Antiviral activity of the green marine alga Ulva fasciata on the replication of human metapneumovirus

We evaluated the antiviral activity of the marine alga, Ulva fasciata, collected from Rasa beach and Forno beach, Búzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on the replication of human metapneumovirus (HMPV). The algae extracts were prepared using three different methodologies to compare the activity of different groups of chemical composites obtained through these different methodologies. Four out of the six extracts inhibited nearly 100% of viral replication. The results demonstrated that the majority of the extracts (five out of six) possess virucidal activity and therefore have the ability to interact with the extracellular viral particles and prevent the infection. On the other hand, only two extracts (from Forno beach, obtained by maceration and maceration of the decoction) were able to interact with cell receptors, hindering the viral entry. Finally, only the extract of algae collected at Forno beach, obtained by maceration presented intracellular activity. To our knowledge, this is a pioneer study on antiviral activity of marine algae against HMPV. It is also the first on antiviral activity against HMPV ever done in Brazil. The study also shows the effect of different environment factors and different chemical procedures used to obtain the extract on its biological properties.

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Phytochemical Characterization of Olea europea Leaf Extracts and Assessment of Their Anti-Microbial and Anti-HSV-1 Activity

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13061085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1085

Author(s):

Ichrak Ben-Amor ◽

Maria Musarra-Pizzo ◽

Antonella Smeriglio ◽

Manuela D’Arrigo ◽

Rosamaria Pennisi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Viral Entry ◽

Antiviral Effect ◽

Vero Cells ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Entry Assay ◽

Olea Europea ◽

Hsv 1

Owing to the richness of bioactive compounds, Olea europea leaf extracts exhibit a range of health effects. The present research evaluated the antibacterial and antiviral effect of leaf extracts obtained from Olea europea L. var. sativa (OESA) and Olea europea var. sylvestris (OESY) from Tunisia. LC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis allowed the identification of different compounds that contributed to the observed biological properties. Both OESA and OESY were active against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC values between 7.81 and 15.61 μg/mL and between 15.61 and 31.25 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 for OESY and OESA, respectively). The antiviral activity against the herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) was assessed on Vero cells. The results of cell viability indicated that Olea europea leaf extracts were not toxic to cultured Vero cells. The half maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values for OESA and OESY were 0.2 mg/mL and 0.82 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, both a plaque reduction assay and viral entry assay were used to demonstrate the antiviral activity. In conclusion, Olea europea leaf extracts demonstrated a bacteriostatic effect, as well as remarkable antiviral activity, which could provide an alternative treatment against resistant strains.

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A Novel Substance Purified from Perilla Frutescens Britton Inhibits an Early Stage of HIV-1 Replication without Blocking Viral Adsorption

Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1177/095632020201300503 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 283-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

T Kawahata ◽

T Otake ◽

H Mori ◽

Y Kojima ◽

I Oishi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Viral Entry ◽

Cytopathic Effect ◽

Early Stage ◽

Perilla Frutescens ◽

Viral Strain ◽

Viral Particles ◽

Viral Adsorption ◽

Hiv 1

Pf-gp6, a 6 kDa anti-degranulation glycoprotein purified from the extract of Perilla frutescens, was examined for its antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2 in vitro. HIV-1-induced cytopathic effect and proviral DNA synthesis were inhibited in the presence of Pf-gp6. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of Pf-gp6 for various HIV-1 strains, including clinical isolates and CCR5-using (R5) HIV-1, ranged between 1.3 and 71.0 μg/ml, depending on the combination of viral strain and host cell. Furthermore, Pf-gp6 did not directly inactivate infectious viral particles. A time-of-addition experiment revealed that Pf-gp6 lost its activity before zidovudine but after the CXCR-4 antagonist AMD3100 during the early stage of viral infection. Although the pinpoint target of Pf-gp6 remains to be elucidated, it may interfere with a step between viral entry and reverse transcription.

