scholarly journals Endogenous losses and true digestibility of phosphorus in rice bran with or without phytase determined with piglets

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1082-1087
Author(s):  
Walter Lucca ◽  
Débora Aline Alves ◽  
Leonardo Tombesi da Rocha ◽  
Graciele Dalise Shirmann ◽  
Claudiele Aparecida do Santos Camargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Average Body

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine endogenous losses and true total digestibility of phosphorus (P) in piglets fed with diets containing rice bran (RB), and supplemented or not with phytase. The experiment was divided into three periods of 12 days each, seven for adaptation and five for total feces collection, with an interval of three days between periods. Twelve barrows with average body weights of 13.40±1.00kg at 46 days of age were distributed among six treatments consisting of diets formulated with three levels of RB (5%, 10%, and 20%) with or without the addition of 750FTUkg-1 of phytase. The amount of total daily feed was divided into four daily meals and water was available ad libitum. The method of total feces collection was used with ferric oxide as the fecal marker. The total consumption of P of RB origin was 0.37, 0.85 and 1.73gd-1 for concentrations of 5%, 10% and 20% of RB, respectively. Both RB and phytase levels had an effect on the apparent digestibility of P in RB. Results of the regression analysis of ingested P originating from the RB and absorbed P indicated endogenous losses of 527mg of Pkg-1 of dry matter intake, independent of phytase. Additionally, the true digestibility of P in RB was 47%, and it was not influenced by the inclusion of phytase. We concluded that the addition of 750FTU of phytase does not affect endogenous losses or the true digestibility of P in RB.

Seasonal variation in intake and digestion of a high-roughage diet by muskoxen

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Adamczewski ◽  
P. F. Flood ◽  
R. K. Chaplin ◽  
J. A. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

We studied changes in body weight, intake, retention time and apparent digestibility of a supplemented brome-alfalfa hay by mature muskoxen held near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan during two seasonal cycles. Body weights and voluntary intake were monitored during 16 trials from late March 1990 to December 1991, in four annually breeding females and in three hysterectomized females. Retention time of the hay and apparent digestibility of the diet were estimated in winter and summer 1991 from fecal excretion of chromium (Cr) after a pulse dose of Cr-mordanted hay, and from forage/fecal concentrations of chromic oxide, respectively, in six non-breeding muskoxen. Mean (±SE) body weights of breeding females were greatest in February and March (248 ± 5 kg) and lowest following calving in late May or early June (216 ± 6 kg), while mean weight of hysterectomized females declined little from a peak of 228 ± 21 kg in February-March to a low of 213 ± 21 kg in July. Mean dry matter intake of breeding females was highest in July and August (62 ± 3.6 g d−1 kg−0.75) then declined slowly to its lowest point in March and April (41 ± 0.7 g d−1 kg−0.75). Dry matter intake of hysterectomized cows was less clearly seasonal but averaged 42 ± 1.7 g d−1 kg−0.75 in late winter and 50 ± 4.9 g d−1 kg−0.75 in mid-summer. Mean retention time of hay, calculated using a noncompartmental model, declined significantly from 114 ± 4 h in March to 95 ± 4 h in July. Apparent organic matter digestibility decreased significantly from 73.8 ± 0.8% in winter to 61.7 ± 1.3% in summer. Compared with other ruminants, muskoxen are grazers exceptionally well-suited to digesting graminoid forage, with relatively low maintenance requirements and prolonged retention times. Most of the seasonal changes in weight and intake of breeding females could be ascribed to reproductive cost, but there also appeared to be seasonal effects on intake, retention time and body weight in non-breeding muskoxen. Key words: Digestibility, intake, maintenance requirements, muskoxen, retention time, seasonal variation

THE METABOLIC FECAL NITROGEN EXCRETION OF THE PIG AS INFLUENCED BY THE AMOUNT OF FIBRE IN THE RATION AND BY BODY WEIGHT

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Whiting ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Fecal Nitrogen ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Fecal Nitrogen

