scholarly journals Episode of Hepatitis C viral infection in the people of Swat, Pakistan

2022 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Rahat ◽  
M. Israr ◽  
I. Hassan ◽  
M. Islam ◽  
A. -ud-Din ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Inform Consent ◽  
The People ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

ABSTRACT Infectious agents cause serious diseases in humans worldwide and are responsible for the high rate of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence and epidemiology of infectious disease (HCV) in the hospital visited patients referred by the physicians through the initial findings and their associated risk factors were studied in Swat. The data of 174 infected patients were collected during the period of 2015 to 2017 from two clinical laboratories of Tehsil Matta Swat. Inform consent form was taken before blood collection. After taking informed consent blood samples were collected and ICT test was performed and then ICT positive cases were conform through PCR. A total of 174 ICT positive samples [106 male and 68 females] were included in this study. Age was considered from 10 to 72 years. Of the 174 ICT strip positive, 99 [63 males, 36 females] were confirmed through PCR. The prevalence rate was recorded 56.89%. I.V/I.M injection was recorded in 100% of the individuals. Visits to the barber shop was reported in (58%) of the individuals, married individuals were (81.0), surgical operation was reported in (44.8%), sharing toothbrush was observed in (29.9%), piercing was reported in (39.7%), family history was reported in (26.4%), dental treatment was observed in (21.8%), jaundice were (13.2%) and tattooing was (1.7%). Blood transfusion, surgical operations, Jaundice, family history and dental treatment were found significant risk factors for acquiring HCV infection. It was concluded that proper implementation of precautionary measures should be needed to control the spread of HCV in far near future.

scholarly journals Mortality and Conversion Rate to Below Knee or Above Knee Amputation Following Transmetatarsal Amputation

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011420S0011
Author(s):  
D. Anthony Barcel ◽  
Susan M. Odum ◽  
Taylor Rowe ◽  
Jefferson B. Sabatini ◽  
Samuel E. Ford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Administrative Database ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Knee Amputation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transmetatarsal Amputation

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot; Diabetes; Other Introduction/Purpose: Non-traumatic lower extremity amputations (LEA), especially those performed in dysvascular and diabetic patients, are known to have poor long-term prognosis. Perioperative mortality has been reported at between 4 and 10%, and the 1 and 5 year mortality rates range between 22-33% and 39-69%, respectively. While poor outcomes in these patients have been described, there is no consensus as to the predictors of mortality. The purpose of the study is to determine the percentage of patients who had a complication following transmetatarsal amputation (TMA) and identify associated risk factors for complications and mortality. Methods: We queried our institution’s administrative database to identify 247 TMA procedures performed in 229 patients between January, 2002 and December, 2016. Electronic health records were reviewed to document complications defined as reoperation, amputation and mortality. Mortality was also verified using the National Death Index. Additionally, we recorded risk factors including diabetes, A1c level, end stage renal disease (ESRD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), history of revascularization, contralateral amputation, and neuropathy. The majority of the study patients were males (157, 69%) and the average age was 57 years (range 24-91). The median BMI was 28 (range 16-58) and 29% of the study patients were obese with a BMI ≥ 30. Fishers Exact tests were used to compare categorical variables. Kruskal-Wallis and Independent T-tests were used to compare numeric data. All data were analyzed using SAS/STAT software version 9.4 (Carey, NC) and a 0.05 level of significance was defined apriori. Results: The conversion rate to below (BKA) or above knee amputation (AKA) was 26% (64 of 247). Males (p=.0274), diabetics (p=.0139), patients in ESRD (p=.019), and patients with a history of CVD (p=.0247) or perioperative revascularization (p=.022) were more likely to undergo further amputation following an index TMA. BMI was significantly higher in patients requiring BKA/AKA (p=.0305). There were no significant differences in age (p=.2723) or A1c levels (p=.4219). The overall mortality rate was 35% (84 of 229). Diabetes (p=.0272), ESRD (p=.0031), history of CVD (p<.0001) or PVD (p=.0179) were all significantly associated with mortality. Patients who died were significantly older (p=.0006) and had significantly higher A1c levels (p=.0373). BMI was not significantly associated with mortality. Twenty-two patients who had 23 further amputations subsequently died. Conclusion: In our series of patients undergoing TMA, 26% underwent further amputation and 35% of patients died. Conversion rate to BKA or AKA occurred at a high rate regardless of preoperative revascularization or the use of tendo-achilles or gastrocnemius lengthening procedures. Male sex, diabetes, ESRD, history of CVD or revascularization are significant risk factors for further amputation. ESRD, diabetes, history of CVD or PVD, older age and higher A1c levels are significant risk factors for mortality. These data provide useful insight into risk factors to be emphasized when counseling patients and their families to establish realistic postoperative expectations.

