scholarly journals Pequi leaves incorporated into the soil reduce the initial growth of cultivated, invasive and native species

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1761-1768 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAÍSA N. ALLEM ◽  
ANABELE S. GOMES ◽  
FABIAN BORGHETTI
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Reasonable Range ◽  
Red Latosol ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Germinated Seeds

Studies have identified the phytotoxicity of many native species of the Cerrado; however, most of them were conducted either in inert substrates, or using exaggerate proportions of plant material. We investigated the phytotoxicity of pequi leaves added to substrate soil in quantities compatible with the litter produced by this species. Pequi leaves were triturated and added to red latosol in concentrations of 0.75%, 1.5% and 3%; the control was constituted of leafless soil. These mixtures were added to pots and irrigated daily to keep them moist. Germinated seeds of the cultivated sorghum and sesame, of the invasive brachiaria and of the native purple ipê, were disposed in the pots to grow for five to seven days at 30°C within a photoperiod of 12 h. Seedlings of all the species presented a reduction in their initial growth in a dose-dependent way. In general, the root growth was more affected by the treatments than the shoot growth; moreover, signs of necrosis were observed in the roots of the sorghum, sesame and brachiaria. The phytotoxic effects generated by relatively small quantities of leaves, in a reasonable range of species within a soil substrate, suggest potential allelopathy of pequi leaves under natural conditions.

scholarly journals SUBSTRATES AND WATER AVAILABILITY ON THE EMERGENCE AND INITIAL GROWTH OF Alibertia sessilis Schum. SEEDLINGS

FLORESTA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Henrique De Sousa Mota ◽  
Silvana De Paula Quintão Scalon ◽  
Rafael Heinz ◽  
Daiane Mugnol Dresch
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
Red Latosol ◽  
Water Holding

The cultivation of native species in the Cerrado has encountered various problems, for instance, the slow growth and the lack of knowledge about the cultivation practices. In order to better use the available water resources and to produce quality seedlings, this study aimed to evaluate different substrates and water levels on the emergence and initial growth of Alibertia sessilis Schum. seedlings. The effects of the following substrates were evaluated: dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol), Oxisol +sand (1:1 v/v), Oxisol + sand + semi-decomposed poultry litter (1:1:0.5 v/v), Oxisol + sand 2 + semi-decomposed poultry litter (1:2:0.5 v/v) and Oxisol + commercial-substrate-CS (1:1 v/v) associated with the levels of irrigation of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the water holding capacity in the substrate (WHC). The best results for emergence percentage, initial growth and quality of seedlings were observed in the substrates Oxisol + sand 2 + poultry litter (1:2:0,5) at 100% of WHC. There was no emergence at 25% of WHC.           Keywords: Rubiaceae, marmelinho, fruit of the Cerrado. ResumoSubstratos e disponibilidade hídrica na emergência e crescimento inicial de mudas de Alibertia sessilis Schum. O cultivo de espécies nativas no Cerrado tem esbarrado em vários problemas, entre eles, o crescimento lento e a carência de conhecimentos sobre as práticas culturais. A fim de melhor utilizar os recursos hídricos disponíveis e produzir mudas de qualidade, objetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar diferentes substratos e níveis de água na emergência e no crescimento inicial das mudas Alibertia sessilis Schum. Foram avaliados os efeitos dos substratos Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVd), LVd +areia (1:1 v/v), LVd + areia + cama de frango semidecomposta (1:1:0,5 v/v), LVd + areia 2 + cama de frango semidecomposta (1:2:0,5 v/v) e LVd + substrato comercial -SC (1:1 v/v) associados aos níveis de irrigação de 25, 50, 75 e 100% da capacidade de retenção de água no substrato (CRA). Os melhores resultados para porcentagem de emergência, crescimento inicial e qualidade das mudas foram observados nos substratos LVd + areia 2 + cama de frango (1:2:0,5) a 100% da CRA.  Não houve emergência a 25% da CRA.          Palavras-chave: Rubiaceae, marmelinho, frutífera do Cerrado.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SUBSTRATE AND WATER AVAILABILITY ON THE INITIAL GROWTH OF Alibertia edulis RICH.

