scholarly journals Enterovirus infection in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 467-475
Author(s):  
L. N. Golitsyna ◽  
T. T.T. Nguyen ◽  
N. I. Romanenkova ◽  
M. T. Luong ◽  
L. T. Vu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Enterovirus Infection ◽  
Socialist Republic

Human enterovirus infections comprise a group of infectious diseases caused by viruses of Enterovirus A-D species (genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae). Enterovirus infections can vary in clinical manifestations and severity, from asymptomatic infection to serious multisystem diseases. During evolution, enterovirus strains with increased neurovirulence or atypical pathogenicity may emerge exhibiting an epidemic potential. Recently, outbreaks of enterovirus infection with an increased rate of neurological manifestations, a significant percentage of severe cases and lethal outcomes have been observed worldwide, which were associated with enteroviruses EV-A71, EV-D68 etc. The World Health Organization has included EV-A71 and EV-D68 enterovirus infection together with some other dangerous viral diseases considered for inclusion in the List of Blueprint Priority Diseases. In connection with this, global enterovirus surveillance is important for controlling emergence and spread of epidemic enterovirus variants, prediction of establishing epidemic situation, timely conduction of preventive measures and vaccine development. A growing multi-field cooperation between Russia and Vietnam leads to increased two-way population migration, which actualizes scientific and practical collaboration in surveillance and control of infectious disease spread, including enterovirus infection. Currently, epidemiological surveillance of enterovirus infection in Vietnam is based on monitoring hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) rate, laboratory diagnostics of enterovirus infection and identification of enterovirus strains, mainly detected in severe patients. In 2001–2016, 34 non-polio virus types were identified in patients with enterovirus infection, largely represented by viruses EV-A71, CVA6, CVA10, and CVA16. Moreover, the peak incidence of enterovirus infection and related mortality rate were associated with the increased activity of EV-A71 virus. In Vietnam, EVA71 enterovirus of genotypes C1, C4, C5 and B5 circulated at different times. Over the last years, a new pandemic genotype virus CVA6 has been dominating as a causative agent of enterovirus infection in Vietnam as well as the majority of other countries. The data on phylogenetic relation between Vietnamese epidemic EV-A71 and CVA6 strains allowed to find that they underwent multiple betweencountry spreads, whereas their subsequent in-country dissemination resulted in 2011–2012 enterovirus outbreak and sustained high-level HFMD morbidity.

Molecular Epidemiological Monitoring of Circulation of Coxsackievirus A10

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
LN Golitsyna ◽  
VV Zverev ◽  
NV Ponomareva ◽  
NI Romanenkova ◽  
Thao Thanh Thi Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Molecular Monitoring ◽  
South Vietnam ◽  
Epidemiological Monitoring ◽  
The Russian Federation

Background: Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) is currently one of the most common etiological agents of enterovirus infection (EVI). Over the past decade, severe and fatal cases of CV-A10 infection have become more frequent while clinical manifestations of the disease are similar to those of Enterovirus A71 infection. The objective of our study was to characterize circulation of Coxsackievirus A10 in the Russian Federation in 2008–2019 and to study the phylogenetic relationships of strains isolated in Russia and Vietnam. Materials and methods: In 2008–2019, 220 CV-A10 strains were isolated from patients with various clinical manifestations of EVI and from sewage water samples taken in the Russian Federation and then studied using molecular genetic methods. In addition to that, we analyzed 26 CV-A10 strains isolated from patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and acute flaccid paralysis in South Vietnam in 2018–2019. Results: We established a two-year periodicity of CV-A10 active circulation in Russia. In the structure of clinical forms of CV-A10 infection, herpetic angina prevailed (30.8 %), followed by minor illness (25.25 %), respiratory diseases (15.66 %), exanthema (14.65 %), gastrointestinal disorders (8.08 %), and asymptomatic infections (2.02 %). Symptoms of CNS damage (meningitis, meningoencephalitis) were observed in 3.53 % of cases. Most CV-A10 strains from Vietnam were isolated from patients with CNS affection of varying degrees of severity. During the study period, CV-A10 strains of genotypes C, E, and F3 circulated in the territory of the Russian Federation whereas the strains from South Vietnam were represented by genotypes F3 and F1. The studied strains showed a genetic relationship with those of CV-A10 circulating in different countries. Vietnamese and some Russian strains of the F3 genotype were genetically close to the strains isolated from severe cases. Conclusions: Molecular monitoring of CV-A10 circulation is an important component of the global epidemiological surveillance of EVI.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Current Developments and Further Opportunities in Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 945
Author(s):  
Saman Zafar ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Arshad ◽  
Sameen Fatima ◽  
Amna Ali ◽  
Aliyah Zaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spread Of Infection