Nitrogen balance experiments were carried out with growing Yorkshire barrows to determine the influence of level of fibre (5, 10, and 15 per cent wood cellulose) in the ration, and weight of pig (15, 30, 45, and 60 kg.) on the metabolic fecal nitrogen (M.F.N.) excretion. Semi-synthetic rations containing 0.3, 5.4, 9.4, 14.0, 18.0, and 22.0 per cent protein were fed. The source of the protein was a mixture of wheat, skimmilk powder, and fishmeal. M.F.N. by direct determination on the protein-low ration (0.3 per cent protein) was compared with M.F.N. determined by extrapolation to zero protein from the other rations.An increase in the level of fibre in the ration significantly (p < 0.01) increased the M.F.N. excretion and decreased the apparent and true digestibility of the protein but had no effect on the biological value (B.V.) of the protein. As the pigs increased in weight from 15 to 50 kg., the M.F.N. excretion, per 100 gm. dry matter (D.M.) consumed, decreased in proportion to the 0.3 power of body weight, the apparent digestibility of the protein increased, and the B.V. of the protein decreased. M.F.N, per 100 gm. D.M. consumed, apparent digestibility, and B.V. of the protein did not change significantly between body weights of 50 and 65 kg.There was no significant difference between M.F.N. determined by extrapolation to zero N intake and M.F.N. determined directly by feeding a protein-low (0.3 per cent protein) ration, when the rations contained the same percentage of cellulose. The M.F.N. (gm. per 100 gm. D.M. intake) for pigs weighing an average 37 kg. was 0.10, 0.13 and 0.14 for rations containing 5, 10, and 15 per cent cellulose, respectively.Since weight of pig and the level of fibre in the ration significantly influenced the M.F.N. excretion, the latter should be determined, either directly or by extrapolation, using rations of the same fibre content and pigs of the same body weight as are used in determining the true digestibility and B.V. of proteins.

EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS OF FORAGES ON POTENTIALLY DIGESTIBLE FIBER, INTAKE, AND TRUE DIGESTIBILITY BY RUMINANTS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. GIRARD ◽  
G. DUPUIS
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
True Digestibility

In view of the large variation found in plant cell wall digestibilities with ruminants, an attempt was made to group 124 feeds into different lignification classes (clusters) on the basis of chemical characteristics. Each feed cluster was described using a structural coefficient [Formula: see text] that related the potentially digestible fiber (PDF, %) to the ratio between lignin and cell wall volume. The optimum number of clusters was determined iteratively by performing a regression of the apparent digestibility of dry matter at maintenance level (DDM1, %) against the PDF and cell soluble (SOL, %) contents of feeds. The [Formula: see text] coefficients varied from 0.05 (grains, N = 13) to 1.85 (corn silage, N = 3) and increased with the maturity of the grasses from 0.88 (legumes, vegetative cool season grasses, N = 26) to 1.33 (mature, cool season grasses, N = 19). Predicted PDF were closely correlated (r > 0.9, P < 0.01) to in vitro cell wall disappearances (IVCWD). Apparently digestible cell wall in four grasses and four legumes increased linearly with 96-h IVCWD and standard error (SE) was similar to the SE of predicted apparent digestible SOL from SOL concentrations. Assuming that similarity between SE could be also observed in larger samples, PDF and SOL were used in summative equations to predict apparent dry matter digestibility. DDM1 discounted for intake (DDM1 – 4, %) was regressed against SOL and PDF concentrations of 87 feeds:[Formula: see text]with ds and df, the true digestibilities of SOL and PDF. Estimates of ds and df were 0.98 and 0.95 for a zero-production (maintenance) level of intake, and 0.91 and 0.79 for an intake level four times maintenance. Since the true digestibility of the PDF component was only 4% – 13% lower than that of the cell soluble component, the concentration of PDF in cell wall was the major determinant in the variation in apparent digestibility of forages. Key words: lignin, neutral detergent fiber, true digestibility, cluster analysis, feeds

UTILIZATION OF GRASS SILAGE BY CATTLE: EFFECT OF BARLEY AND FISHMEAL SUPPLEMENTS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN ◽  
G. BUTLER ◽  
J. G. PROULX
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Large Reduction ◽  
High Nitrogen Content ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum

