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation-DNA sequencing, and formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE) sequencing, we identified the active chromosomal compartments and determined their structural signatures in relation to expression levels. Here, we present the detailed chromatin characteristics of erythroid genes participating in the innate immune response. Our studies revealed an atypical chromatin structure for several genes coding for Toll-like receptors, interleukins, and interferon regulatory factors. The body of these genes had nucleosome-free regions intermingled with nucleosomes modified with H3K4me3 and H3K27ac, suggesting a dynamic unstable chromatin structure. We further show that human genes involved in cell identity have gene bodies with the same chromatin-instability features as the chicken polychromatic erythrocyte genes participating in the innate immune response.

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