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Antiviral Effects ofSalvia miltiorrhiza(Danshen) Against Enterovirus 71

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x07004709 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 35 (01) ◽

pp. 153-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Bin-Wen Wu ◽

Tai-Long Pan ◽

Yann-Lii Leu ◽

Yu-Kaung Chang ◽

Pei-Ju Tai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Viral Entry ◽

Cytopathic Effect ◽

Salvia Miltiorrhiza ◽

Enterovirus 71 ◽

Vero Cells ◽

The Other ◽

Antiviral Effects ◽

Antiviral Activities ◽

Infected Cells

In this study, the antiviral activities of seven different extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza (danshen) were determined. The first two extracts, SA1 and SA2, isolated at room temperature by ethyl acetate and water extraction, respectively, neutralized the enterovirus 71-induced cytopathic effect in Vero, rhabdomyosarcoma and MRC-5 cells. The other five crude extracts, extracted with warm water (60–70°C) or organic solvents, did not have any protective activity. The 50% inhibitory concentrations for neutralizing the enterovirus 71-induced cytopathic effect were 0.742 ± 0.042 mg/ml for SA1 and 0.585 ± 0.018 mg/ml for SA2 in Vero cells. No antiviral activity was observed in the other viruses tested. Antiviral activity was more efficient in cultures treated with SA1 or SA2 during viral infection compared to the cultures treated before or after infection, suggesting that these danshen extracts could interfere with viral entry. SA1 and SA2 were able to inhibit viral RNA synthesis in the infected cells and to abate the apoptotic process in enterovirus 71-infected Vero cells. We conclude that danshen extracts possess antiviral activity and have potential for the development as an anti-enterovirus 71 agent.

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Brilacidin Demonstrates Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in Cell Culture

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13020271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 271 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Allison Bakovic ◽

Kenneth Risner ◽

Nishank Bhalla ◽

Farhang Alem ◽

Theresa L. Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Antiviral Activity ◽

Cell Line ◽

Viral Entry ◽

De Novo ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Defense Proteins ◽

Culture Models ◽

Different Strains ◽

The Impact

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the newly emergent causative agent of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), has resulted in more than two million deaths worldwide since it was first detected in 2019. There is a critical global need for therapeutic intervention strategies that can be deployed to safely treat COVID-19 disease and reduce associated morbidity and mortality. Increasing evidence shows that both natural and synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also referred to as Host Defense Proteins/Peptides (HDPs), can inhibit SARS-CoV-2, paving the way for the potential clinical use of these molecules as therapeutic options. In this manuscript, we describe the potent antiviral activity exerted by brilacidin—a de novo designed synthetic small molecule that captures the biological properties of HDPs—on SARS-CoV-2 in a human lung cell line (Calu-3) and a monkey cell line (Vero). These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 inhibition in these cell culture models is likely to be a result of the impact of brilacidin on viral entry and its disruption of viral integrity. Brilacidin demonstrated synergistic antiviral activity when combined with remdesivir. Collectively, our data demonstrate that brilacidin exerts potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 against different strains of the virus in cell culture.

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Antiviral Essential Oils Incorporated in Nanocarriers: Strategy for Prevention from COVID-19 and Future Infectious Pandemics

Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology ◽

10.2174/2211738508666201016151850 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 437-451

Author(s):

Malkiet Kaur ◽

Gayatri Devi ◽

Manju Nagpal ◽

Manjinder Singh ◽

Gitika A. Dhingra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Antiviral Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Vital Role ◽

