scholarly journals ALTERAÇÕES MICROMETEOROLÓGICAS EM AMBIENTES PROTEGIDOS CULTIVADOS COM MINITOMATE ORGÂNICO

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haroldo Ferreira De Araujo ◽  
Paulo Ademar Martins Leal ◽  
Thais Queiroz Zorzeto ◽  
Pâmela Santaguita Betin ◽  
Eduardo Fernandes Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Vertical Profile ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Amplitude Control ◽  
Shade Cloth ◽  
Production Area ◽  
E Mail

ALTERAÇÕES MICROMETEOROLÓGICAS EM AMBIENTES PROTEGIDOS CULTIVADOS COM MINITOMATE ORGÂNICO HAROLDO FERREIRA DE ARAÚJO1; PAULO ADEMAR MARTINS LEAL2; THAIS QUEIROZ ZORZETO3; EDUARDO FERNANDES NUNES4; PÂMELA SANTAGUITA BETIN5 E GUILHERME FRANCISCO PLANA SERVILHA5 1 Eng. Agrônomo, Pesquisador Doutor, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, FEAGRI/UNICAMP, Av. Cândido Rondon, 501 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas - SP, 13083-875, Fone: (19) 3521-1123, [email protected] Eng. Agrícola, Prof. Doutor, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, FEAGRI/UNICAMP, Campinas-SP; E-mail: [email protected] Engª. Agrícola, Doutor (a), FEAGRI/UNICAMP, Campinas-SP; E-mail: [email protected] Eng. Telecomunicações, Doutor em Eng. Agrícola, FEAGRI/UNICAMP, Campinas-SP; E-mail: [email protected] Eng. Agrícola, Graduandos, FEAGRI/UNICAMP, Campinas-SP; E-mails: [email protected] e [email protected]  1 RESUMO Várias são as tecnologias utilizadas para a modificação das variáveis meteorológicas em ambiente protegido, porém as alterações e a resposta das culturas sob essas modificações devem ser estudadas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar as alterações das variáveis meteorológicas em horários sinóticos em diferentes alturas no perfil vertical do centro geométrico de casas de vegetação com diferentes sistemas (resfriamento evaporativo, ventilação mecânica e sombreamento), e cultivadas com minitomate orgânico. Analisaram-se dados de radiação solar, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, sendo estas últimas nas alturas de 1, 2 e 3 m do piso, em horários sinóticos intermediários (3, 9, 15 e 21 horas) coletados nos diferentes ambientes. A partir dos resultados, notou-se que o microclima em ambientes protegidos somente com malhas termorrefletoras, pode ser caracterizado por um sensor na área de produção no perfil vertical entre 1 e 2 m e outro no bolsão térmico. A associação dos sistemas automatizados de resfriamento evaporativo, ventilação mecânica e tela termorrefletora, permitiram que a temperatura máxima e a umidade relativa do ar mínima fossem mantidas em um nível adequado. Os ambientes com tela termorrefletora móvel foram eficientes na atenuação da radiação solar global diária para a cultura. Palavras–chave: Graus tecnológicos, tela de sombreamento, controle automatizado, cultivo orgânico.  ARAÚJO, H. F.; LEAL, P. A. M.; ZORZETO, T. Q.; NUNES, E. F.; BETIN, P. S.; SERVILHA, G. F. PMETEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES IN GREENHOUSES CULTIVATED WITH ORGANIC TOMATO  2 ABSTRACT There are several technologies used for modification of the micrometeorological variables in greenhouse, but the changes and crop response to these modifications must be studied. The objective was to evaluate changes in micrometeorological air variables air in synoptic times at different heights in vertical profile at the geometric center of greenhouses with different systems (evaporative cooling, mechanical ventilation and shading) and cultured cultures grown with organic minitomate. Analyzed data of sSolar radiation, temperature and relative humidity data were assessed, the latter being thewith heights of 1, 2 and 3 m from the floor in intermediate synoptic times (3, 9, 15 and 21 hours) collected in different greenhouses. The results showed that the microclimate in greenhouses with thermal reflector screens meshes could be characterized as a sensor in the production area of the vertical profile between 1 and 2 m and other thermal pocket with readings from day to night of intermediate synoptic hours. The combination of automated evaporative cooling systems, ventilation and thermal reflector screen, allowed the maximum temperature and the relative humidity of minimum air were kept in a desired amplitude control. The mobile thermal reflector screen greenhouses were effective in the attenuation of daily solar radiation, while setting a fixed thermal reflector screen recorded values below the limit for trophic culture. Keywords: Technological Degrees, shade cloth, automated control, organic production.