Following weaning at 6–7 mo of age, 36 beef steers were used to determine production responses when grass silage was supplemented with barley or fishmeal. The silage was made from direct-cut, formic- acid-treated grass harvested from a mixed sward and had a high nitrogen content but poor fermentation characteristics. The silage was fed ad libitum for 98 days either alone or supplemented with 500 g fishmeal or 500 g barley per day. Both fishmeal and barley increased total dry matter intake (P < 0.01) by an amount equivalent to the quantity of supplement offered but had no effect on silage intake (P > 0.05). Steers fed the fishmeal grew substantially faster than either the barley (0.53 kg/day) or unsupplemented (0.54 kg/day) groups (P < 0.01). Fishmeal supplementation resulted in a large reduction (35%) in the amount of feed required per kilogram of gain. Key words: Cattle, grass silage, fishmeal, growth

scholarly journals Maintenance requirement and deposition efficiency of lysine in pigs

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1269-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Speroni Ceron ◽  
Vladimir de Oliveira ◽  
Paulo Alberto Lovatto ◽  
Marcos Martinez do Vale
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Deposition Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Average Body Weight

The objective of this work was to determine the maintenance requirement and the deposition efficiency of lysine in growing pigs. It was used the incomplete changeover experimental design, with replicates over time. Twelve castrated pigs with average body weight (BW) of 52±2 kg were kept in metabolism crates with a controlled temperature of 22ºC. The diets were formulated to supply 30, 50, 60, and 70% of the expected requirements of standardized lysine, and provided at 2.6 times the energy requirements for maintenance. The trial lasted 24 days and was divided into two periods of 12 days: seven days for animal adaptation to the diet and five days for sample collection. The increasing content of lysine in the diet did not affect dry matter intake of the pigs. The amount of nitrogen excreted was 47% of the nitrogen intake, of which 35% was excreted through feces and 65% through urine. The estimated endogenous losses of lysine were 36.4 mg kg-1 BW0.75. The maintenance requirement of lysine for pigs weighing around 50 kg is 40.4 mg kg-1 BW0.75, and the deposition efficiency of lysine is 90%.

Effect of intraruminal infusion of urea on the response in voluntary food intake by sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Egan ◽  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Six mature Merino sheep received three treatments in a randomized block design experiment. The treatments were: chopped oaten hay diet at 90% of ad libitum intake without urea (L); the ciet offered at the same level as for L with urea infused into the rumen at 11.5 g kg-1 dry matter intake (LU); and the diet offered at 90% of the ad libitum intake achieved with urea infused at 11.5 g kg-1 dry matter intake (HU). Sheep given HU consumed 37% more (P < 0.01) organic matter (OM) than those fed L or LU, but the apparent digestibility of OM did not vary (59.2-61.8%) between treatments. The addit onal food consumption was associated with c. 20% increase (P < 0.05) in the weight of OM in the reticulorumen and significantly higher (by 10-35%; P < 0.05) fractional outflow rates of most dietary and microbial constituents of digesta. The fractional digestion rate of potentially digestible plant cell walls was not affected by urea, but the flow of microbial non-ammonia nitrogen from the abomasum was enhanced (L, 7.0; LU, 8.2; HU, 12.5 g day-1; P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the stimulatory effect of urea upon food intake was associated with the provision of additional microbial protein for digestion in the intestines, rather than changes in the rate or extent of organic matter fermentation in the reticulorumen.

The relationship between protein nutrition, reproductive effort and breakdown in immunity toTeladorsagia circumcinctain periparturient ewes

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. M. Houdijk ◽  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
F. Jackson ◽  
R. L. Coop
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractA nutritional hypothesis for the occurrence of the periparturient relaxation of immunity (PPRI) to gastrointestinal nematodes was tested within the bounds of a nutrient partitioning framework. It was hypothesized that at times of a scarce supply of metabolizable protein (MP), an increase in MP supply or a reduction in MP demand (having singles instead of twins) should lower the extent of PPRI in sheep. Twenty-one single- and 21 twin-bearing and -rearing Finn-Dorset ewes, 2 to 7 years old, and repeatedly infected withTeladorsagia circumcincta, were given one of three pelleted foods (no. = 7). The foods were formulated to supply 0·8 (L), 1·0 (M) and 1·2 (H) times the MP requirements during lactation, and were offeredad libitumfrom d–21to d35(d0 is day of parturition). Faecal egg counts (FEC) were assessed twice weekly as an indicator for host resistance. Dry-matter intake (DMI) during late pregnancy was higher than expected, and MP supply did not limit performance at this stage. In accordance with the hypothesis, there were no indications of a breakdown of immunity toT. circumcinctaduring late pregnancy. DMI during lactation did not differ between the single- and twin-rearing ewes. Calculated milk production was lower for the L than for the M and H ewes, especially for the twin-rearing ewes. A temporarily elevated FEC was observed during the first few days in lactation, which was probably mainly due to changes in faecal output rather than to PPRI. The FEC returned to low, late pregnancy levels at d12and remained low for the single- but not for the twin-rearing ewes (P< 0·001). Overall, the L ewes had higher FEC than the M and H ewes from d19onwards; this effect was more pronounced for the twin- than for the single-rearing ewes. It was postulated that DMI achieved overcame MP scarcity and thus prevented breakdown in immunity in the single-rearing ewes. The data support the view that, at times of MP scarcity, an increase in MP supply and reduction in MP demand can lower the extent of the breakdown in immunity towardsT. circumcincta.