FLORESTA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane Sanches Jeromini ◽  
Leandro Henrique de Sousa Mota ◽  
Silvana De Paula Quintão Scalon ◽  
Daiane Mugnol Dresch ◽  
Lourenço Quintão Scalon
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Red Latosol

Alibertia edulis Rich. is a native species of the Brazilian Cerrado and can be used for reforestation of degraded areas. In addition, it produces edible fruits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substrates and water levels on the emergence, initial growth, and quality of seedling of A. edulis. The substrates tested were: latosol (L), latosol + sand (L + S = 1:1), latosol + sand + chicken manure (L + S1 + CM = 1:1:0,5), latosol + sand + chicken manure (L + S2 + CM = 1:2:0,5), and latosol + commercial substrate (L + C = 1:1); and the water retention capacities (WRC) tested were: 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The experiment was carried through in a completely randomized design and subdivided into a plot scheme, in which the plots represented water availability and the subplots represented the substrates. Latosol + commercial substrate at 100% of WRC provided the best conditions for emergence, initial growth and formation of seedlings of A. edulis. Sowing in the substrate Dystroferric Red Latosol isolated at 25% of WRC should not be used for the formation of seedlings of this species.

scholarly journals Auxins Affect Posttransplant Shoot and Root Growth of Vinca Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1210-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Transplant Shock ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Plug Seedling ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Transplanting often causes root damage, and rapid root growth following transplanting may help to minimize the effects of transplant shock. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of NAA and IAA on posttransplant growth of vinca (Catharanthus roseus L.). Bare-root seedlings were germinated in a peat-based growing mix and transplanted into diatomaceous earth 10 days after seeding. Immediately after transplanting, seedlings were drenched with several concentrations of IAA or NAA (62.5 mL/plant). Both auxins increased posttransplant root and shoot growth, but the response was dose-dependent. The maximum growth occurred at concentrations of 10 mg·L-1 (IAA) or 0.1 mg·L-1 (NAA). The growth-stimulating effect of these auxins decreased at higher rates and NAA was highly toxic at 100 mg·L-1, killing most of the plants. Unlike the growth of bare-root seedlings, plug seedling growth was not stimulated by drenching with NAA solutions. These results show that auxins have the ability to stimulate posttransplant growth of vinca, but their effects may depend on the application method, rate, and timing, and transplanting method. Chemical names used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).

Interactions between waterlogging and ray blight in pyrethrum

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javid ◽  
Pingjie Zhang ◽  
Paul W. J. Taylor ◽  
Sarah J. Pethybridge ◽  
Tim Groom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Root Porosity ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Ray Blight ◽  
Root Death ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Blight Disease

The effects of waterlogging, alone and combined with ray blight disease (caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti), on pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) plant growth were quantified in glasshouse trials. Six pyrethrum cultivars were initially studied for their response to 6 days of waterlogging and their recovery from waterlogging during 26 days post-waterlogging. Waterlogging caused substantial root death and leaf wilting and accelerated senescence in all cultivars. Root growth was 80% more reduced than shoot growth. Cultivar ‘F’ showed significantly higher root porosity and growth following waterlogging than other cultivars. In contrast, cv. ‘C’ had the greatest growth reduction from waterlogging and poor root-system recovery after waterlogging. Plants of cvv. C and F inoculated with S. tanaceti and then waterlogged were more significantly affected than were those exposed to waterlogging only. For both cultivars, shoot growth under the combined treatment, relative to initial growth, recovered up to 25%, but root growth suffered irreversible damage. The combined treatment decreased the number of stems by 39% compared with waterlogging alone after the post-waterlogging period. In conclusion, pyrethrum cultivars showed differential reactions to waterlogging; but growth in all cultivars was seriously affected by a combination of waterlogging and infection by ray blight.

scholarly journals Initial development and gas exchange of Talisia subalbens (Mart.) Radlk. under different shading conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Carlota Nery ◽  
Hilton Morbeck de Oliveira ◽  
Amauri Alves de Alvarenga ◽  
Sara Dousseau ◽  
Evaristo Mauro de Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Levels

