scholarly journals Influence of harvest time and cultivation sites on the productivity and quality of sweet potato

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alcinei M Azevedo ◽  
Valter C Andrade Júnior ◽  
Daniel JS Viana ◽  
Ahmed YAM Elsayed ◽  
Carlos E Pedrosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
The Mean

Sweet potato is one of the most cultivated tuberous roots in tropical and subtropical regions permitting several ways of use. Despite its potential use, sweet potato has been little studied. We evaluated the performance of sweet potato roots, forage productivity and its silage at different harvesting times and cultivation environments and we identified the most superior clones under different soil and climatic conditions. Six sweet potato clones (BD-38, BD-45, BD-25, BD-31TO, BD-15 and BD-08) belonging to germplasm bank of UFVJM in addition to two standard cultivars Brazlândia Rosada and Princesa were grown in two cultivation sites (JK campus and Forquilha farm). The trial was conducted in split plots in randomized block design with three harvest times (120, 150 and 180 days after planting). The mean root weight obtained from Forquilha farm was on average 30.2% higher than those obtained from JK campus. Regardless the site, harvesting at 150 days after planting was the optimal time for maximizing root production. The irregularity of root shape increased when the harvesting date was postpone, probably due to greater exposure to environmental factors. Crude protein, fibers, ash and starch, were not affected by local x cultivar interaction except for starch content that depended on the clone and site interaction.

scholarly journals Productivity and quality of sweet potato roots propagated by mini-cuttings with different trays and seedling ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-145
Author(s):  
Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso ◽  
Maurício D Nasser ◽  
Pâmela G Nakada-Freitas ◽  
Rogério L Vieites ◽  
Bruno NM Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Number Of Leaves

ABSTRACT The use of mini-cuttings is an option for obtaining sweet potato propagules of excellent quality. The objective of this research was to evaluate the production and quality of sweet potato roots propagated by mini-cuttings in different types of trays and ages of seedlings. Six treatments, resulting from the factorial 2x3, were evaluated: two types of trays (162 and 200 cells, with 31 and 18 mL of substrate per cell, respectively) and three ages of seedlings (39, 46 and 53 days after placement of mini-cuttings in trays), in a randomized block design, with five replications. Seedlings characteristics, production and quality of roots were evaluated. Higher number and dry weight of leaves per seedling were observed in the tray with 162 cells than in trays with 200 cells. The younger seedlings (39 days) had a lower number of leaves, dry weight of leaves, stem, roots ant total (leaves + stem + roots) than seedlings of other ages. There was no difference in root production depending on the type of tray, regardless of the age of the seedlings. For the 162-cell tray, the age of the seedlings did not affect the production of roots. On the other hand, for the 200-cell tray, higher roots production was observed on seedlings 39 days age compared to seedlings with 53 days. No differences were observed among the roots of different treatments for titratable acidity, and levels of sucrose, reducing sugars ant total sugars. It is recommended to avoid old seedlings, that is, it is recommended to use seedlings with a maximum of 43 days after planting of mini-cuttings for trays with 200 cells, while for trays with 162 cells no difference in root production was observed with the different ages of the seedlings.

PENGARUH ASAM FULVAT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN, PRODUKTIVITAS, DAN MUTU RIMPANG JAHE

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
MUHAMAD DJAZULI ◽  
IRENG DARWATI ◽  
ROSITA SMD
Keyword(s):  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Application Frequency ◽  
Optimal Effect

Fulvic acid is an extraction product of humus which is very potential for supplement fertilizer and able to reduce either inorganic or organic fertilizer application. The information about fulvic acid application as supplement fertilizer on ginger in Indonesia is still limited. The objective of the study was lo find oul the efect of fulvic acid as supplement fertilizer on the growth, productivity and quality of young ginger. A green house trial was conducted from July lo November 1996. Five levels of fulvic acid concentration, 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% were sprayed every week from 4 to 1 5 weeks ater planting (WAP). A randomized block design was used with five replicates. The results indicated that the growth of plant height and number of tiller of ginger increased rapidly al 8 WAP, then il became slowly from 12 lo 1 5 WAP Application 10% of fulvic acid was able to increase vegetative parts 99.6%, fresh and dry weight of rhizome 89 and 125% respectively, and starch content of rhizome 22.6%. To find oul of the optimal effect of fulvic acid on productivity and quality of ginger, a further research using higher level and application frequency of fulvic acid as an extract product from several humus types in Indonesia is needed.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Konsentrasi Pelarut dan Lama Pengadukan Terhadap Karakteristik Glukomanan Ubi Talas sebagai Bahan Edible Film Buah Segar

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Amna Hartiati ◽  
I. A. Mahatma Tuningrat
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Edible Film ◽  
Potato Flour ◽  
Solvent Concentration ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Stirring Time ◽  
Sweet Potato Flour

