Comparative Fatty Acids Analysis of Delonix regia and Tetrapleura tetraptera

Fatty acid levels of two edible and medicinal species: Delonix regia and Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds flour were investigated using standard analytical techniques. Among the saturated fatty acids (SFA), palmitic acid (17.2-49.4%) had the highest concentration in both samples. Oleic acid (19.7-21.0%) was most abundant among the mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). In both samples, palmitoleic acid recorded 0.00% concentration, whilst margaric acid (0.001-0.060%), lignoceric acid (0.001-0.079%) and arachidonic acid (0.065-0.080%) were found in trace amounts. Both samples were high in total poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (26.9-42.7%). MUFA/SFA was less than 1.00 in both samples (0.375-0.584); PUFA/SFA was 1.18 (Delonix regia) and 0.507 (Tetrapleura tetraptera). Total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA) (63.8%) was higher than total SFA(36.1%) in Delonix regia. In Tetrapleura tetraptera, SFA (53.1%) was more than TUFA (46.8%). 2n-6/3n-3 were high at 59.9 (Delonix regia) and 536 (Tetrapleura tetraptera). The correlation coefficient of the fatty acids was positively high and significant

Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of a new isocoumarin obtained from Marantodes pumilum var. pumila leaves

Background In traditional Malay medicine, Marantodes pumilum (Blume) Kuntze (family Primulaceae) is commonly used by women to treat parturition, flatulence, dysentery, dysmenorrhea, gonorrhea, and bone diseases. Preliminary screening of some Primulaceae species showed that they possess xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of three varieties of M. pumilum and their phytochemical compounds. Method Dichloromethane, methanol, and water extracts of the leaves and roots of M. pumilum var. alata, M. pumilum var. pumila, and M. pumilum var. lanceolata were tested using an in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation were carried out on the most active extract using chromatographic techniques. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined using spectroscopic techniques. Results The most active dichloromethane extract of M. pumilum var. pumila leaves (IC50 = 161.6 μg/mL) yielded one new compound, 3,7-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-4,8-dimethyl-isocoumarin (1), and five known compounds, viz. ardisiaquinone A (2), maesanin (3), stigmasterol (4), tetracosane (5), and margaric acid (6). The new compound was found to be the most active xanthine oxidase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.66 ± 0.01 μg/mL, which was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from that of the positive control, allopurinol (IC50 = 0.24 ± 0.00 μg/mL). Conclusion This study suggests that the new compound 3,7-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-4,8-dimethyl-isocoumarin (1), which was isolated from the dichloromethane extract of M. pumilum var. pumila leaves, could be a potential xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris

The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production from Chlorella vulgaris has been studied by sequential investigation such as microalgae culturing, lipid extraction, and lipid conversion to FAME. The C. vulgaris could grow well in the BG-11 medium and had a doubling time 3.7 days for its growth using inocula 16% (v/v). The optimum of dry cell biomass as 11.6 g/L was obtained after the microalgae culture harvested for 6 days. Lipid extraction from the biomass was carried out in various solvents and ultrasonication power, resulted lipid as 31% (w/w) when extracted with a mixed solvent of n-hexane-ethanol in ratio 1:1 and ultrasonication treatment at power 25 kHz/270W for 30 min. The lipid then converted to FAME through transesterification reaction with methanol using H2SO4 catalyst at 45ºC for 2 h, and resulted FAME with area 32.26% in GC-MS analysis. The area was corresponded to FAME output as 13.68% (w/w). Fatty acid profiles of FAME obtained from GC-MS analysis showed the major peaks of fatty acids found in Chlorella vulgaris were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and margaric acid (C17:0), and nonadecanoic acid (C19:0). Optimization of the transesterification reaction will be developed in future to improve the FAME product.

Chemical Constituents and Antiulcer Activity of n-Hexane Extract of Sanchezia nobilis Hook F. Leaves from Vietnam

Five compounds (1-5) were isolated from the leaves of Sanchezia nobilis collected in Nam Dinh province by chromatographic methods. These compounds were identified as: mangiferin (1), β-sitosterol (2), margaric acid (3), ursolic acid (4), oleanolic acid (5). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. These compounds were isolated from the leaves of Sanchezia nobilis for the first time. Screening of gastric and duodenal antiulcer effects on indomethacin induced gastric ulcer models showed that n-hexane fraction produced the highest antiulcer activity. Percentage inhibition of gastric ulceration of misoprostol was 22.86 %, while that of n-hexane fraction was 28.57 % (p < 0.05). Evaluation of gastric and duodenal antiulcer effects on acysteamine induced gastric ulcer models showed that this fraction was effective against gastric and duodenal ulcer (83.3 %), improved ulcer damage (54.17 %), significantly reduced the number of mean ulcer and ulcer index (2.00 ± 1.28) but it did not change the area of the ulcer.