scholarly journals Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan)

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shazia Noor ◽  
Hadeed Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Sultan ◽  
Zahid Mahmood Khan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort ◽  
Work Input ◽  
System Configurations

This study provides comprehensive details of evaporative cooling options for building air-conditioning (AC) in Multan (Pakistan). Standalone evaporative cooling and standalone vapor compression AC (VCAC) systems are commonly used in Pakistan. Therefore, seven AC system configurations comprising of direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), VCAC, and their possible combinations, are explored for the climatic conditions of Multan. The study aims to explore the optimum AC system configuration for the building AC from the viewpoints of cooling capacity, system performance, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions. A simulation model was designed in DesignBuilder and simulated using EnergyPlus in order to optimize the applicability of the proposed systems. The standalone VCAC and hybrid IEC-VCAC & IEC-DEC-VCAC system configurations could achieve the desired human thermal comfort. The standalone DEC resulted in a maximum COP of 4.5, whereas, it was 2.1 in case of the hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC system. The hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC system achieved maximum temperature gradient (21 °C) and relatively less CO2 emissions as compared to standalone VCAC. In addition, it provided maximum cooling capacity (184 kW for work input of 100 kW), which is 85% higher than the standalone DEC system. Furthermore, it achieved neutral to slightly cool human thermal comfort i.e., 0 to −1 predicted mean vote and 30% of predicted percentage dissatisfied. Thus, the study concludes the hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC as an optimum configuration for building AC in Multan.

Relation of the maximum temperature and relative humidity close to the insemination with the tropical milking criollo heifer’s gestation in three seasons

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Froylan Rosales-Martínez ◽  
Adalberto Rosendo-Ponce ◽  
César Cortez-Romero ◽  
Jaime Gallegos-Sánchez ◽  
Juan M. Cuca-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Maximum Temperature

scholarly journals Reproductive performance of spiralling whitefly on guava and impact of weather parameters on its immature stages

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
I Hossain ◽  
MMH Khan ◽  
SMH Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Aleurodicus Dispersus ◽  
Weather Parameters

The study was conducted to know the reproductive performance of spiralling whitefly on guava. Number of colony, eggs, 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar and 4th instar nymphs per five leaves ranged from 6 to 15, 8 to 32, 0 to 44, 0 to 22, 0 to 45 and 0 to 28, respectively. Maximum number of adults and nymphs were found in the month of January. Highest longevity of Aleurodicus dispersus (21.5 days) was recorded in adult while the lowest was in 2nd instar nymph (6.4 days). The number of colony/leaf and number of 3rd and 4th instar nymphs of A. dispersus had significant positive correlation with minimum and maximum temperature while non-significant positive correlation is observed between the number of egg/colony, the number 1st and 2nd instar nymphs with minimum and maximum temperature. A. dispersus showed nonsignificant positive correlation with minimum and maximum relative humidity regarding number of colony/leaf, 2nd instar nymph while nonsignificant negative correlation with 4th instar nymph.SAARC J. Agri., 15(2): 207-214 (2017)

scholarly journals Weather parameters vulnerability on tea production in north western Himalaya, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2262-2267
Author(s):  
Parmod Verma ◽  
Ranbir Singh Rana ◽  
Ramesh Ramesh ◽  
Ranu Pathania
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Western Himalaya ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Tea Production ◽  
Weather Parameters ◽  
June July

The study assessed the sensitivity of weather parameters with respect to total green leaf and two leaves and bud (T & B) productivity of tea crop {Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze}. The maximum temperature ranging from 20.0 to 29.0 oC during March, May, August and September showed positive relationship with values ranging from 0.26 to 3.38 and 0.22 to 3.22 for green leaf and T & B yield, respectively. Similarly, minimum temperature ranging from 9.1 to 20.0 oC during March and July to October found positive 0.001 to 2.93 and 0.28 to 2.91 for green leaf and T & B productivity, respectively. The mean monthly rainfall amounting 52.7 to 664.7 mm during March, May, July to October and 52.7 to 488.4 mm during June, July, September and October also showed positive sensitivity with values ranging from 0.03 to 0.33 and 0.007 to 0.35 for green leaf and T & B yield, respectively. The relative humidity ranging between 41.2 to 77.3% during April to May for green leaf yield (0.32 to 1.71) and during April to May and October for two leaf and bud yield (0.00 to 1.70) showed positive relationship. So, maximum and minimum temperature between 20.0 to 29.0 oC and 9.1 to 20.0 oC, respectively with rainfall of 52.7 to 488.4 mm and relative humidity 41.2 to 77.3% are the most beneficial weather parameters for tea cultivation at Palampur conditions.

