scholarly journals NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND ITS COMPLICATIONS IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nida JAVAID ◽  
Ayesha Zafar IQBAL ◽  
Maryam HAMEEDA
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Hepatocellular Injury ◽  
Dietary History ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Progressive Liver Disease

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cirrhosis is a chronic and progressive liver disease that occurs from prolonged hepatocellular injury. Malnutrition causes complications in cirrhosis patients that worsen the condition to liver failure. Both are closely linked and increase the chances of morbidity and mortality. Regular nutritional screening and monitoring is prime concern for such patients including comprehensive dietary history, laboratory tests, and evaluation of muscle loss and strength capabilities to determine the degree of frailty. For efficient assessment of liver cirrhosis patients Subjective Global Assessment has been used worldwide. The nutritional objectives for such individuals should be to regain liver functions, to prevent complications associated, and to overcome nutritional deficiencies causing malnutrition. METHODS: We conducted a literature review using PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct for this purpose, a total of 130 articles were reviewed out of which 80 (from the past 5 years) including originally published research, review articles and abstracts were also included. Exclusion criteria of the selected studies was year of publication, irrelevancy and animal studies based on the purpose of current study. The aim of this study was to check nutritional management in patients having complications of liver cirrhosis. RESULTS: According to the guidelines, for the conservation of normal nutritional status of the malnourished patients’, energy should be provided 35 kcal/kg/day while to prevent hypoalbuminemia and maintain the protein stores in the body, 1.5 g/kg/day protein has been recommended. Carbohydrates and fats for cirrhosis patients are recommended 50% to 60% and 10% to 20% of the total dietary intake respectively. CONCLUSION: Initial identification and prevention of malnutrition have the probability to lead to better health outcomes, prevention of complications of the disease, and improving quality of life.

scholarly journals Ellagic Acid Suppresses the Oxidative Stress Induced by Dietary-Oxidized Tallow

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alam Zeb ◽  
Adnan Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ellagic Acid ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Rabbit Heart ◽  
The Body ◽  
Margaric Acid

Dietary tallow was thermally oxidized at 180°C in an open fryer. The oxidized tallow (OT) and unoxidized tallow were characterized for oxidation parameters and fatty acid composition using GC-MS. Tallow samples were fed to rabbits along with 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/day of ellagic acid (EA) for three weeks. Results revealed that the peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) significantly increased, while radical scavenging activity (RSA) of the tallow decreased significantly with oxidation. GC-MS analysis showed eight fatty acids in the tallow samples, where palmitic acid (48.5-49.7 g/100 g), linoleic acid (18.7-23.7 g/100 g), stearic acid (13.5-15.6 g/100 g), and margaric acid (6.32-6.42 g/100 g) were the major fatty acids. Animal studies showed that oxidized tallow (OT) alone or in combination with EA significantly altered the body weight of the rabbits. Serum biochemical parameters and renal function tests were affected by OT and ameliorated by EA. The toxic effects of OT on haematological indices were minimized by EA. The supplementation of OT alone had significant effects on the liver structure and functions. The coadministration of EA reduced the toxic properties of OT on the liver, by increasing the antioxidant (GSH) system. The rabbit heart was also affected by the OT, which was ameliorated by EA supplementation. These results suggested that the supplementation of EA was beneficial against the OT-induced oxidative stress and may be considered for foods containing oxidized lipids.

scholarly journals Parasitic Lesions in Fish in the Federal District, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jair Alves Ferreira Junior ◽  
Saulo Pereira Cardoso ◽  
Nathália Dela-Sávia Da Fonseca ◽  
Karla Alvarenga Nascimento ◽  
Fábio Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Cell Degeneration ◽  
Pathology Laboratory