Prevalence and risk factors of root resorption of adjacent teeth in maxillary canine impaction, among untreated children and adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 447-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Rafflenbeul ◽  
Catherine-Isabelle Gros ◽  
François Lefebvre ◽  
Sophie Bahi-Gross ◽  
Raphaëlle Maizeray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Maxillary Canine ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Summary Objectives The aim of this retrospective study was to assess in maxillary canine impaction cases both the prevalence of root resorption of adjacent teeth among untreated children and adolescents, and its associated risk factors. Subjects and methods Sixty subjects (mean age 12.2 years; SD 1.9; range 8–17 years) with 83 displaced maxillary canines and without any past or ongoing orthodontic treatment were included in this study. The presence of root resorption was evaluated on images from a single cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) unit. Potential risk factors were measured on the CBCT images and on panoramic reconstructions of the 3D data sets. The sample was characterized by descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regressions were performed to predict root resorption. Results Root resorption of at least one adjacent tooth was detected in 67.5 per cent of the affected quadrants. It was found that 55.7 per cent of the lateral incisors, 8.4 per cent of the central incisors, and 19.5 per cent of first premolars were resorbed. Of the detected resorptions, 71.7 per cent were considered slight, 14.9 per cent moderate, and 13.4 per cent severe. Contact between the displaced canine(s) and the adjacent teeth roots was the only identified statistically significant risk factor, all teeth being considered (odds ratio [OR] = 18.7, 95% confidence interval: 2.26–756, P < 0.01). An enlarged canine dental follicle, a peg upper lateral, or an upper lateral agenesis were not significantly associated with root resorption of adjacent teeth, nor were age nor gender. Conclusions Root resorption of adjacent teeth was detected in more than two-thirds of a sample of sixty untreated children and adolescents.

scholarly journals HEPATITIS B AND C: FREQUENCY, MODES OF TRANSMISSION AND RISK FACTORS ALONG WITH SOME UNORTHODOX ROUTES OF SPREAD

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Iftikhar Haider Naqvi ◽  
Abu Talib ◽  
Gohar Baloch ◽  
Khalid Mahmood ◽  
Zahid Qadari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Leech Therapy ◽  
Ear Piercing

Background: Pakistan's being a country placed in intermediate endemicity zone of HBV and HCV, with rising population, there is lack scarcity of knowledge about transmission of risk factors specially unorthodox and frequency of this health challenge. Methods: A retrospective case control study where case records of all patients aged from 18 - 70 years from 2012 to 2017 with either gender diagnosed as chronic hepatitis B and C were included. Information about shave from barber-shop, sharing of toothbrush at home, tattooing, cautery, and ear piercing were collected. Information about unorthodox risks for transmission of HBV and HCV, like skin branding, cupping of blood, circumcision by the barber, sharing of tooth brushes and leech therapy was collected. Results: Among 1134 patients of chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and chronic hepatitis C (HCV), Age > 35 years, shave from barber and dental treatment were found to be risk factor for both HCV and HBV transmission. Amongst unorthodox risk factors like skin branding, cupping of blood, circumcision by the barber, sharing of tooth brushes and leech therapy, only cupping of blood (Hijama) was a significant risk for transmission of both HBV and HCV. Conclusion: Viral related chronic hepatitis is frequently reported problem in this part of the world where HCV supersedes HBV. Socieodemographic factor like age > 35 year, shave from barbers and dental treatment were risk factors for transmission of both HCV and HBV. Among orthodox routes of transmission blood cupping (hijama) has shown as a significant transmission risk for both HCV and HBV.