SARS-CoV-2 has affected people from all age groups, races and ethnicities. Given that many infected individuals are asymptomatic, they transmit the disease to others unknowingly, which has resulted in the spread of infection at an alarming rate. This review aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, preventive measures to reduce the disease spread, therapies currently in use, an update on vaccine development and opportunities for vaccine delivery. The World Health Organization has advised several precautions including social distancing, hand washing and the use of PPE including gloves and face masks for minimizing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. At present, several antiviral therapies previously approved for other infections are being repositioned to study their efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. In addition, some medicines (i.e., remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine) have received emergency use authorisation from the FDA. Plasma therapy has also been authorised for emergency use for the treatment of COVID-19 on a smaller scale. However, no vaccine has been approved so far against this virus. Nevertheless, several potential vaccine targets have been reported, and development of different types of vaccines including DNA, mRNA, viral vector, inactivated, subunit and vaccine-like particles is in process. It is concluded that a suitable candidate delivered through an advanced drug delivery approach would effectively boost the immune system against this coronavirus.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Characteristics and Therapeutics

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rameswari Chilamakuri ◽  
Saurabh Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Multiple Treatment ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Novel coronavirus (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2), which suddenly emerged in December 2019 is still haunting the entire human race and has affected not only the healthcare system but also the global socioeconomic balances. COVID-19 was quickly designated as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization as there have been about 98.0 million confirmed cases and about 2.0 million confirmed deaths, as of January 2021. Although, our understanding of COVID-19 has significantly increased since its outbreak, and multiple treatment approaches and pharmacological interventions have been tested or are currently under development to mitigate its risk-factors. Recently, some vaccine candidates showed around 95% clinical efficacy, and now receiving emergency use approvals in different countries. US FDA recently approved BNT162 and mRNA-1273 vaccines developed by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Inc. for emergency use and vaccination in the USA. In this review, we present a succinct overview of the SARS-CoV-2 virus structure, molecular mechanisms of infection, COVID-19 epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical manifestations. We also systematize different treatment strategies and clinical trials initiated after the pandemic outbreak, based on viral infection and replication mechanisms. Additionally, we reviewed the novel pharmacological intervention approaches and vaccine development strategies against COVID-19. We speculate that the current pandemic emergency will trigger detailed studies of coronaviruses, their mechanism of infection, development of systematic drug repurposing approaches, and novel drug discoveries for current and future pandemic outbreaks.

scholarly journals A Proposal for the Classification and Nomenclature of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease-Related Enteroviruses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajuan Dong ◽  
Zhenzhou Wan ◽  
Shenwei Li ◽  
Jian-Hua Wang ◽  
Xia Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Current Classification ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Phylogenic Relationship

Abstract Background: Enterovirus has diverged into many types, some of which cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. The predominant enterovirus types associated with HFMD are EVA71, CVA16, CVA6 and CVA10. Subtyping of these enteroviruses is crucial to HFMD surveillance. Because of lacking proper and uniform criteria and being based on partial VP1 sequences, however, current classification resulted in some confusing and conflicting results. Method: We reclassified EVA71, CVA16, CVA6 and CVA10 using a combined criteria of phylogenic relationship and genetic distance. Results: Using the combined criteria, we classified EVA71 into seven genotypes of A–G, CVA16 and CVA6 into three subtypes of A-C, and CVA10 into nine subtypes/sub-subtypes of A-G, H1 and H2, and identified eight unclassified subtypes that lack genomic sequences. The mean genetic divergence was 15.5-33.8% between subtypes, 12-15% between sub-subtypes, and less than 12% within subtypes/sub-subtypes. In addition, we identified two new EVA71 inter-subtype recombinants RF01_CG and RF02_CG and demonstrated that EVA71 subtypes D and F and CVA10 subtype B experienced inter-subtype recombination events during early evolution. Conclusions: The new nomenclature proposal provides a reasonable framework for proper classification of enteroviruses, which will be useful for epidemiological surveillance of HFMD, disease management, and vaccine development.

ENTEROVIRUS INFECTION: OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT GLOBAL SITUATION IN THE CONTEXT OF INTENSIFIED MIGRATION FLOWS

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
L.V. Butakova ◽  
O.E. Trotsenko ◽  
E.Yu. Sapega
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Enterovirus Infection ◽  
Coxsackievirus A6 ◽  
Golden Standard ◽  
Enterovirus D68 ◽  
Genetic Techniques ◽  
Migration Flows