Ecophysiological studies under semi-controlled conditions in nurseries and greenhouses are essential to enable the use of native species to recover degraded areas and for commercial planting. Talisia subalbens (Mart) Radlk, 'cascudo', is a native fruiting species of the Cerrado on the verge of extinction. The ecophysiological performance of this species was evaluated in nursery conditions under different levels of shading (full sunshine, 30%, 50% and 70%). Initial growth, biomass allocation, gas exchange and chlorophyll content of the plants were analyzed. Full sunshine cultivated plants showed a higher accumulation of total, shoot, and root dry biomass. There was no significant difference in the root/shoot ratio among the treatments. Seedlings cultivated under full sunshine and 30% shading showed higher values for height, basal diameter, and leaf area. Differences in stomata conductance and photosynthesis rate were not observed among the different shading levels. Plants cultivated under 70% of shading had higher contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total. During the initial phase with higher levels of radiation were fundamental for the development of T. subalbens seedlings.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Green Ash, Scarlet Oak, Turkish Hazelnut, and Tree Lilac

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Nina L. Bassuk ◽  
Richard W. Zobel ◽  
Thomas H. Whitlow
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Growth Measurement ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Periodicity

The objectives of this study were to determine root and shoot growth periodicity for established Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash), Quercus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak), Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut), and Syringa reticulata (Blume) Hara `Ivory Silk' (tree lilac) trees and to evaluate three methods of root growth periodicity measurement. Two methods were evaluated using a rhizotron. One method measured the extension rate (RE) ofindividual roots, and the second method measured change in root length (RL) against an observation grid. A third method, using periodic counts of new roots present on minirhizotrons (MR), was also evaluated. RE showed the least variability among individual trees. Shoot growth began before or simultaneously with the beginning of root growth for all species with all root growth measurement methods. All species had concurrent shoot and root growth, and no distinct alternating growth patterns were evident when root growth was measured by RE. Alternating root and shoot growth was evident, however, when root growth was measured by RL and MR. RE measured extension rate of larger diameter lateral roots, RL measured increase in root length of all diameter lateral roots and MR measured new root count of all sizes of lateral and vertical roots. Root growth periodicity patterns differed with the measurement method and the types of roots measured.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Substrate-applied Humectant to Mitigate Drought Stress in Young, Container-grown Plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Roberts ◽  
Chris Wolverton ◽  
Samantha West
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratio ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Soilless Substrate ◽  
Absorbing Roots

The efficacy of treating soilless substrate with a commercial humectant was tested as a means of suppressing drought stress in 4-week-old container-grown Zinnia elegans Jacq. ‘Thumbelina’. The humectant was applied as a substrate amendment at concentrations of 0.0, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2% by volume prior to withholding irrigation. An untreated, well-watered control was also included. The substrate of treated plants was allowed to dry until the foliage wilted, at which time the plants were harvested and the following measurements taken: number of days to wilt (DTW), xylem water potential (ψx), shoot growth (shoot dry weight, leaf area) and root growth (length, diameter, surface area, volume, dry weight). For drought-stressed plants grown in humectant-treated substrate at concentrations of 1.6 and 3.2%, DTW increased 25 and 33%, respectively. A linear decrease in ψx was observed as the concentration of humectant increased from 0.0 to 3.2%. Linear trends were also noted for both volumetric moisture content (positive) and evapotranspiration (negative) as the concentration of humectant increased. For non-irrigated, untreated plants, stress inhibited shoot growth more than root growth, resulting in a lower root:shoot ratio. For non-irrigated, humectant-treated plants, the length of fine, water-absorbing roots increased linearly as humectant concentration increased from 0.0 to 3.2%. Using humectant-amended substrates may be a management option for mitigating the symptoms of drought stress during the production of container-grown bedding plants such as Z. elegans.

scholarly journals Root Growth of Avocado is More Sensitive to Salinity than Shoot Growth

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bernstein ◽  
A. Meiri ◽  
M. Zilberstaine
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Elongation Rate ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Root Growth Inhibition ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Volumetric Growth