scholarly journals Study on Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension at Sipaghat of Sindhupalchowk District, Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Naresh Manandhar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Percent Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family History Of Hypertension ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Hypertension is a progressive cardiovascular syndrome arising from complex and interrelated etiologies. Males have slightly higher prevalence than female in most of countries of Southeast-Asian region.Objective: The objective of study is to find out prevalence and the risk factors of hypertension at Sipaghat, Sindhulchowk, Nepal.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Sipaghat of Sindhupalchowk district in May 2016 and 260 persons were selected randomly. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was higher in male (25.4%) than female (17.4%). Mean age of study population was 42.08 years with standard deviation, 15.95 years. Variables namely age group, smoking, alcohol consumption and family history of hypertension were found to be significant at 5 percent level of significance. Alcohol consumption and smokers have more than two times higher chance of getting hypertension compared to alcohol non-consumer and nonsmoker with 95% confidence intervals were 1.08-4.80 and 1.21-6.10, respectively. Persons with family history of hypertension have 3.8 times more chance of getting hypertension compared to no family history of hypertension with 1.89-7.61 of 95% confidence interval.Conclusion: Lifestyle modification reduces blood pressure which prevents or delays the incidence of hypertension. Hypertension can be controlled and prevented by modifying the lifestyle. People should be advised to avoid modifiable risk factors of hypertension like smoking, consumption of alcohol and physical inactivity through health education programs.Nepalese Journal of Statistics, 2017, Vol. 1, 73-82

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Associations of Peripheral Retinopathy: Baseline Study of Guangzhou Office Computer Workers

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Yajing Zuo ◽  
Yantao Wei ◽  
Wenbin Huang ◽  
Xuezhi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Computer Workers ◽  
Lattice Degeneration ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Retinal Hole ◽  
Slit Lamp Microscopy ◽  
Chorioretinal Degeneration

Purpose. To determine the prevalence of peripheral retinopathy and its associated risk factors among a sample of Guangzhou office computer workers. Methods. A cross-sectional study of Guangzhou Chinese computer workstations and operators in different departments and units of the Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, China, in 2016. Peripheral retinopathy was recorded and analyzed using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO; Optos, Daytona, United Kingdom) and slit-lamp microscopy combined with a three-mirror contact lens. Results. The 1934 eyes of 967 subjects (513 females and 454 males) were included in this study. In total, 79.1% of the eyes were myopic in workers aged 20–29 years, 72.9% in workers aged 30–39 years, 62.2% in workers aged 40–49 years, and 43.4% in workers aged 50–59 years (p<0.001). Most eyes had optic nerve crescents (81.3%). Various peripheral degenerations were found: 7 eyes (0.4%) had microcystoid degeneration, 40 (2.1%) had peripheral pigmentary degeneration, 87 (4.5%) had lattice degeneration, and 4 (0.2%) had snail-track degeneration. Nineteen (1.0%) eyes had paving-stone degeneration, 11 (0.6%) eyes had a retinal hole or tear, and 16 (0.8%) eyes had chorioretinal degeneration. Multivariate regression confirmed that greater axial length (OR: 1.18 (1.03, 1.35), p=0.012) and more serious spherical equivalent (OR: 0.82 (0.77, 0.88), p<0.001) were significant risk factors for peripheral retinal changes. Conclusion. Peripheral retinal degenerative changes were found in a larger proportion of younger computer workers than older ones. Myopia is occurring in younger and younger people, accompanied by peripheral retinal degeneration.

scholarly journals Associations between risk factors and developmental dysplasia of the hip and ultrasonographic hip type: a retrospective case control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ömeroğlu ◽  
A. Akceylan ◽  
N. Köse
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Family History ◽  
Hip Dysplasia ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Breech Presentation ◽  
Developmental Dysplasia ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dysplasia Of The Hip

