scholarly journals Evaluation of occurrence of NO3–, Coliform and atrazine in a karst aquifer, Colombo, PR

RBRH ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aluana Ariane Schleder ◽  
◽  
Lucília Maria Parron Vargas ◽  
Fabricio Augusto Hansel ◽  
Sandro Froehner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Karst Aquifer ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Karst Aquifers ◽  
Deep Wells ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Shallow Wells

ABSTRACT The vulnerability of karst aquifers to contamination by agrochemical compounds was studied. Such contamination occurs due to its geomorphological structure. Despite the fact, aquifers are important to provide potable water, there is a lack of research about karst aquifers in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of nitrates, fecal coliform bacteria and atrazine in shallow and deep wells in the karst aquifer in the State of Paraná, which is affected by agricultural activities. This study was conducted in an intensive agricultural area located inside the basin of the Upper Iguassu/Ribeira in the Municipality of Colombo, Paraná in Brazil. The sampling campaigns were carried out between 2014 and 2015 in fifteen shallow wells and seven deep wells. Nitrates, total and fecal coliforms and atrazine were analyzed. Nitrates were found in higher concentration in all shallow wells, ranging from 0.14 mg L-1 and 40.22 mg L-1. In deep wells, the lower concentrations were between 1.24 mg L-1 e 17.86 mg L-1. The analysis of total and fecal coliforms showed the bias for nitrates. Atrazine was detected in five shallow wells and in four deep wells. Physico-chemical characteristics of atrazine as well as fractures of the karstic aquifer and high hydraulic conductivity can be considered as determining factors in the fate of pesticides.

scholarly journals Presence and Sources of Fecal Coliform Bacteria in Epilithic Periphyton Communities of Lake Superior

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 3771-3778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winfried B. Ksoll ◽  
Satoshi Ishii ◽  
Michael J. Sadowsky ◽  
Randall E. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Dna Fingerprint ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Overlying Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fecal Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Animal Hosts

ABSTRACT Epilithic periphyton communities were sampled at three sites on the Minnesota shoreline of Lake Superior from June 2004 to August 2005 to determine if fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli were present throughout the ice-free season. Fecal coliform densities increased up to 4 orders of magnitude in early summer, reached peaks of up to 1.4 � 105 CFU cm−2 by late July, and decreased during autumn. Horizontal, fluorophore-enhanced repetitive-PCR DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that the source for 2% to 44% of the E. coli bacteria isolated from these periphyton communities could be identified when compared with a library of E. coli fingerprints from animal hosts and sewage. Waterfowl were the major source (68 to 99%) of periphyton E. coli strains that could be identified. Several periphyton E. coli isolates were genotypically identical (≥92% similarity), repeatedly isolated over time, and unidentified when compared to the source library, suggesting that these strains were naturalized members of periphyton communities. If the unidentified E. coli strains from periphyton were added to the known source library, then 57% to 81% of E. coli strains from overlying waters could be identified, with waterfowl (15 to 67%), periphyton (6 to 28%), and sewage effluent (8 to 28%) being the major potential sources. Inoculated E. coli rapidly colonized natural periphyton in laboratory microcosms and persisted for several weeks, and some cells were released to the overlying water. Our results indicate that E. coli from periphyton released into waterways confounds the use of this bacterium as a reliable indicator of recent fecal pollution.

Reactivation and/or growth of fecal coliform bacteria during centrifugal dewatering of anaerobically digested biosolids

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.N. Qi ◽  
S. Gillow ◽  
D.S. Herson ◽  
S.K. Dentel
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Fecal Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Media Type

Fecal coliform bacteria are used as indicator organisms for the presence of pathogens. In sludges, it has often been assumed that the counts of fecal coliforms after digestion (where the sludges may also be called biosolids) are representative of the counts when the sludge is disposed or recycled, such as by land application. The possibility has been raised, however, that dewatering processes can lead to increased counts of fecal coliforms and, by inference, human pathogens. This paper presents data from previous studies of this possibility; the results were inconsistent but showed observable increases in fecal coliforms at one treatment plant. Additional studies were then performed at another treatment facility, which showed statistically significant increases in fecal coliform counts after dewatering and two days of aging. The increases exceeded two orders of magnitude and included two centrifuge types and two biosolids types. Artifacts of media type and enumeration method have been excluded, and shearing of the material by commercial blender did not produce the same effects.

scholarly journals Contamination of groundwater sources in emerging African towns: the case of Babati town, Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 980-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Pantaleo ◽  
H. C. Komakech ◽  
K. M. Mtei ◽  
K. N. Njau
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Groundwater Contamination ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Who Standards ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Nitrite Nitrate

