scholarly journals The Brazilian agribusiness labor market: measurement, characterization and analysis of income differentials

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Rennó Castro ◽  
Geraldo Sant’Ana de Camargo Barros ◽  
Alexandre Nunes Almeida ◽  
Leandro Gilio ◽  
Ana Carolina de Paula Morais
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Income Differential ◽  
Income Differentials ◽  
And Gender

Abstract: Although the Brazilian agribusiness sector’s relevance to the country has been widely recognized nowadays, to date, no study has been developed to evaluate the level of employment in this sector as a whole for Brazil. Therefore, the first objective of this study is to access the Brazilian agribusiness labor market, and to measure it, analyze its structure and characterize its workers. Agribusiness worker income differentials were also contrasted with income differentials in the aggregated non-agribusiness labor force. The main results from the study are as follows: a) in 2017, 18.2 million individuals, 20.1% of the country’s labor force, worked in the Brazilian agribusiness sector; b) agribusiness workers were predominately unskilled or semi-skilled with a low level of schooling; c) a large proportion of the sector’s labor force were not formally employed; and d) the average income of agribusiness employees was lower than that of individuals in other economic sectors. There is also extreme labor market heterogeneity among agribusiness sector segments – with the primary segment presenting a noticeably dissimilar profile – and a significant income differential associated with different labor market statuses, economic sub-sectors and locations, and with individual characteristics such as level of schooling, skin tone and gender.

What happens to young people who move to another country to find work?

2018 ◽  
pp. 389-418
Author(s):  
Mehtap Akgüç ◽  
Miroslav Beblavý
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Migrant Youth ◽  
Contract Type ◽  
And Gender

This chapter analyzes the labor market integration of South–North and East–West migrants, together with intra-European and non-European Union migrants, vis-à-vis native peers in main European destinations. The analysis considers individual characteristics and labor market outcomes by migrant origins. Labor market outcomes are estimated, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and for country-fixed and year effects. Using interaction effects, the chapter estimates whether the work-related outcomes of young migrants differ vis-à-vis native peers. The econometric analysis using pooled European Social Surveys (2002–2015) suggests that individual characteristics explain part of the migrant–native peer differences. Particularly, migrants from Eastern and Southern Europe exhibit important gaps vis-à-vis native peers regarding unemployment, contract type, and overqualification. Overall, migrant youth and women seem to be in vulnerable situations in destination labor markets. In addition to nondiscriminatory treatment, transparent competence screening and smooth skills transferability could alleviate such youth and gender vulnerabilities.

scholarly journals Masking Real Unemployment: The Overall and Racial Impact of Survey Non-Response on Measured Labor Market Outcomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Yixia Cai ◽  
Dean Baker
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Market Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

A large and growing percentage of households are missed in the monthly Current Population Survey (CPS). For the survey as a whole, the rate of nonresponse is roughly 13 percent. This is higher for Blacks, with the share for young Black men being about 30 percent. The BLS’s current methodology effectively assumes that, with adjustment for various characteristics, people who are not included in a follow-up survey may not differ systematically from those who are included. The present paper, however, provides evidence that this may not be the case. With the rotation panel structure of the CPS data from 2003 to 2019, we investigate bias from nonresponse in CPS and its association with one’s prior labor market status, paying particular attention to how the relationship differs by race, ethnicity, and gender. Our analysis suggests that people are considerably more likely to be missing in a subsequent observation if they are unemployed or not in the labor force in the prior observation. We also estimate what the real labor market outcomes might have been when adjusting for nonresponse and undercoverage. Findings indicate that the current methodology may underestimate the national unemployment and labor force participation rates by about 0.7 and 1.2 percentage points, respectively. The gap between observed and adjusted unemployment rates tends to grow beginning in 2015. The unemployment rate is more understated for Blacks than for whites, particularly with a gap of about 3.3 percentage points for young Black men (age 16 to 34).

EMPLOYMENT OF YOUTH AND OLDER PEOPLE IN THE LABOR MARKET OF THE TYUMEN REGION: ANALYSIS BASED ON MICRODATA

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-178
Author(s):  
Daria Yu. SHMUNK ◽  
Marina A. GILTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Young People ◽  
Older People ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The Individual

The unfavorable demographic trends of an aging population are leading to a reduction in the size of the labor force and its structural changes. Young people and older people are the most vulnerable applicants for employment in the labor market. The economic behavior of young people and older people is still insufficiently studied at the regional level. This study analyzes the situation within the region. For instance, the Tyumen region without autonomous okrugs was selected, as a region characterized by a stable situation on the labor market with a fairly diversified structure of the economy (therefore, the study did not include the northern autonomous okrugs). Microdata of a sample survey of the labor force of the Federal State Statistics Service were used as a basis for the analysis. Using binary logit models, the probabilities of being employed in the Tyumen region at the age of 20 29 and 55-64 are estimated, taking into account the type of settlement and the individual characteristics of the employee. Estimates are given for the Tyumen region and Russia for 2010, 2015 and 2019.The results showed that the greatest contribution to the probability of employment is made by education (higher, secondary and primary vocational) and young age, which is especially typical for the Tyumen region. Men are more likely to be employed both in the region and in the rest of the country than women. Living in a city in 2010 and 2015 reduced the likelihood of employment in the Tyumen region, in 2019 it increased. For the rest of Russia, the marginal effects (slope coefficients) for the variable of urban residence in all years were small but positive.

Labor Force Participation of Immigrant Women in the Netherlands: Do Traditional Partners Hold Them Back?