The review presents data on epidemiological risks concerning worldwide spread of enterovirus infection due to intensified migration flows. Outbreak incidence of the most frequently registered forms of enterovirus infection – hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) –was analyzed. At the present time, Coxsackievirus A6 plays ever-greater significance in HFMD incidence. The article summarizes currently available scientific data on atypical Coxsackievirus A6-infection clinical manifestations. Details on the tense epidemiological situation concerning Enterovirus D68 that can be the cause of acute flaccid paralysis/myelitis are presented. According to latest recommendations, the molecular genetic techniques are the «golden standard» in diagnostics of enterovirus infection.

scholarly journals Human enterovirus 71 and hand, foot and mouth disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (8) ◽  
pp. 1071-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Y. WONG ◽  
C. C. Y. YIP ◽  
S. K. P. LAU ◽  
K. Y. YUEN
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Human Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Asian Pacific Region ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Foot And Mouth

SUMMARYHand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is generally a benign febrile exanthematous childhood disease caused by human enteroviruses. The route of transmission is postulated to be faeco-oral in developing areas but attributed more to respiratory droplet in developed areas. Transmission is facilitated by the prolonged environmental survival of these viruses and their greater resistance to biocides. Serious outbreaks with neurological and cardiopulmonary complications caused by human enterovirus 71 (HEV-71) seem to be commoner in the Asian Pacific region than elsewhere in the world. This geographical predilection is unexplained but could be related to the frequency of intra- and inter-typic genetic recombinations of the virus, the host populations' genetic predisposition, environmental hygiene, and standard of healthcare. Vaccine development could be hampered by the general mildness of the illness and rapid genetic evolution of the virus. Antivirals are not readily available; the role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of serious complications should be investigated. Monitoring of this disease and its epidemiology in the densely populated Asia Pacific epicentre is important for the detection of emerging epidemics due to enteroviruses.

scholarly journals Zika virus reservoirs: Implications for transmission, future outbreaks, drug and vaccine development

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Kalkeri ◽  
Krishna K. Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines ◽  
Health Organization

Zika virus (ZIKV) was recently declared as a ‘Global Health Emergency’ by the World Health Organization. Various tissue reservoirs of ZIKV in infected humans and animals models have been observed, the implications of which are not known. Compared to other Flaviviruses, sexual transmission and persistence in the genitourinary tract seem to be unique to ZIKV. ZIKV persistence and shedding in bodily secretions (e.g. saliva, semen) is a concern for potential disease spread and could pose challenges in diagnosis, regulatory guidelines and drug/vaccine development. Murine and non-human primate models could be useful to study the role of tissue reservoirs in the development of prophylactic or therapeutic strategies. There is a need for meta-analysis of the ZIKV infection and virus shedding data from infected patients and ZIKV animal models, and additional research is needed to fully comprehend the long term implications of tissue reservoirs on ZIKV disease pathogenesis and biology.

Molecular and Phylogenetic Characteristics of Cytomegaloviruses Isolated from Children in Nizhny Novgorod

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
ОЕ Vankova ◽  
NF Brusnigina
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Study Results

Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a serious problem of modern health care. It belongs to the category of socially significant infections and is characterized by polymorphism of clinical manifestations and high child mortality. Abroad, much attention is paid to virus genotyping, determining the role of various genotypes in the development of certain clinical forms of CMV infection, and developing a vaccine against congenital human cytomegalovirus infection. The objective of our study was to assess the genetic diversity of cytomegaloviruses in children of Nizhny Novgorod. Materials and methods: We analyzed clinical CMV isolates from body fluid samples (blood, urine, and saliva), viral DNA and its fragments in 580 children aged from 15 days to 16 years. Molecular biology (PCR, RT-PCR, and sequencing), bioinformatics and statistical methods were applied in the study. Results: We established that CMV detection rates in children varied from 3.8 % to 18.9 % depending on the form of the disease. We assessed various method approaches to genotyping human cytomegalovirus clinical isolates, were first to determine prevalent gB1, gB2, and gN4a CMV genotypes in children in the Russian Federation, and revealed infected cases caused by two and three genotypes simultaneously. The phylogenetic analysis of UL55 and UL73 gene sequences indicates genetic diversity of Russian CMV isolates from children in the Nizhny Novgorod Region. Conclusions: New data on the prevalence of various CMV genotypes in children living in Nizhny Novgorod may be used in the system of epidemiological surveillance of cytomegalovirus infection while the results of genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of clinical CMV isolates may contribute to domestic vaccine development.

COVID 19: REALS AND CHALLENGES AGAINST DOCTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-87
Author(s):  
Zen Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Pneumonia Case ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
Health Organization

Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) is a contagious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which was discovered in December 2019 in China. This disease can cause clinical manifestations in the airway, lung and systemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) representative of China reported a pneumonia case with unknown etiology in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China on December 31, 2019. The cause was identified as a new type of coronavirus on January 7, 2020 with an estimated source of the virus from traditional markets (seafood market). ) Wuhan city

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