Abstract Assessment of groundwater contamination potential was carried out in Babati, Manyara, Tanzania. Diazotization, cadmium reduction, ascorbic acid, ion selective electrode and membrane filtration analytical methods were used, respectively, for nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, fluoride and microbial investigations. Fecal coliforms (FC) and high NO3 concentrations were present in wells less than 30 m deep. The maximum FC level was 280 CFU/100 ml, and the nitrate (NO3) ranged from 1.1 to 357.7 mg-NO3/l. In boreholes, nitrate concentrations ranged from 2.3 to 32.6 mg-NO3/l, below both national and WHO standards, and were all free of fecal coliform. Other parameters were all within recommended limits for all wells tested. Evaluation of the potential contamination pathways revealed that the shallow well depths ranged from 1.2 to 26.67 m – median 9 m (N = 366): 70% were unlined and 19% were uncovered. About 74% of the wells were within 30 m of sanitation facilities, of which 60% were traditional pit latrines. The findings revealed that most shallow wells (64%) are polluted and could cause health problems for users. Therefore, it is prudent that the community avoids relying on shallow wells. Boiling of domestic water before use is highly recommended.

Yeasts and coliform bacteria of water accumulated in bromeliads of mangrove and sand dune ecosystems of southeast Brazil

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 973-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen N. Hagler ◽  
Carlos A. Rosa ◽  
Paula B. Morais ◽  
Leda C. Mendonça-Hagler ◽  
Georgia M. O. Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Sand Dune ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Yeast Community ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ascomycetous Yeasts

Yeasts and coliform bacteria were isolated from water that accumulated in the central cups and adjacent leaf axilae of two bromeliads, Neoregelia cruenta of a coastal sand dune and Quesnelia quesneliana of a mangrove ecosystem near the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The mean total coliform counts were above 10 000 per 100 mL for waters of both plants, but the mean fecal coliform counts were only 74 per 100 mL for Q. quesneliana and mostly undetected in water from N. cruenta. Of 90 fecal coliform isolates, 51 were typical of Escherichia coli in colony morphology and indol, methyl red, Volges–Proskauer, and citrate (IMViC) tests. Seven representatives of the typical E. coli cultures were identified as this species, but the identifications of nine other coliform bacteria were mostly dubious. The yeast community of N. cruenta was typical of plant surfaces with basidiomycetous yeasts anamorphs, and the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans was prevalent. Quesnelia quesneliana had a substantial proportion of ascomycetous yeasts and their anamorphs, including a probable new biotype of Saccharomyces unisporus. Our results suggested that the microbial communities in bromeliad waters are typically autochtonous and not contaminants.Key words: yeasts, fecal coliforms, bromeliad waters, mangrove, Restinga.

scholarly journals The origin of bacterial contamination in AL-Habania reservoir in Iraq

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Fecal Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania reservoir was studied during the period from February 2005 to January 2006; samples were collected from four stations (AL-Warrar, AL-Theban regulator, middle of the reservoir and the fourth was towards AL-Razzaza reservoir). Coliform bacteria, faecal Coliforms, Streptococci, and faecal Streptococci were used as parameters of bacterial contamination in waters through calculating the most probable number. Highest count of Coliform bacteria (1500 cell/100ml) was recorded at AL-Razaza during August, and the lowest count was less than (300 cell/100ml) in the rest of the collection stations for all months. Fecal Coliform bacteria ranged between less than 300 cells/100ml in all stations for all months to 700 cell/100ml in AL-Warrar, AL-Razaza and in the middle of the reservoir stations during August. Streptococci bacteria count ranged between less than 300 cell/100ml to 700 cell/100ml as a highest record in AL-Razaza station during August for both. The ratio between fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci (FC: FS) was detected to determined the origin of the pollution in the reservoir depending on Geldrich statistical law in this research, the ratio ranged between (1) to (2.3).

Isolation of Fecal Coliform Bacteria from the Diamondback Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin centrata)

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 865-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie J. Harwood ◽  
Joseph Butler ◽  
Danny Parrish ◽  
Victoria Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Diamondback Terrapin ◽  
Malaclemys Terrapin ◽  
Fecal Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Diamondback Terrapins

ABSTRACT Total and fecal coliform bacteria were isolated from the cloaca and feces of the estuarine diamondback terrapin. The majority of samples contained fecal coliforms. Escherichia coli was the predominant fecal coliform species isolated, and members of the genusSalmonella were isolated from 2 of 39 terrapins. Fecal coliform numbers are used to regulate shellfish harvests, and diamondback terrapins inhabit the brackish-water habitats where oyster beds are found; therefore, these findings have implications for the efficacy of current regulatory parameters in shellfishing waters.