scholarly journals Impact of abiotic factors on build-up of citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama population in Punjab, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hijam S. Devi ◽  
D. R. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Weak Links ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Citrus Psylla

Seasonal abundance of citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri) Kuwayama was studied on Kinnow mandarin under Punjab conditions during 2012 and 2013. Population of D. citri was present throughout the year but only adults found surviving during December and February. There was no nymphal population when maximum temperature was > 39°C or < 7°C. Two population peaks of nymphs wer e observed, first in April-May and second in August- September. Thereafter, there was abrupt decline in nymphal population during June and July during both the years when the weather conditions i.e. maximum, minimum temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), rainfall (m m) and sunshine (hrs) ranged from 24.4-44, 22.4-31.8, 25.5-100, 0-108.0 and 0-13.5, respectively. Highest peaks of adult were found during May followed by June. With the decrease in temperature from the end of September, the population of D. citri started to decrease and reached its lowest during winter season. Correlation analysis for both the years indicated that maximum and minimum temperature, sunshine and rainfall were positively correlated with nymphal, adult and mixed population but the effect of rainfall on adult population was non-significant, while relative humidity was negatively correlated. The study is useful to find out the weak links of psyllid populations in relation to abiotic factors and that could be exploited to curb its infestation and disease transmission.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Relationship between Cerebrospinal Meningitis and Climate Variables in Kaduna State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Joyce Imara Nchom ◽  
A. S. Abubakar ◽  
F. O. Arimoro ◽  
B. Y. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Data Set ◽  
International Research Institute ◽  
Wind Speed Maximum ◽  
Weather Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between Meningitis and weather parameters (air temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall) in Kaduna state, Nigeria on a weekly basis from 2007–2019. Meningitis data was acquired weekly from Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Bureau of Statistics and weather parameters were sourced from daily satellite data set National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI). The daily data were aggregated weekly to suit the study. The data were analysed using linear trend and Pearson correlation for relationship. The linear trend results revealed a weekly decline in Cerebro Spinal Meningitis (CSM), wind speed, maximum and air temperature and an increase in relative humidity and rainfall. Generally, results reveal that the most important explanatory weather variables influencing CSM amongst the five (5) are the weekly maximum temperature and air temperature with a positive correlation of 0.768 and 0.773. This study recommends that keen interest be placed on temperature as they play an essential role in the transmission of this disease and most times aggravate the patients' condition.

scholarly journals DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MUDAS DE CAFEEIRO PRODUZIDAS EM TUBETES SOB MALHAS TERMO-REFLETORAS E MALHA NEGRA

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícios Maia Costa ◽  
Marcos Vinícios Folegatti ◽  
Roberto Terumi Atarassi ◽  
Sérgio Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Nildo Da Silva Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stalk Diameter ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Coffea Arabica L