Background: Brazil has a vast territory and favorable climatic conditions that allow the cultivation of freshwater fish. The intensification of the productive system can cause an imbalance in the aquatic environment as a result of poor water quality, nutritional deficiencies and infectious or parasitic diseases. The laboratory diagnosis and the determination of the prevalence of the main lesions, which occur in a certain region, help to guide towards the etiological diagnosis. This study aimed to describe the main parasitic lesions in fish in the routine at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Universidade de Brasília. Material, Methods & Results: All records of fish with parasitic lesions were recovered. Those cases in which there was an intralesional parasite and which presented lesions compatible with the parasite were included. The screening of ectoparasites was done by scraping the superficial mucus from the gills and skin. Organ sections were routinely processed for histopathologyand stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). In some records, parasitological identification was carried. The information was divided into the species of the affected fish, epidemiology of the outbreak (water quality, temperature, type of breeding), lesion distribution, etiology and macroscopic and microscopic changes. The resulting data was organized in absolute frequency and percentage. In this study, 22 cases were counted, between individual deaths and outbreaks, totaling 83 necropsied teleost fish.Inflammatory changes of parasitic origin were seen in 13/22 (59%) of the cases had lesions of parasitic origin. Skin lesions and gills were the most relevant. Macroscopically, red areas or spots of hyperemia or hemorrhage on the body surface were the most prevalent findings. Under microscopy, proliferative gill inflammation was the most relevant diagnosis. Pscinoodinium pilullare (Dinoflagellida), Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), and monogenetic worms (Monogenea) were the main parasites found. Trichodina sp. (Ciliophora), Ichtyobodo sp. (Kinetoplastida), Amoebas, and Chilodonella sp. (Ciliophora), were seen in fewer numbers. An unusual case suggestive of parasitism by Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda), in a pirá-brasília (Simpsonichthys boitonei), specimen has been recorded.Discussion: The diagnoses were based on epidemiology, anatomopathological and parasitological findings. The most frequent and significantly lethal lesion in the study was proliferative and / or hyperplastic branchitis. Proliferative branchitis with lamellar epithelial hyperplasia (LEH) is a response to some type of chemical or mechanical injury to the gill epithelium in order to protect the capillaries from further damage or microbial penetration. However, it also increases the diffusion distance between capillaries and the environment and, therefore, hinders breathing, excretory and osmoregulatory functions. Protozoan infections and monogenetic worms in general generated LEH and skin lesions of mechanical origin. Secondary bacterial infection, were observed in this parasitosis determining the cause of death of the fish. Its pathogenicity comes from the lesions caused by the colonization and histophagy of the epithelial surfaces, mainly gills and skin, causing epithelial proliferation, lamellar cell fusion, epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis forming several ulcers in the epithelium after the release of mature trophies. The pathogenesis of parasitism by Eustrongylides spp. is considerable when there is a large quantity of these larvae that can cause intestinal obstruction, rupture and compression of viscera, of greater importance in small fish. The main parasites of necropsied fish were protozoa and monogenetic worms, which mainly cause branquitis and dermatitis in varying grades.

scholarly journals Skeletal Manifestations of Scurvy: A Case Report from Dubai

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahryar Noordin ◽  
Naveed Baloch ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Salat ◽  
Abdul Rashid Memon ◽  
Tashfeen Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Dietary History ◽  
Ankle Joints ◽  
Pakistani Origin ◽  
Zone Of Provisional Calcification ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion

Introduction. Nutritional deficiencies are rarely reported in developed countries. We report a child of Pakistani origin brought up in Dubai who developed skeletal manifestations of scurvy due to peculiar dietary habits.Case Presentation. A 4.5 year old boy presented with pain and swelling of multiple joints for three months and inability to walk for two months. Dietary history was significant for exclusive meat intake for the preceding two years. On examination the child’s height and weight were below the 5th percentile for his age. He was pale and tachycardic. There was significant swelling and tenderness over the wrist, knee and ankle joints, along with painful restriction of motion. Basic blood workup was unremarkable except for anemia. However, X-rays showed delayed bone age, severe osteopenia of the long bones, epiphyseal separation, cortical thinning and dense zone of provisional calcification, suggesting a radiological diagnosis of scurvy. The child was started on vitamin C replacement therapy. Over the following two months, the pain and swelling substantially reduced and the child became able to walk. Repeat X-rays showed improvement in the bony abnormalities.Conclusion. Although scurvy is not a very commonly encountered entity in the modern era, inappropriate dietary intake can lead to skeletal abnormalities which may be confused with rickets. A high index of suspicion is thus required for prompt diagnosis of scurvy in patients with bone and joint symptoms.