Purpose We aimed to revisit the correlation between the previously defined risk factors and the occurrence of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and to assess the influence of these factors on the ultrasonographic type of hip dysplasia according to the Graf’s classification in patients with DDH. Methods Data of healthy infants (mean age 33 days) who had bilateral mature (normal) hips (Graf type I) were compared with the data of infants (mean age 105 days) who were treated by abduction brace due to unilateral or bilateral DDH (Graf type IIa- and worse hips). Results Infants with at least one risk factor had a significantly higher rate of DDH than those with no risk factors (p < 0.001). Likewise, infants with more than one risk factor had a significantly higher rate of DDH than those with only one risk factor (p = 0.008). Family history, breech presentation and swaddling were found to be the three significant risk factors related to the development of DDH. Family history, swaddling and oligohydramnios were found to be the three significant risk factors correlated with a higher rate of unstable/decentred hip(s) (Graf types D/III/IV) in patients with DDH. Conclusion The risk of DDH significantly increases in infants who have more than one risk factor for DDH. Positive family history and postnatal traditional swaddling are the two main factors both in the aetiology of DDH and in development of a more severe hip dysplasia in patients with DDH. Besides, breech presentation increases the risk of development of DDH and oligohydramnios leads to development of a more severe hip dysplasia in patients with DDH. By introducing these four variables as ‘absolute risk factors for DDH’ to the selective newborn hip screening programmes, the sensitivity and specificity of these programmes may be optimized and the risk of delayed diagnosis may be lessened. Level of Evidence Level III prognostic study

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of human cystic echinococcosis and risk factors in animal breeders in rural communities in Denizli, Turkey

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (09) ◽  
pp. 1188-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serife Akalin ◽  
Selda Sayin Kutlu ◽  
Selmin D Caylak ◽  
Ozgur Onal ◽  
Selcuk Kaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
The People ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Introduction: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a serious public health problem in sheep-raising regions of Turkey. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of echinococcosis in rural regions of Denizli in Turkey. Methodology: This study was undertaken in four townships in Denizli County between May 2009 and July 2009. Family members were interviewed to assess possible risk factors for infection and tested for anti-E. granulosus antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Of the 1,133 individuals included in the study, 78 (6.9%) were found to be anti-EG seropositive. Multivariate analysis showed that the 30–39 year age group (odds ratio [OR]: 3.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30 ± 8.33; p = 0.01), the ≥ 60 year group (OR: 4.08; 95% CI: 1.57 ± 10.61; p = 0.004), and the group that reported sometimes or never getting veterinary care for their animals (OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.05 ± 2.93; p = 0.032) had higher rates of seropositivity. Multivariate analysis showed that education was not significantly associated with seropositivity. Furthermore, no significant correlation with location, occupation, dog ownership or contact with dogs, or with cattle and/or sheep/goat ownership was found. Regular veterinary care and education had significant effects on lowering the prevalence of CE. Conclusions: Our results suggest that preventive measures, such as regular veterinary care for animals and educative and supportive activities oriented to the people working in farming and animal husbandry should be taken to decrease the prevalence of human CE in Turkey.

scholarly journals Parental risk factors associated with congenital heart disease in a Thai population: multivariable analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chayamon Suwansumrit ◽  
Worawan Jittham
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most common types of birth defects and contribute to a large proportion of infant morbidities and mortalities worldwide. These defects may require multiple surgical interventions impacting the infant's quality of life. Objectives To identify risk factors associated with CHD in a population of Thai children. Methods We conducted a case–control study of patients attending the Pediatric Clinic, Naresuan University Hospital, Thailand. We included data from pediatric patients diagnosed with CHDs as cases, and patients without cardiovascular abnormalities as controls. Risk data were collected from July 2019 to April 2020 using face-to-face interviews. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze parental factors associated with CHDs. Results We included 249 cases classified into 2 groups according to severity and 304 patients as controls. For those less-severely affected (155 patients, 62.2%), ventricular septal defect (27.7%) was the most prevalent, whereas for those with severe CHDs, tetralogy of Fallot was the most prevalent (14.0%). There was no difference in sex distribution or maternal obstetric history between the groups. In multivariable analysis, a family history of CHDs (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.61–13.57, P = 0.005) and maternal exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke (AOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.03–2.42, P = 0.002) were identified as significant risk factors for CHDs. Conclusion A family history of CHDs and maternal exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke are associated with having offspring with CHDs in the population studied. These findings help us to encourage affected parents to obtain a fetal echocardiogram.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factor investigation for the exposure of Toxoplasma gondii among veterinary personnel in Punjab, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Thakur ◽  
R. Sharma ◽  
R.S. Aulakh ◽  
J.P.S. Gill ◽  
B.B. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
North India ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Occupational Risk Factors ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Igm Elisa ◽  
Zoonotic Parasite ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