Chinese Herbs ◽

Active Constituents ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

Low Solubility

Background: Coronavirus has become a life-threatening disease and it is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This new strain of coronavirus is not completely understood and to date, there is no treatment for coronavirus. Traditional ayurvedic medicines, mainly essential oils and Chinese herbs, have always played a vital role in the prevention and treatment of several epidemics and pandemics. In the meantime, guidelines of the ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, yoga, unani, siddha and homoepathy) include a traditional medicinal treatment for flu and fever and also recommended to boost immunity to prevent the spread of coronavirus. It is not possible to find which essential oil will offer the best level of protection. However, it is likely to assume that some essential oils are likely to offer a measurable level of defense in the same way they do with many other known viruses. Methods: Literature relevant to various essential oils having antiviral activity has been collected and compiled. Various nanocarriers of essential oils have also been stated. The database was collected using various search engines such as J-Gate, Google Scholar, Sci-Hub, PubMed, ScienceDirect, etc. Results: Essential oils contain active constituents such as phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenyl propanoids, etc., which are responsible for their biological properties such as antiviral, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and many more. However, the use of essential oils has always been limited due to poor solubility, solvent toxicity, volatility and low solubility. Many nanotechnology based carriers especially, liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, nanoemulsion and microemulsion, etc. have been evidenced to overcome limitations associated with essential oils. Conclusion: Several essential oils possess potent antiviral activity and are characterized by fewer side effects and are safe for human use. The nanocarrier systems of these oils have proved the potential to treat viral and bacterial infections. Lay Summary: Current COVID-19 era demands traditional treatment for immunity boost up as support therapy. Traditional ayurvedic medicines, mainly essential oils and Chinese herbs, have always played a vital role in the prevention and treatment of several epidemics and pandemics. Therefore, authors have summarized various essential oils having antiviral activity in current manuscript. Various nanocarriers of essential oils have been reported. Essential oils contain active constituents such as phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenyl propanoids, etc., which are responsible for their biological properties such as antiviral, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity. However, the use of essential oils has always been limited due to poor solubility, solvent toxicity, volatility and low solubility. Many nanotechnology based carriers especially, liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, nanoemulsion and microemulsion, etc. have been evidenced to overcome limitations associated with essential oils. The nanocarrier systems of these oils have proved the potential to treat viral and bacterial infections.

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Antiviral Activity of Carrageenans and Processing Implications

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19080437 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 437

Author(s):

Milena Álvarez-Viñas ◽

Sandra Souto ◽

Noelia Flórez-Fernández ◽

Maria Dolores Torres ◽

Isabel Bandín ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Antiviral Activity ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Red Seaweed ◽

Processing Conditions ◽

Chemical Modifications ◽

Viral Attachment ◽

Extraction Stage ◽

Composition Structure

Carrageenan and carrageenan oligosaccharides are red seaweed sulfated carbohydrates with well-known antiviral properties, mainly through the blocking of the viral attachment stage. They also exhibit other interesting biological properties and can be used to prepare different drug delivery systems for controlled administration. The most active forms are λ-, ι-, and κ-carrageenans, the degree and sulfation position being determined in their properties. They can be obtained from sustainable worldwide available resources and the influence of manufacturing on composition, structure, and antiviral properties should be considered. This review presents a survey of the antiviral properties of carrageenan in relation to the processing conditions, particularly those assisted by intensification technologies during the extraction stage, and discusses the possibility of further chemical modifications.

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Possible Future Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)-Based Therapy against Arbovirus Infections

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/838491 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Giuseppe Sautto ◽

Nicasio Mancini ◽

Giacomo Gorini ◽

Massimo Clementi ◽

Roberto Burioni

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Side Effects ◽

Antiviral Activity ◽

The Other ◽

Viral Escape ◽

Passive Immunotherapy ◽

Medical Need

More than 150 arboviruses belonging to different families are known to infect humans, causing endemic infections as well as epidemic outbreaks. Effective vaccines to limit the occurrence of some of these infections have been licensed, while for the others several new immunogens are under development mostly for their improvements concerning safety and effectiveness profiles. On the other hand, specific and effective antiviral drugs are not yet available, posing an urgent medical need in particular for emergency cases. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of several infectious diseases as well as in preliminaryin vitroandin vivomodels of arbovirus-related infections. Given their specific antiviral activity as well-tolerated molecules with limited side effects, mAbs could represent a new therapeutic approach for the development of an effective treatment, as well as useful tools in the study of the host-virus interplay and in the development of more effective immunogens. However, before their use as candidate therapeutics, possible hurdles (e.g., Ab-dependent enhancement of infection, occurrence of viral escape variants) must be carefully evaluated. In this review are described the main arboviruses infecting humans and candidate mAbs to be possibly used in a future passive immunotherapy.

