scholarly journals Human pulmonary dirofilariasis: a review

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 523-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosângela Rodrigues-Silva ◽  
Hércules Moura ◽  
Cerusa Dreyer ◽  
Luiz Rey
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Benign Disease ◽  
True Prevalence ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Pulmonary Dirofilariasis ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Pulmonary Neoplasia

The authors presented a detailed summary of the geographical distribution, clinical and pathological aspects of human pulmonary dirofilariasis. Although benign, this zoonosis, of which Dirofilaria immitis is the major etiological agent, represents a medical problem since it produces symptoms which may be confused with neoplasia and thus may subject patients to unnecessary thoracic surgery. Of 229 cases cited in the literature, only 17 were reported in Brazil, despite the existence of highly favorable conditions for the transmission of this infection in man. Thus it may well be that this parasitic infection remains underdiagnosed. Finally, the importance of a differential diagnosis between dirofilariasis and pulmonary neoplasia is emphasized in cases where there is a solitary subpleural nodule ("coin lesion") present. In addition, the development and improvement of modern immunological diagnostic techniques are essential to distinguish this benign disease from other pathological conditions and thus avoid unneccessary surgery. These techniques may reveal the true prevalence of this parasitic infection in our environment.

scholarly journals Immunoglobulin G Antibodies against the Endosymbionts of Filarial Nematodes (Wolbachia) in Patients with Pulmonary Dirofilariasis

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Simón ◽  
G. Prieto ◽  
R. Morchón ◽  
C. Bazzocchi ◽  
C. Bandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbiont ◽  
Filarial Nematodes ◽  
Pulmonary Dirofilariasis ◽  
Diagnostic Applications

ABSTRACT The dog parasite Dirofilaria immitis can infect humans. Patients with pulmonary dirofilariasis were tested for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the surface protein of Wolbachia, the bacterial endosymbiont of D. immitis. These patients showed significantly higher IgG titers than healthy individuals from areas in which D. immitis was endemic as well as areas in which it was not endemic. Titration of anti-Wolbachia surface protein IgG could become useful for diagnostic applications.

scholarly journals A Case Report on Oral Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Jayasinghe ◽  
S. R. Gunawardane ◽  
M. A. M. Sitheeque ◽  
S. Wickramasinghe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Filarial Nematodes ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mansonia Uniformis

Dirofilariasis is an uncommon zoonotic parasitic infection affecting human. The natural hosts for this nematode are animals such as dogs, cats, foxes, jackals, and raccoons. This disease is endemic in South Eastern United States, Australia, Europe, and Central and Southern Asia.Dirofilaria immitisandD. repensare the common mosquito borne filarial nematodes that cause infection. Several species of mosquitos includingMansonia uniformis,M. annulifera, andAedes aegyptiare the potential vectors for this disease in Sri Lanka. Two rare cases of dirofilariasis presenting as facial and intraoral lumps are presented.

scholarly journals Haematological alterations due to lung diseases in sheep and goats of Jammu region

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1691-1695
Author(s):  
Nishchal Dutta ◽  
Shafiqur Rahman ◽  
Shagufta Azmi ◽  
Muneer Ahmad Dar
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Parasitic Infestation ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration

The present study was conducted for evaluation of haematological parameters in sheep (330) and goat (230) having various lung affections that were slaughtered routinely as a source of food in Jammu region (Gujjar Nagar, Dogra Hall, Bishnah and Nagrota). About 25.75% (85) and 21.30% (49)of lungs examined in sheep and goats respectively were found to have parasitic infestation of Hydatidosis, Myiasis and Mulleriuscapillaris. Furthermore about 31.81% (105) and 29.13% (67) of selected lungs had pathological conditions of pneumonia, abscess and haemorrhage in sheep and goats respectively. Diseased sheep and goats reflected significant decrease in haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and erythrocytes (RBC) in parasitic infestation of Myiasis as compared to control while non significant alteration in these parameters was observed in conditions of Hydatidosis, M. capillaris, pneumonia, abscess and haemorrhage. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) decreased significantly in Myiasis of sheep and haemorrhagic lungs of goats while no significant change was observed in mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values. Significant increase in leucocytes (WBC), neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils were observed in both sheep and goats affected with various parasitic and pathological lung disesases with no significant change in basophilic count. Lymphocytic count decreased in all these adversed lung conditions as compared to healthy ones. Parasitic infection though not mixed one especially that of Myiasis comparatively has significant affected on blood parameters. The present study signifies the complementary importance of ante -mortem examination with that of post-mortem inspection in various parasitic and pathological affections of lungs.