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MUDAS DE CAFEEIRO PRODUZIDAS EM TUBETES SOB MALHAS TERMO-REFLETORAS E MALHA NEGRA VINÍCIUS MAIA COSTA1; MARCOS VINÍCIUS FOLEGATTI2; ROBERTO TERUMI ATARASSI3; SÉRGIO NASCIMENTO DUARTE4; NILDO DA SILVA DIAS5 E CLAUDIO RICARDO DA SILVA6.  [1] Mestre em Agronomia, Depto. de Engenharia de Biossistemas, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba – SP. E-mail: [email protected]. Titular, Depto. de Engenharia de Biossistemas, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba – SP. E-mail: [email protected] de Ciências Agrárias, UFU, Av. Amazonas, s/n, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902, Uberlândia-MG. E-mail: [email protected]. Associado, Depto. de Engenharia de Biossistemas, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba – SP. E-mail: [email protected] Associado 2, Departamento de Ciências Ambientais e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN. E-mail: [email protected] de Ciências Agrárias, UFU, Av. Amazonas, s/n, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902, Uberlândia-MG. E-mail: [email protected].  1 RESUMO Este experimento avaliou, em casa de vegetação, o desenvolvimento de mudas de cafeeiro produzidas em tubetes, sob o efeito de malhas utilizadas para sombreamento. Os tratamentos foram a tradicional malha negra 50% e as malhas termo-refletoras com atenuação da radiação solar de 40, 50, 60 e 70%. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados contendo os 5 tratamentos, com 4 repetições, totalizando-se assim 20 parcelas. Os resultados mostram que temperatura do ar pouco variou no microclima protegido das parcelas, assim como a umidade relativa do ar e a transmissividade global (TRG) e fotossinteticamente ativa (TRFA). Verificou-se que malhas com menor atenuação da radiação solar apresentaram em geral maior transmissividade. A área foliar não apresentou diferença significativa entre os tratamentos; já para altura da planta e diâmetro do caule, verificou-se que as mudas produzidas sob as malhas termo-refletoras 40 e 50% foram superiores àquelas produzidas sob malha negra 50% e malhas termo-refletoras 60 e 70%, respectivamente. Nas avaliações de matéria seca, verificou-se que as mudas produzidas sob as malhas termo-refletoras 40% e 50% e malha negra 50% acumularam mais matéria seca comparativamente àquelas produzidas sob malhas termo-refletoras 60 e 70%. Assim, concluiu-se que as malhas termo-refletoras 40 e 50% e negra 50% apresentaram melhores resultados que as malhas termo-refletoras 60 e 70%. Palavras-chave: Coffea arábica L., sombreamento, ambiente protegido.  COSTA, V.M.; FOLEGATTI, M.V.; ATARASSI, R.T.; DUARTE, S.N.; DIAS, N.S.; SILVA, C.R. DEVELOPMENT OF COFFEE SEEDLINGS PRODUCED IN PLASTIC TUBESUNDER TERMO-REFLECTIVE AND BLACK SCREENS   2 ABSTRACT This experiment evaluated, in greenhouse conditions, the development of coffee seedlings produced in plastic tubes, under the effect of screens used for shading. The treatments were the traditional black screen 50% and the thermo reflective screens with attenuation of the solar radiation of 40, 50, 60 and 70%. The adopted experimental delineation was randomized blocks with 5 treatments and 4 replicates, making up 20 parcels. The result showed that the temperature of air gently varied in the parcels, as well as the air relative humidity.  Relating to global transmissivity (TRG) and photosynthetically active transmissivity (TRFA), it was verified that screens with less attenuation of the solar radiation presented higher transmissivity in general. The leaf area did not present significant difference among the treatments and seedlings height and stalk diameter, the seedlings produced under thermo-reflective screens 40% and 50% were superior to those produced under black screen 50% and thermo-reflective screen 60% and 70%. In the evaluations of dry matter, the seedlings produced under thermo-reflective screens 40% and 50%, and black screen 50% comparatively accumulated more dry matter than those produced under thermo-reflective screens 60% and 70%. Thus, it can be concluded that the thermo-reflective screens 40% and 50% and black screen 50% presented better results than the thermo-reflective screens 60% and 70%. Keywords: Coffea arábica L., shading, greenhouse.

scholarly journals SEASONAL AND INTERANNUAL PATTERN OF METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES IN CUIABÁ, MATO GROSSO STATE, BRAZIL

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Gomes Machado ◽  
Marcelo Sacardi Biudes ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Santos Querino ◽  
Victor Hugo De Morais Danelichen ◽  
Maísa Caldas Souza Velasque
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Mato Grosso