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Further characterization and determination of the single amino acid change in thetsI138reovirus thermosensitive mutant

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w2012-033 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 58 (5) ◽

pp. 589-595

Author(s):

Guy Lemay ◽

Martin Bisaillon

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Change ◽

Genetic Alterations ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Single Amino Acid ◽

Temperature Sensitive ◽

Nonpermissive Temperature ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Viral Particles ◽

Single Amino Acid Change

Many temperature-sensitive mutants have been isolated in early studies of mammalian reovirus. However, the biological properties and nature of the genetic alterations remain incompletely explored for most of these mutants. The mutation harbored by the tsI138 mutant was already assigned to the L3 gene encoding the λ1 protein. In the present study, this mutant was further studied as a possible tool to establish the role of the putative λ1 enzymatic activities in viral multiplication. It was observed that synthesis of viral proteins is only marginally reduced, while it was difficult to recover viral particles at the nonpermissive temperature. A single nucleotide substitution resulting in an amino acid change was found; the position of this amino acid is consistent with a probable defect in assembly of the inner capsid at the nonpermissive temperature.

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Comparative Evaluation of Onion Germplasm (Allium Cepa L.) Of Bangladesh for Physical And Antioxidant Properties

SAARC Journal of Agriculture ◽

10.3329/sja.v19i1.54783 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 113-123

Author(s):

PK Dash ◽

S Das ◽

MA Mannan ◽

M Jahan

Keyword(s):

Free Radicals ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Physicochemical Analysis ◽

The Other ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Visual Methods ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

Onion Germplasm

Determination of antioxidant activity is one of the key elements for understanding the biological properties of a widely used spice onion (A. cepa). In contrast, physical properties help understand the textural quality of onion necessary for postharvest operations of sorting and grading in particular. Considering the physicochemical importance of onion, the present study focused on the determination of physical attributes and antioxidant content of the onion germplasm in Bangladesh using visual methods and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, respectively. The five-onion germplasms (BARI Piaz-2, BARI Piaz-3, BARI Piaz-4, BARI Piaz-5, Faridpuri Vati) collected from selected onion growers of the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) of the southwestern part of Bangladesh were used as treatments for physicochemical analysis at the Horticulture laboratory of the Agrotechnology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh during the period from February to August 2019. The laboratory study was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Most of the physical characteristics of onion were highest in germplasm-1 than those of the other germplasm tested. The results showed that the DPPH free radicals were scavenged by all onion germplasm extracts in a concentration-dependent pattern. The highest IC50 value (238.10 ppm) was noticed in germplasm-3 and the lowest in germplasm-5 (161.29 ppm) with no statistical difference from germplasm-4 (172.41 ppm). The lower IC50 value indicating that onion germplasms-5 and -4 extracts were more potent in scavenging free radicals than the other onion germplasms. Thus, the low IC50 value facilitated the germplasm-5 and -4 to be enriched with antioxidant compounds significantly in higher amounts than the others. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 113-123 (2021)

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Comparative Phytochemical Research of Solidago Genus: S. graminifolia. Note I. Flavonoids

Acta Biologica Marisiensis ◽

10.2478/abmj-2018-0003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 18-26

Author(s):

Luciana Dobjanschi ◽

Ramona Păltinean ◽

Laurian Vlase ◽

Mihai Babotă ◽

Luminita Fritea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Quantitative Determination ◽

Spectrophotometric Method ◽

Biological Properties ◽

The Other ◽

Indigenous Species ◽

Solidago Canadensis ◽

Phytochemical Composition ◽

Chromatographic Profile ◽

Solidago Virgaurea

Abstract Solidago graminifolia L. Salisb. is one of the latest species appeared in Romania. Due to the interest for the Solidago species as medicinal plants, we researched its phytochemical composition in comparison with the other three species present in Romania: Solidago virgaurea L., Solidago canadensis L., Solidago gigantea Aiton. Starting from the chemotaxonomic value of flavonoids, and their valuable biological properties, we wanted to analyze these substances from S. graminifolia compared to other Solidago species in Romanian flora. The studied species have a high content of flavonoids (3.44-5.21%). The flavonoid substances identified in the indigenous species of Solidago have a high chemotaxonomic value, each species having a charateristic chromatographic profile, therefore their analysis is useful in the case of adulterations. The qualitative analysis of flavonoids was performed by TLC and HPLC-MS, mean while the quantitative determination was achieved by spectrophotometric method and individual fractions separated by HPLC-MS.

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