scholarly journals Pulmonary Dirofilariasis with Serologic Study on Familial Infection with Dirofilaria immitis

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ichiro MORI ◽  
Yasunobu HIROTSU ◽  
Akira MIZOGUCHI ◽  
Masaharu KAWABATA ◽  
Fukumi NAKAMURA-UCHIYAMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Pulmonary Dirofilariasis ◽  
Familial Infection

Trichomoniasis

2019 ◽  
pp. 225-232
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Partner Notification ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Point Of Care Test ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Oral Metronidazole

In this chapter, infection with the flagellated protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis is reviewed. The epidemiology and aetiology of this parasitic infection of the human genitourinary tract is discussed and transmission, including potential routes of non-sexual transmission are detailed. Clinical presentation in women (commonly vaginal discharge, vulvo-vaginitis, strawberry cervix) and men (urethritis) are reviewed. The different diagnostic techniques (microscopy, culture, polymerase chain reaction, and point-of-care test) are compared and contrasted. Incidental diagnosis on a cervical smear is also discussed. The mainstay of management is oral metronidazole with appropriate partner notification. Alternatives for refractory cases are given, and the interplay of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV is included.

scholarly journals Serological survey for canine angiostrongylosis in Slovakia

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Miterpáková ◽  
M. Schnyder ◽  
R. Schaper ◽  
Z. Hurníková ◽  
V. Čabanová
Keyword(s):  
Current Distribution ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Angiostrongylus Vasorum ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Serological Survey ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
One Year

Abstract In recent years Angiostrongylus vasorum has become another important heart parasite of dogs besides Dirofilaria immitis, with intense spread into new areas of Europe. The first two cases of canine angiostrongylosis in Slovakia were observed in 2013, demonstrating that this life-threatening parasitic disease of dogs has expanded into this territory too. One year after the first A. vasorum findings, a serological survey was conducted to assess the current distribution of this parasitic infection in dogs from Slovakia. Serum samples from 225 dogs were collected from 29 veterinary practices situated in 22 districts of Slovakia and tested by ELISA for the presence of circulating A. vasorum antigens and additionally for the detection of specific antibodies against A. vasorum. Fourteen samples (6.22 %) were seropositive in at least one ELISA. Of these, 7 dogs (3.11 %) were only antibody-positive and 4 dogs (1.78 %) were positive only for circulating A. vasorum antigen. Three animals out of 225 examined (1.33 %) were positive in both ELISAs

scholarly journals Strongyloidiasis in Africa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Prevalence, Diagnostic Methods, and Study Settings

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Tadesse Hailu ◽  
Endalkachew Nibret ◽  
Arancha Amor ◽  
Abaineh Munshea
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Background. Strongyloidiasis is an intestinal parasitic infection mainly caused by Strongyloides stercoralis. Although it is a predominant parasite in tropics and subtropics where sanitation and hygiene are poorly practiced, the true prevalence of strongyloidiasis is not known due to low-sensitivity diagnostic methods. Objective. This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed at determining the pooled prevalence of strongyloidiasis in African countries, stratified by diagnostic methods, study settings, and patients. Methods. Cross-sectional studies on strongyloidiasis published in African countries from the year 2008 up to 2018 in PubMed and Google Scholar databases and which reported at least one Strongyloides spp. infection were included. Identification and screening of eligible articles were also done. Articles whose focus was on strongyloidiasis in animals, soil, and foreigners infected by Strongyloides spp. in Africa were excluded. The random effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence of strongyloidiasis across African countries as well as by diagnostic methods and study settings. The heterogeneity between studies was also computed. Result. A total of 82 studies were included. The overall pooled prevalence of strongyloidiasis was 2.7%. By individual techniques, the pooled prevalence of strongyloidiasis was 0.4%, 1.0%, 3.4%, 9.3%, 9.6%, and 19.4% by the respective direct saline microscopy, Kato-Katz, formol ether concentration, polymerase chain reaction, Baermann concentration, and culture diagnostic techniques. The prevalence rates of strongyloidiasis among rural community, school, and health institution studies were 6.8%, 6.4%, and 0.9%, respectively. The variation on the effect size comparing African countries, diagnostic methods, study settings, and patients was significant ( P ≤ 0.001 ). Conclusions. This review shows that strongyloidiasis is overlooked and its prevalence is estimated to be low in Africa due to the use of diagnostic methods with low sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need for using a combination of appropriate diagnostic methods to approach the actual strongyloidiasis rates in Africa.