ABSTRACT. Cuiab´a is located on the border of the Pantanal and Cerrado, in Mato Grosso State, which is recognized as one of the biggest agricultural producers of Brazil. The use of natural resources in a sustainable manner requires knowledge of the regional meteorological variables. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the seasonal and interannual pattern of meteorological variables in Cuiab´a. The meteorological data from 1961 to 2011 were provided by the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET – National Institute of Meteorology). The results have shown interannual and seasonal variations of precipitation, solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity, and wind speed and direction, establishing two main distinct seasons (rainy and dry). On average, 89% of the rainfall occurred in the wet season. The annual average values of daily global radiation, mean, minimum and maximum temperature and relative humidity were 15.6 MJ m–2 y–1, 27.9◦C, 23.0◦C, 30.0◦C and 71.6%, respectively. Themaximum temperature and the wind speed had no seasonal pattern. The wind speed average decreased in the NWdirectionand increased in the S direction.Keywords: meteorological variables, climatology, ENSO. RESUMO. Cuiabá está localizado na fronteira do Pantanal com o Cerrado, no Mato Grosso, que é reconhecido como um dos maiores produtores agrícolas do Brasil. A utilização dos recursos naturais de forma sustentável requer o conhecimento das variáveis meteorológicas em escala regional. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o padrão sazonal e interanual das variáveis meteorológicas em Cuiabá. Os dados meteorológicos de 1961 a 2011 foram fornecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Os resultados mostraram variações interanuais e sazonais de precipitação, radiação solar, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar e velocidade e direção do vento, estabelecendo duas principais estações distintas (chuvosa e seca). Em média, 89% da precipitação ocorreu na estação chuvosa. Os valores médios anuais de radiação diária global, temperatura do ar média, mínima e máxima e umidade relativa do ar foram 15,6 MJ m–2 y–1, 27,9◦C, 23,0◦C, 30,0◦C e 71,6%, respectivamente. A temperatura máxima e a velocidade do vento não tiveram padrão sazonal. A velocidade média do vento diminuiu na direção NW e aumentou na direção S.Palavras-chave: variáveis meteorológicas, climatologia, ENOS.

Improved design of the head of a blowing production well

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Б.А. Опрышко ◽  
В.А. Швецов ◽  
А.Э. Шагинян ◽  
О.А. Белавина
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Production Well ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Underground Waters ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Improved Design ◽  
E Mail

Камчатский государственный технический университет 683003, Россия, г. Петропавловск-Камчатский, Ключевская ул., 35, тел.: +7 (4152) 30-08-77, e-mail: [email protected] Предложена усовершенствованная конструкция оголовка для эксплуатационной самоизливающейся скважины водозаборов питьевых подземных вод. Оголовок относится к области технических средств, предназначенных для непрерывного контроля режима работы и гидрогеологического мониторинга водозаборов. Оголовок используется на скважинах, расположенных на неохраняемых территориях. Установка оголовка позволяет автоматизировать контроль работы скважин и мониторинг подземных питьевых вод, при этом повышается точность измерений контрольных параметров подземных вод. An improved design of the head for a blowing production well for drinking underground water intakes is proposed. A well head is assigned to the technical means for continuous monitoring of the operating mode and hydrogeological monitoring of water intakes. The head is used in wells located in unguarded areas. The installation of the head provides for the automated control of wells and monitoring of underground drinking water, while increasing the accuracy of measurements of the control parameters of underground waters.

scholarly journals Influence of Climatic Factors on Malaria Epidemic in Gulu District, Northern Uganda: A 10-Year Retrospective Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ouma Simple ◽  
Arnold Mindra ◽  
Gerald Obai ◽  
Emilio Ovuga ◽  
Emmanuel Igwaro Odongo-Aginya
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
Gulu District

Background. Globally, 15 countries, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa, account for 80% of malaria cases and 78% of malaria related deaths. In Uganda, malaria is endemic and the mortality and morbidity due to malaria cause significant negative impact on the economy. In Gulu district, malaria is the leading killer disease among children <5 years. In 2015, the high intensity of malaria infection in Northern Uganda revealed a possible link between malaria and rainfall. However, available information on the influence of climatic factors on malaria are scarce, conflicting, and highly contextualized and therefore one cannot reference such information to malaria control policy in Northern Uganda, thus the need for this study. Methods and Results. During the 10 year’s retrospective study period a total of 2,304,537 people suffered from malaria in Gulu district. Malaria infection was generally stable with biannual peaks during the months of June-July and September-October but showed a declining trend after introduction of indoor residual spraying. Analysis of the departure of mean monthly malaria cases from the long-term mean monthly malaria cases revealed biannual seasonal outbreaks before and during the first year of introduction of indoor residual spraying. However, there were two major malaria epidemics in 2015 following discontinuation of indoor residual spraying in the late 2014. Children <5 years of age were disproportionally affected by malaria and accounted for 47.6% of the total malaria cases. Both rainfall (P=0.04) and relative humidity (P=0.003) had significant positive correlations with malaria. Meanwhile, maximum temperature had significant negative correlation with malaria (P=0.02) but minimum temperature had no correlation with malaria (P=0.29). Conclusion. Malaria in Gulu disproportionately affects children under 5 years and shows seasonality with a generally stable trend influenced by rainfall and relative humidity. However, indoor residual spraying is a very promising method to achieve a sustained malaria control in this population.

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