scholarly journals Peptide hormone relaxin: from bench to bedside

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (6) ◽  
pp. R753-R760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jelinic ◽  
Sarah A. Marshall ◽  
Dennis Stewart ◽  
Elaine Unemori ◽  
Laura J. Parry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cervical Ripening ◽  
Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Vitro Fertilization

The peptide hormone relaxin has numerous roles both within and independent of pregnancy and is often thought of as a “pleiotropic hormone.” Relaxin targets several tissues throughout the body, and has many functions associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and the vasculature. This review considers the potential therapeutic applications of relaxin in cervical ripening, in vitro fertilization, preeclampsia, acute heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion, and cirrhosis. We first outline the animal models used in preclinical studies to progress relaxin into clinical trials and then discuss the findings from these studies. In many cases, the positive outcomes from preclinical animal studies were not replicated in human clinical trials. Therefore, the focus of this review is to evaluate the various animal models used to develop relaxin as a potential therapeutic and consider the limitations that must be addressed in future studies. These include the use of human relaxin in animals, duration of relaxin treatment, and the appropriateness of the clinical conditions being considered for relaxin therapy.

Challenges on the effect of cell phone radiation on mammalian embryos and fetuses: a review of the literature

Zygote ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Maryam Mahaldashtian ◽  
Mohammad Ali Khalili ◽  
Fatemeh Anbari ◽  
Mohammad Seify ◽  
Manuel Belli
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Cell Phones ◽  
Cellular Phone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Wide Range

Summary Cell phones operate with a wide range of frequency bands and emit radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). Concern on the possible health hazards of RF-EMR has been growing in many countries because these RF-EMR pulses may be absorbed into the body cells, directly affecting them. There are some in vitro and in vivo animal studies related to the consequences of RF-EMR exposure from cell phones on embryo development and offspring. In addition, some studies have revealed that RF-EMR from cellular phone may lead to decrease in the rates of fertilization and embryo development, as well as the risk of the developmental anomalies, other studies have reported that it does not interfere with in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection success rates, or the chromosomal aberration rate. Of course, it is unethical to study the effect of waves generated from cell phones on the forming human embryos. Conversely, other mammals have many similarities to humans in terms of anatomy, physiology and genetics. Therefore, in this review we focused on the existing literature evaluating the potential effects of RF-EMR on mammalian embryonic and fetal development.

DROWNING AND THE TREATMENT OF NON-FATAL SUBMERSION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 684-698
Author(s):  
Jerome Imburg ◽  
Thomas C. Hartney
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Cardiac Massage ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing

Animal studies have shown that fluid enters the body via the lungs in sea-water and fresh-water drowning. In fresh-water drowning in dogs, there is marked and rapid hemodilution with death due to ventricular fibrillation in about 4 minutes. In sea-water drowning in dogs, there is hemoconcentration; the blood water is lost into the sea water in the lungs with bradycardia and death due to asystole in 6 to 8 minutes. Studies of human drowning victims show similar, but less striking, changes in hemodynamics. In human non-fatal submersion the problems are usually those produced by impaired pulmonary function and central nervous system damage due to hypoxia. Hemodilution and ventricular fibrillation have not been documented in human nonfatal submersion. Therapeutic measures may be divided into those of an immediate urgent nature to be employed at the accident scene: expired air resuscitation, which should be started on reaching the unconscious victim in the water, and external cardiac massage, when indicated. Later measures to be instituted in the hospital include: cardiac resuscitation, intermittent positive-pressure breathing, hypothermia, tracheostomy and tracheal tiolet, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, steroids, and intravenous fluids to correct defects in blood elements (hemoglobin, electrolytes, pH). Later, pulmonary function should be studied for impairment due to alveolar damage and fibrosis. Permanent neurologic sequellae may develop.

scholarly journals Plasma Transthyretin as A Biomarker of Sarcopenia in Elderly Subjects

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Ingenbleek
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Inflammatory Disorders ◽  
Screening Programs