Dirofilaria immitis Infection in Dogs from Underserved, Native American Reservations in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerold H. Theis ◽  
Philip H. Kass ◽  
Eric Davis ◽  
Fred Stevens ◽  
Windi Wojdak
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
True Prevalence ◽  
Antigen Capture ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
North Latitude

Blood samples from 1,822 dogs residing on Native American reservations in 10 states were collected between February 2004 and August 2007. Samples were examined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen capture test. All ELISA-positive samples were subsequently examined for microfilaremia. All dogs were asymptomatic for Dirofilaria immitis infection, resided outside (except for winter in the Northern latitudes), not on prophylaxis for D. immitis, and had not traveled off of the reservation. Reservations were characterized by degrees of north latitude, true prevalence of D. immitis, and a reproductive index calculated by multiplying the number of months of the year in which infective stage larvae (L3) could develop in 30 days or less for each reservation by the 30 yr mean annual rainfall in centimeters recorded for that community. The prevalence of heartworm was directly related to the reproductive index on each reservation.

scholarly journals Nano-Medicines a Hope for Chagas Disease!

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satabdi Datta Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Current Therapy ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Management Protocol

Chagas disease, is a vector-mediated tropical disease whose causative agent is a parasitic protozoan named Trypanosoma cruzi. It is a very severe health issue in South America and Mexico infecting millions of people every year. Protozoan T. cruzi gets transmitted to human through Triatominae, a subfamily of the Reduviidae, and do not have any effective treatment or preventative available. The lack of economic gains from this tropical parasitic infection, has always been the reason behind its negligence by researchers and drug manufacturers for many decades. Hence there is an enormous requirement for more efficient and novel strategies to reduce the fatality associated with these diseases. Even, available diagnosis protocols are outdated and inefficient and there is an urgent need for rapid high throughput diagnostics as well as management protocol. The current advancement of nanotechnology in the field of healthcare has generated hope for better management of many tropical diseases including Chagas disease. Nanoparticulate systems for drug delivery like poloxamer coated nanosuspension of benzimidazole have shown promising results in reducing toxicity, elevating efficacy and bioavailability of the active compound against the pathogen, by prolonging release, thereby increasing the therapeutic index. Moreover, nanoparticle-based drug delivery has shown promising results in inducing the host’s immune response against the pathogen with very few side effects. Besides, advances in diagnostic assays, such as nanosensors, aided in the accurate detection of the parasite. In this review, we provide an insight into the life cycle stages of the pathogen in both vertebrate host and the insect vector, along with an overview of the current therapy for Chagas disease and its limitations; nano carrier-based delivery systems for antichagasic agents, we also address the advancement of nano vaccines and nano-diagnostic techniques, for treatment of Chagas disease, majorly focusing on the novel perspectives in combating the disease.

Zoonotic Dirofilaria immitis infections in a province of Northern Spain

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. MORCHÓN ◽  
I. MOYA ◽  
J. GONZÁLEZ-MIGUEL ◽  
M. N. MONTOYA ◽  
F. SIMÓN
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Ebro Valley ◽  
Human Dirofilariasis ◽  
Pulmonary Dirofilariasis ◽  
La Rioja ◽  
First Time ◽  
Valley River

SUMMARYDirofilaria immitis is the causal agent of canine and feline cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis. Moreover, the existence of canine dirofilariasis implies a risk for human populations living in an endemic area in which, the parasite can cause pulmonary dirofilariasis. The Spanish epidemiological situation is not well understood, lacking data from many central and Northern provinces. In our study, epidemiological data on canine and human dirofilariasis for La Rioja (Northern Spain) have been obtained for the first time. The overall prevalence of D. immitis in dogs was 12% (9% of patent and 3% of occult infections), being 11·6% the seroprevalence of human residents in this province. The geographic distribution of both canine and human D. immitis infections in La Rioja is restricted to humid and irrigated areas near the Ebro Valley River, being absent in the rest of the province where hills and mountains predominate.

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