Salmonella and the Sanitary Quality of Aquacultured Shrimp

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2527-2532 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRETT KOONSE ◽  
WILLIAM BURKHARDT ◽  
STUART CHIRTEL ◽  
GEORGE P. HOSKIN
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Shrimp Aquaculture ◽  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Shrimp Culture ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Unit Increase

In this study, we examined the prevalence of Salmonella and coliform bacteria on shrimp aquaculture farms to develop guidelines or preventative measures for reducing Salmonella and fecal contamination on products harvested from these farms. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in conjunction with foreign government regulatory agencies, the aquaculture industry, and academia affiliates, analyzed 1,234 samples from 103 shrimp aquaculture farms representing six countries between July 2001 and June 2003 for fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella. A significant relationship was found (P = 0.0342) between the log number of fecal bacteria and the probability that any given sample would contain Salmonella. The likelihood of any given sample containing Salmonella was increased by 1.2 times with each 10-fold increase in either fecal coliform or E. coli concentration. The statistical relationship between Salmonella concentration and that of both fecal coliforms and E. coli was highest in grow-out pond water (P = 0.0042 for fecal coliforms and P = 0.0021 for E. coli). The likelihood of finding Salmonella in grow-out pond water increased 2.7 times with each log unit increase in fecal coliform concentration and 3.0 times with each log unit increase in E. coli concentration. Salmonella is not part of the natural flora of the shrimp culture environment nor is it inherently present in shrimp grow-out ponds. The occurrence of Salmonella bacteria in shrimp from aquaculture operations is related to the concentration of fecal bacteria in the source and grow-out pond water.

Comparison of Two Rapid Test Procedures with the Standard EC Test for Recovery of Fecal Coliform Bacteria from Shellfish-Growing Waters

1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1317-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A Hunt ◽  
Janet Springer
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Geographic Variations ◽  
Fecal Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Alternative Test ◽  
And Control

Abstract A study was conducted to compare recovery and enumeration capability of two 24-hr multitube fermentation tests with the standard EC test for fecal coliform levels in shellfish-growing waters. The 2 tests were the A-1 test developed by Andrews and Presnell, specifying 24-hr incubation in A-1 medium at 44.5CC; and a modification of the A-1 test requiring a 3-hr resuscitation at 35°C before incubation at 44.5°C for 21 hr. Fifteen State, Federal, and Provincial laboratories examined 10 routine shellfish-growing area samples per month in parallel by the 3 methods for 1 year. IMViC tests (indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate) were conducted on all gas-positive tubes. The modified A-1 test recovered higher levels of fecal coliforms than the A-1 test. Although there were seasonal and geographic variations in recovery and enumeration by the modified A-1 test, overall there was good correlation of the modified A-1 test with the EC test. Both the A-1 and modified A-1 tests were more specific for Escherichia coli than the EC test. Results of the study indicate that the 24-hr modified A-1 test can be used as an alternative test for the standard 72-hr EC test as an adjunct to the sanitary survey for the classification and control of shellfish-growing area waters.

scholarly journals Fecal coliform bacteria and factors related to its growth at the Sekotong shallow wells (West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doni Marisi Sinaga ◽  
Mark Gregory Robson ◽  
Beatrix Trikurnia Gasong ◽  
Adonia Getse Halel ◽  
Dian Pertiwi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Mercury Concentration ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Fecal Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Drinking Water Resources ◽  
Shallow Wells

Background: The poor sanitation and small numbers of households who own toilet in Sekotong regency may relate to the diarrheal events due to the fecal coliform contamination in drinking water.Aim: This paper aims to provide the concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria in shallow well waters and the factors associated to its growth.Method: Fifteen groundwater samples were collected from 5 shallow wells to provide the concentrations of total fecal coliform bacteria (FC), mercury concentration, inorganic nitrogen compounds (represent as ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved oxygen (D), pH, and salinity. The concentration of the parameters was then compared to the safe limit set by World Health Organization (WHO).Results: The results indicated that the drinking water resources at the Sekotong regency were contaminated by coliform and mercury. One location with low mercury concentration was recorded with E. coli contamination. Residence, agriculture, and animal livestock were subjected as the sources of coliform contamination. Mercury concentrations may inverse the growth of FC. No apparent relationship was found between total phosphorous and inorganic nitrogen compounds to FC growth. However, we recognized the FC growth responded positively to the level of phosphorous in waters, but associated negatively to nitrate concentration. An inverse correlation was also found between coliform survival and salinity in this study. The pH range at 6.05 – 6.50 supported FC survival.Conclusion: The drinking water resources at the Sekotong shallow wells were contaminated by coliform and mercury. It is important for local government to inform drinking water protection and treatment.

Comparison of Modified A-1 Method with Standard EC Test for Recovery of Fecal Coliform Bacteria for Shellfish

1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A Hunt ◽  
John P Lucas ◽  
Foster D Mcclure ◽  
Janet Springer ◽  
Richard Newell
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Task Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Health Association ◽  
Aoac Official ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation

Abstract This study is one of a series in which variations of the A-1 method for the detection and enumeration of (ecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in seawater and foods were evaluated. The tests were conducted jointly by the Food and Drug Administration and state and provincial laboratories that support shellfish control programs in the United States and Canada as part of the National Shellfish Sanitation Program’s Microbiology Task Force activities. Results showed significantly higher recovery of fecal coliforms from naturally contaminated shellfish by the AOAC official A-l-M method than by the American Public Health Association standard method. There was no significant difference in recovery of E coii by the 2 methods.

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