Analyzing Physicochemical Properties of Wild Grapes (Lannea Microcarpa) Seed Oil

The purpose of this study was to analyze physicochemical properties of wild grape (Lannea microcarpa) seed oil. Several characterizations were conducted, including a gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and cold saponification. The analyses were also supported by measuring acid, iodine, saponification, and peroxide values. Other analyses were relative density and refractive index. Experimental results showed that the oil was dark purple with the composition of oil of 59%. The qualitative GC-MS revealed the oil contained several fatty acids, including decanoic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, margaric acid, 1-octadecanoic acid, oleic, and erucic acid. The soap produced from the seed oil has basic pH and relatively high foam value. When the high concentration of oil was used, the appearance of oil was very dark purple and slightly soluble in water. This is due to the fact that most of the oil compositions were non-polar structure. This result confirmed the potential use of the oil for soap and other cosmetic materials.

Ellagic Acid Suppresses the Oxidative Stress Induced by Dietary-Oxidized Tallow

Dietary tallow was thermally oxidized at 180°C in an open fryer. The oxidized tallow (OT) and unoxidized tallow were characterized for oxidation parameters and fatty acid composition using GC-MS. Tallow samples were fed to rabbits along with 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/day of ellagic acid (EA) for three weeks. Results revealed that the peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) significantly increased, while radical scavenging activity (RSA) of the tallow decreased significantly with oxidation. GC-MS analysis showed eight fatty acids in the tallow samples, where palmitic acid (48.5-49.7 g/100 g), linoleic acid (18.7-23.7 g/100 g), stearic acid (13.5-15.6 g/100 g), and margaric acid (6.32-6.42 g/100 g) were the major fatty acids. Animal studies showed that oxidized tallow (OT) alone or in combination with EA significantly altered the body weight of the rabbits. Serum biochemical parameters and renal function tests were affected by OT and ameliorated by EA. The toxic effects of OT on haematological indices were minimized by EA. The supplementation of OT alone had significant effects on the liver structure and functions. The coadministration of EA reduced the toxic properties of OT on the liver, by increasing the antioxidant (GSH) system. The rabbit heart was also affected by the OT, which was ameliorated by EA supplementation. These results suggested that the supplementation of EA was beneficial against the OT-induced oxidative stress and may be considered for foods containing oxidized lipids.

Fatty acid profile and lambs’ meat quality fed with different levels of crude glycerin replacing corn

This study aimed to evaluate the Texel lambs’ meat quality fed with increasing levels of crude glycerin (0, 7, 14, and 21% of dry matter) in the diet. Thirthy-two-two non-castrated male Texel lambs were used, with initial weight of 15.9 ± 4.1 kg, using a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight repetitions, per treatment. Upon reaching the average weight of 35 kg, the animals were slaughtered. The meat chemical composition was similar among treatments (P>0.05) and total lipids and crude protein presented averages of 3.47 and 20.05 g 100g -1, respectively. No changes in pH, marbling, color, and water loss under pressure were observed. The shear force did not change among treatments and the texture can be considered soft, with average values of 5.48 kgf. There was a linear (P0.05) were observed for the attributes flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptance among treatments. Fatty acids in higher proportions in the meat lamb were to C18:1n-9 (1298.90 mg 100g-1), C16:0 (709.07 mg 100g-1) and C18:0 (433.30 mg 100g-1), with percentages of 42.72, 23.07 and 14.35%, respectively. Significant difference according to the glycerin level in the diet was observed only for the margaric acid (C17:0) with an increasing linear effect, reaching 58.95 mg 100g-1 muscle to the group with 21% crude glycerin, corresponding to 1.77% of total fatty acids. The other fatty acids did not change, and provided a satisfactory result for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), totaling about 6.1 mg 100 g-1 muscle, corresponding to 0.21% of total lipids. The use of glycerin in the diet for finishing lambs does not alter the characteristics of the meat, maintaining the product quality for consumption.