In most crop species, growth of the shoot is more sensitive to salt stress than root growth. Avocado [Persea americana Mill.] is very sensitive to NaCl stress. Even low concentrations of salt (15 mm) inhibit tree growth and decrease productivity. Observations in experimental orchards have suggested that root growth in avocado might be more restricted by salinity than shoot growth. In the present study, we evaluated quantitatively the inhibitory effects of salt stress on growth of the avocado root in comparison to the shoot. Seedling plants of the West-Indian rootstock `Degania 117' were grown in complete nutrient solution containing 1, 5, 15, or 25 mm NaCl. The threshold NaCl concentration causing root and shoot growth reduction occurred between 5 and 15 mm. At all concentrations, root growth was much more sensitive to salinity than shoot growth. A concentration of 15 mm NaCl, which did not affect the rate of leaf emergence on the plant and decreased leaf biomass production only 10%, induced a 43% reduction in the rate of root elongation and decreased root volumetric growth rate by 33%. Under 25 mm NaCl, leaf biomass production, leaf initiation rate and leaf elongation rate were reduced 19.5%, 12%, and 5%, respectively, while root volumetric growth and root elongation rate were reduced 65% and 75%, respectively. This strong root growth inhibition is expected to influence the whole plant and therefore root growth under salinity should be considered as an important criterion for rootstocks' tolerance to NaCl.

Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) tolerates waterlogging better than narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius) I. Shoot and root growth in a controlled environment

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 701 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Davies ◽  
D. W. Turner ◽  
M. Dracup
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Yellow Lupin ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Better Than

We studied the adaptation of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and yellow lupin (L. luteus) to waterlogging because yellow lupin may have potential as a new legume crop for coarse-textured, acidic, waterlogging-prone areas in Western Australia. In a controlled environment, plants were waterlogged for 14 days at 28 or 56 days after sowing (DAS). Plants were more sensitive when waterlogged from 56 to 70 DAS than from 28 to 42 DAS, root growth was more sensitive than shoot growth, and leaf expansion was more sensitive than leaf dry weight accumulation. Waterlogging reduced the growth of narrow-leafed lupin (60–81%) more than that of yellow lupin (25–56%) and the response was more pronounced 2 weeks after waterlogging ceased than at the end of waterlogging. Waterlogging arrested net root growth in narrow-leafed lupin but not in yellow lupin, so that after 2 weeks of recovery the root dry weight of yellow lupin was the same as that of the control plants but in narrow-leafed lupin it was 62% less than the corresponding control plants. Both species produced equal amounts of hypocotyl root when waterlogged from 28 to 42 DAS but yellow lupin produced much greater amounts than narrow-leafed lupin when waterlogged from 56 to 70 DAS.

Contribution of the TROLC gene to the regulation of tobacco growth in response to stress factors.

Biomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-367
Author(s):  
B.R. Kuluev ◽  
Kh.G. Musin ◽  
E.A. Baimuhametova
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Cadmium Acetate ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Response To Stress

The trolC gene refers to plast genes that have entered the genome of Nicotiana tabacum as a probable result of horizontal transfer from Agrobacterium rhizogenes. It was shown that the trolC gene is expressed in young tissues of wild type tobacco; however, the physiological functions of the product of this gene remain largely unknown. The aim of our work was to obtain transgenic tobacco plants expressing a fragment of the trolC gene under the control of the 35SCaMV promoter in an antisense orientation and to assess the growth parameters of their roots under the action of abiotic stress factors. For morphometric analysis, 8 lines of transgenic plants were used. The analysis of root growth under the action of sodium chloride (100 mM), cadmium acetate (100 μM) and hypothermia (12°C) was conducted. Transgenic plants were characterized by improved shoot growth parameters under normal conditions. The roots of transgenic plants grew more slowly under normal conditions and under the action of cadmium and hypothermia than in wild type plants. The product of trolC gene has a negative effect on shoot growth, a positive effect on root growth, and also participates in the regulation and maintenance of root growth under the action of cadmium and hypothermia.

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