AbstractToxoplasma gondii, a globally important food borne zoonotic parasite, infects most of the warm blooded animals as well as people. One third of worlds population has been exposed to T. gondii at least once in their lifetime. Veterinarians and para vets are considered at risk of T. gondii exposure. As far as we are aware, occupational exposure of T. gondii has not been systematically explored from north India. We determined the seroprevalence of T. gondii in veterinary personnel and investigated associated risk factors in Punjab, India. Two hundred and five blood samples collected from veterinary personnel were tested for the presence of Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies using ELISA. The apparent and true seroprevalence of T. gondii with 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated. Information about participant demographics, and possible routes of exposure was collected using a self completed questionnaire at the time of blood collection. A veterinary person was considered Toxoplasma seropositive using a combination of tests in parallel, i.e. if it was positive in either IgG or IgM ELISA. A mixed effects logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate the association of demography, occupational and non-occupational factors with Toxoplasma seropositive status. The apparent and estimated true seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies using Toxoplasma IgG ELISA was found to be 8.78% (95% CI 5.63% - 13.45%) and 7.36% (95% CI 4.04% - 12.29%), respectively. The apparent and estimated true seroprevalence using Toxoplasma IgM ELISA was found to be 0.49% (95% CI inestimable - 2.71%) and 0.51% (95% CI inestimable - 2.83%), respectively. After adjusting for other variables in the final model, consuming mutton and owning a cat were associated with large odds of being Toxoplasma seropositive. We report that occupational risk factors are not associated with Toxoplasma seropositivity in veterinary personnel in Punjab, India. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in veterinary personnel is comparatively low and occupational exposure in veterinary personnel does not enhance risk of getting infected with T. gondii in Punjab, India.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Psoriasis Vulgaris and Its Associated Risk Factors in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
pp. 390-395
Author(s):  
Syeda Ujala Sohail ◽  
Nasima Iqbal ◽  
Ashok Kumar ◽  
Sarwath Fatimee ◽  
Ayesha Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Family History ◽  
Psoriasis Vulgaris ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
P Value ◽  
History Of ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Aim: To find out the prevalence of psoriasis vulgaris and its associated risk factors. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Rawalpindi Leprosy Hospital during January 2019 to December 2019. Methodology: The diagnosed cases of Psoriasis Vulgaris (PsV) were included in the study. All the patients were investigated on the basis of an in depth Performa. The Performa include all the relevant clinical and family history of the patient along with the personal details. Data was analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. All the numerical variables were presented as mean with standard deviation while categorical data as frequency and percentages. The association of risk factors with the Psoriasis was calculated by using the Chi-square test. p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Mean age with standard deviation of patients was 34.7±14. Most of the diagnosed patients were male and below 40 years of age, only 4.2% cases were having positive family history of Psoriasis and found significant correlation. The frequency of onset of symptoms in adolescent was more as compared to childhood i.e. 95.3% and 4.7% respectively. Majority of psoriasis cases (65.3%) were from non-smoker group and having strong association with smoking. The frequency of arthritis among psoriasis patients was 23.7% and majority of the patients, who developed arthritis were those having age <40 year and were suffering from psoriasis since 5-10 years. Conclusion: Current study concluded that Psoriasis vulgar is having higher prevalence rate among male and below 40 years of age group. The results also suggested a strong association of severity of psoriasis with certain risk factors including family history, age of onset of symptoms, smoking and arthritis.

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