scholarly journals Effects of different restricted feeding strategies on performance of growing and finishing dairy bulls offered grass silage and barley based diets

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katariina Manni ◽  
Marketta Rinne ◽  
Erkki Joki-Tokola ◽  
Arto Huuskonen
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dairy Bulls

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of restricted feeding strategies on performance of growing and finishing dairy bulls. The feeding experiment comprised in total 32 Finnish Ayrshire bulls with an initial mean live weight (LW) of 122 kg and age of 114 days. Feeding treatments were silage ad libitum and daily barley allowance of 93 g kg-1 LW0.60 (A); restricted feeding (R) at 0.80 × A; increasing feeding (I) similar to R until LW of 430 kg and thereafter similar to A; and decreasing feeding (D) similar to A until LW of 430 kg and thereafter similar to R. Restricted feeding strategies decreased daily dry matter intake and LW gain and increased the time to reach the target carcass weight (300 kg). Bulls on I exhibited compensatory growth. There were no significant differences in feed efficiency between the treatments. The present experiment indicates that silage intake ad libitum and supplemented with concentrate resulted in most effective beef production.

scholarly journals Effect of Ruminally-protected leucine supplement on milk yield and plasma amino acids in dairy cows

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. KRÍZOVÁ ◽  
J. TRINÁCTÝ ◽  
M. RICHTER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Ad Libitum

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of leucine supplement in the form of rumen-protected tablets on milk yield and composition and plasma amino acids in four high-yielding lactating Holstein cows. The experiment was carried out as a cross-over procedure and was divided into 4 periods of 14 d (10 d preliminary period and 4 d experimental period). Cows were fed ad libitum a diet based on maize silage, lucerne hay and a supplemental mixture. The diet, defficient in methionine, lysine, and leucine, was supplemented with methionine+lysine (Control) or methionine+lysine+leucine (Leu) in rumen protected form. The dry matter intake, milk yield and milk yield expressed in energy corrected milk did not differ significantly between the treatments. Milk protein content and yield did not show statistically significant variation. The contents and yield of casein, fat, lactose and urea were unaffected by the treatment. Blood metabolites did not vary between the treatments. The introduction of Leu resulted in higher plasma levels of proline (p

scholarly journals Decoquinate, lasalocid and monensin for starter feeds and the performance of holstein calves to 20 weeks of age

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Maris Bittar Nussio ◽  
John Tal Huber ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Nussio
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum

The large utilization of coccidiostats in dairy herds has raised the question regards the best product to use, based on better animal performance. Sixty-four Holstein calves were randomly assigned to four treatments at 10 (±4) d of age to evaluate calf performance when fed approved coccidiostats available on the market in Arizona, USA. Calves received a dry calf starter without (control) or with one of the following coccidiostats: lasalocid, 30 mg kg-1; decoquinate, 19 mg kg-1; and monensin, 30 mg kg-1. Calves received 3.6 kg d-1 of a commercial 22% CP:20% fat milk replacer until 6 wk of age. Calves were offered starter "ad libitum" up to 2 kg d-1, and calves had free access to water throughout the trial. Alfalfa hay was offered "ad libitum" after weaning. Performance and dry matter intake (DMI) were monitored for 20 weeks and broken down in different periods of measurement (0-6, 7-12 and 13-20 weeks, respectively). Despite the lower dry matter intake and weight gain for females on monensin treatment during the whole period, differences among coccidiostats were seldom observed under the conditions of this study. Good calf management and the dry, hot climate of Arizona perhaps diminished the chances for subclinical and chronic disease appearance which negated potential differences and differences in calf performances.

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