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 506-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yassine Khoudja ◽  
Fenella Fleischmann
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Gender

Female labor force participation (FLFP) rates often vary across ethnic groups. This study examined the role of the partner's labor market resources and gender role attitudes for FLFP in different ethnic groups. Cross-sectional data of women in partnerships from the four biggest immigrant groups in the Netherlands and from a native Dutch control group were analyzed. Traditional gender role attitudes of partners were negatively related to FLFP and partly explained ethnic differences therein. Moreover, across all groups, the relation between partners’ labor market resources and FLFP was more negative for traditional women and rather absent for egalitarian women.

Training Participation and Gender: Analyzing Individual Barriers Across Different Welfare State Regimes

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascha Massing ◽  
Britta Gauly
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Perceived Barriers ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
International Assessment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Control ◽  
Welfare State Regimes

Lifelong learning is becoming increasingly important in today’s societies. Individuals need to develop their skills through training in order to be successfully integrated in the labor market. We use data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies to investigate gender differences in training across 12 countries. We analyze participation and perceived barriers to training for women in comparison with men and control for family structure and employment. As institutional framework, we use four different welfare state regimes to show how policies can affect the decision to participate. Our results show that different welfare regimes have an impact on the extent adults take part in training and on their perceived barriers. In all countries except Belgium and the Nordic states, men are more likely to participate in training. However, this inequality disappears once controlling for further individual characteristics. Our research provides insights why adults are deterred from engaging in training.

scholarly journals An Agent-Based Model for Tertiary Educational Choices in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Leoni
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Agent Based Model ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAlthough the low level of tuition fees and the absence of other access barriers, Italy is characterized by low educational attainments at the university level. This work models the choice of young Italians to attend university or leave education and enter the labor market, by making use of an agent-based model that reproduces the Italian higher education and policy system. The aim is to analyze the determinants behind university enrollment decisions possibly causing the low level of attainment and explore three alternative scenarios that propose the expansion of financial support and the increase in the average income gap between skilled and unskilled individuals. The model implies that the individual preference to enroll at university depends upon (i) economic motivations, represented by the expectations on future income, which are formed through interaction within individuals’ social network; (ii) influence from peers; (iii) effort of obtaining a university degree. Results show that the model can reproduce observable features of the Italian system, and highlights low income levels and the following full resort to regional scholarships. Experimented scenarios show that policies expanding financial support to education are ineffective, while an increase in the gap between average income of skilled and unskilled workers leads to an increase in enrollment in university, signaling that labor market policies may be more effective than educational policies in raising the number of students in higher education.

scholarly journals East-West Disparities on the Romanian Labor Market under the Influence of Globalization and Entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Chiripuci ◽  
Mădălina Elena Deaconu ◽  
Marius Constantin ◽  
Albert Scrieciu
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
East West

The East-West Romanian labor market disparities occurred and have been amplified by the rapid regional economic progress based on entrepreneurial spirit, corroborated with specific market opportunities. The end of the second millenium marked the liberalization of the Romanian labor market due to the transition from the planned economy to the open economy. As a result of this transition, the economic globalization phenomenon occurred and shaped Romania, both positively and negatively. However, at the beginning of the twenty-third century, some Romanian economic sectors are facing serious issues as far as the labor force is concerned, or rather the lack of labor force. The objective of this research paper was to explore the EastWest Romanian labor market disparities under the influence of globalization and entrepreneurship through the lens of socio-economic indicators. Results confirm that the Eastern Romania is encountering serious labor issues with direct effect on particular economic sectors.

Implications of higher retirement age for the labor market

2017 ◽  
pp. 22-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivanova ◽  
A. Balaev ◽  
E. Gurvich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Demographic Projections ◽  
The Impact

The paper considers the impact of the increase in retirement age on labor supply and economic growth. Combining own estimates of labor participation and demographic projections by the Rosstat, the authors predict marked fall in the labor force (by 5.6 million persons over 2016-2030). Labor demand is also going down but to a lesser degree. If vigorous measures are not implemented, the labor force shortage will reach 6% of the labor force by the period end, thus restraining economic growth. Even rapid and ambitious increase in the retirement age (by 1 year each year to 65 years for both men and women) can only partially mitigate the adverse consequences of demographic trends.

To The Problem Of Researching Individual Concepts In Author’s Texts

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-19
Author(s):  
Nadezhda V. Razumkova
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Semantic Space ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Anthropological Linguistics ◽  
Individual Concepts ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Aesthetic Values ◽  
Individual Style

This article reviews the text concept studies on the material of a Russian poem and its translation into Chinese within the framework of the anthropological linguistics. The study of individual concepts, embodying the ethical and aesthetic values of a creative person, is relevant and promising for the further development of establishing their role in the implementation of a writer’s individual style in translation. The author analyzes the lexical-semantic space, which implements a fragment of the content of the universal concept of HOME, presented in the original and translated texts. The author presents a linguistic experiment carried out among Chinese students. Its purpose was to consider the cognitive (indicative, figurative, and situational) basis of the content of the translation and the degree of its compliance with the author’s intention. The tasks include the description of translation transformations as well as interpretation of the mental reactions of Chinese respondents. The results obtained indicate that the author’s representation of the HOME concept is achieved through the use of cognitive structures, associated with Russian traditional views. The representation of the discursive concept by interpreters is accompanied by cognitive refraction in terms of the associative development of thoughts. Literary translation is seen as an indirect act of intercultural communication, the subjects of which — the author, translator, and reader — have a set of individual characteristics, lining up on the principle of following an ethnic cultural standard to individual-emotional and gender marked manifestations.

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