Skeletal muscle (SM) mass, the chief component of the structural compartment belonging to lean body mass (LBM), undergoes sarcopenia with increasing age. Decreased SM in elderly persons is a naturally occurring process that may be accelerated by acute or chronic nutritional deficiencies and/or inflammatory disorders, declining processes associated with harmful complications. A recently published position paper by European experts has provided an overall survey on the definition and diagnosis of sarcopenia in elderly persons. The present review describes the additional contributory role played by the noninvasive transthyretin (TTR) micromethod. The body mass index (BMI) formula is currently used in clinical studies as a criterion of good health to detect, prevent, and follow up on the downward trend of muscle mass. The recent upsurge of sarcopenic obesity with its multiple subclasses has led to a confused stratification of SM and fat stores, prompting workers to eliminate BMI from screening programs. As a result, investigators are now focusing on indices of protein status that participate in SM growth, maturation, and catabolism that might serve to identify sarcopenia trajectories. Plasma TTR is clearly superior to all other hepatic biomarkers, showing the same evolutionary patterns as those displayed in health and disease by both visceral and structural LBM compartments. As a result, this TTR parameter maintains positive correlations with muscle mass downsizing in elderly persons. The liver synthesis of TTR is downregulated in protein-depleted states and suppressed in cytokine-induced inflammatory disorders. TTR integrates the centrally-mediated regulatory mechanisms governing the balance between protein accretion and protein breakdown, emerging as the ultimate indicator of LBM resources. This review proposes the adoption of a gray zone defined by cut-off values ranging from 200 mg/L to 100 mg/L between which TTR plasma values may fluctuate and predict either the best or the worst outcome. The best outcome occurs when appropriate dietary, medicinal and surgical decisions are undertaken, resuming TTR synthesis which manifests rising trends towards pre-stress levels. The worst occurs when all therapeutic means fail to succeed, leading inevitably to complete exhaustion of LBM and SM metabolic resources with an ensuing fatal outcome. Some patients may remain unresponsive in the middle of the gray area, combining steady clinical states with persistent stagnant TTR values. Using the serial measurement of plasma TTR values, these last patients should be treated with the most aggressive and appropriate therapeutic strategies to ensure the best outcome.

scholarly journals The cortical collecting duct plays a pivotal role in kidney local renin-angiotensin system

2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (17) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rózsa Csohány ◽  
Ágnes Prókai ◽  
Anna Kosik ◽  
J. Attila Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Cortical Collecting Duct ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin

The renin-angiotensin system is one of the most important hormone systems in the body, and the regulations as well as the role in the juxtaglomerular apparatus are well known. The present review focuses on renin secretion in a recently described localization, the cortical collecting duct. The authors display it in parallel of the copying strategy of an adult and a developing kidney. Furthermore, based on different animal studies it highlights the local role of renin released from the collecting duct. In chronic angiotensin II-infused, 2-kidney, 1-clip hypertensive model as well as in diabetic rats the major source of (pro)renin is indeed the collecting duct. In this localization this hormone can reach both the systemic circulation and the interstitial renin-angiotensin system components including the newly described (pro)renin receptor, by which (pro)renin is able to locally activate pro-fibrotic intracellular signal pathways. Consequently, one can postulate that in the future renin may serve either as a new therapeutic target in nephropathy associated with both hypertension and diabetes or as an early diagnostic marker in chronic diseases leading to nephropathy. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 643–649.

Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and health of the offspring

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 779-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Martin-Gronert ◽  
S.E. Ozanne
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
Fetal Malnutrition ◽  
And Function ◽  
Maternal Overnutrition

The ability of mother to provide nutrients and oxygen for her baby is a critical factor for fetal health and its survival. Failure in supplying the adequate amount of nutrients to meet fetal demand can lead to fetal malnutrition. The fetus responds and adapts to undernutrition but by doing so it permanently alters the structure and function of the body. Maternal overnutrition also has long-lasting and detrimental effects on the health of the offspring. There is growing evidence that maternal nutrition can induce epigenetic modifications of the fetal genome. Only relatively recently has evidence from epidemiological and animal studies emerged suggesting that fetal responses to the intrauterine environment may underlie the prevalence of many chronic diseases of adulthood including Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. It is now of crucial importance to gain the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between fetal alterations to the intra-uterine environment and their long-term effects on the health of an individual.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document