Tujuan umum yang ingin dicapai dari penelitian ini adalah 1) untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi pelarut dan waktu pengadukan pada karakteristik glukomanan tepung ubi talas yang diproduksi, 2) untuk mendapatkan glukomanan dengan karakteristik terbaik dari tepung  ubi  talas. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah etanol pada konsentrasi  50, 60 dan 70% dengan waktu pengadukan 30, 60 dan 90 menit. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial dengan dua faktor: konsentrasi pelarut dan waktu pengadukan selama ekstraksi tepung ubi talas. Konsentrasi pelarut yang digunakan untuk ekstraksi glukomanan terdiri dari 3 level, yaitu 50, 60 dan 70% (v / v). Waktu pengadukan selama ekstraksi terdiri dari tiga level, yaitu 30, 60 dan 90 menit. Parameter yang diamati adalah rendemen, kadar glukomanan, kadar pati dan kadar air. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 (dua) tahap, yaitu pembuatan glukomanan dari tepung ubi talas dan tahap kedua adalah hasil terbaik pada tahap satu yang akan digunakan sebagai bahan  edible  film buah segar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi pelarut dan waktu pengadukan memiliki pengaruh yang sangat signifikan terhadap kadar glukomanan, kadar air dan interaksinya, tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar pati, rendemen glukomanan. Karakteristik terbaik glukomanan adalah perlakuan konsentrasi pelarut etanol 70% dan waktu pengadukan 90 menit dengan kadar glukomanan 60,166%; kadar pati 0,072%; kadar air 7,313% dan rendemen  9,320% untuk tepung talas.   The general objectives to be achieved from this study were: 1) to determine the effect of solvent concentration and stirring duration on the glucomannan character of Taro sweet potato flour produced; 2) to obtain glucomannan with the best characteristics of Taro sweet potato flour. The solvent used is ethanol at a concentration of 50, 60 and 70% with a stirring time of 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The study used a factorial randomized block design with two factors: solvent concentration and stirring time during the extraction of Taro sweet potato flour. The concentration of solvent used for glucomannan extraction consisted of 3 levels, namely 50, 60 and 70% (v / v). The duration of stirring during extraction consists of three levels, namely 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The parameters observed were the yield, glucomannan content, starch content, and water content. This study consisted of 2 (two) stages, namely the manufacture of glucomannan from Taro sweet potato flour and the second stage was the best result in stage one would be used as an edible film chart on fresh fruit. The results showed that solvent concentration and stirring time had a very significant effect on glucomannan content, water content, and interaction and did not significantly affect starch content, the yield of glucomannan Taro flour. The best characteristics of glucomannan were the treatment of 70% ethanol solvent concentration and stirring time of 90 minutes with glucomannan content of 60.116%; 0.072% starch content; moisture content 7.313% and 9.320% yield for Taro yam flour.  

scholarly journals Effect of ZnSO4 fertilizer on soil chemical properties, performance and proximate quality of sweet potato in a derived savanna ecology of Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 644-651
Author(s):  
A.O. Adekiya ◽  
C.M. Aboyeji ◽  
T.M. Agbede ◽  
O. Dunsin ◽  
O.T.V. Adebiyi
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Storage

Abstract Micro-nutrients especially zinc can not only increase the yield of sweet potato but can also improve the quality of tubers. Hence, experiments were carried out in 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons to determine the impact of various levels of ZnSO4 fertilizer on soil chemical properties, foliage and storage root yields and proximate qualities of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). The experiments consisted of 5 levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1) of ZnSO4 fertilizer. These were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. ZnSO4 increased (with the exception of P) soil chemical properties compared with the control. N, K, Ca, Mg and Zn were increased up to the 20 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 level in both years. ZnSO4 reduced P concentrations in soil as the level increased. For sweet potato performance, 5 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 fertilizer had the highest values of foliage yield (vine length and vine weight) and storage root yield. Using the mean of the two years and compared with the control, ZnSO4 fertilizer at 5 kg ha-1 increased storage root yield of sweet potato by 17.4%. On fitting the mean storage root yield data of the two years with a cubic equation, the optimum rate of Zn for sweet potato was found to be 3.9 kg ha-1 to achieve the maximum sweet potato yield. In this study, relative to the control, ZnSO4 fertilizer increased moisture and decreased the fibre contents of sweet potato. There were no consistent patterns of variation between the 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 treatments for proximate qualities except that the highest values of fat, protein, carbohydrate and ash was at 5 kg ha-1 ZnSO4.

scholarly journals Production and quality of okra produced with mineral and organic fertilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Hemmannuella C. Santos ◽  
Emmanuel M. Pereira ◽  
Rafael L. S. de Medeiros ◽  
Paulo M. de A. Costa ◽  
Walter E. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Organic Compost

ABSTRACT Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, is a vegetable with annual fruit native to hot regions of Africa, well adapted to the conditions of the Northeast and Southeast regions of Brazil, where it is widely used by small farmers. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mineral and organic fertilization on the production and quality of okra fruits. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design, with three replicates and eleven treatments defined according to a Baconian matrix. Treatments consisted of doses of N (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1), P (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) and K (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha-1), as well as absence and presence of organic compost (30 t ha-1). The following parameters were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, production of fruits plant-1, number of fruits plant-1, fruit length and diameter and fruit quality (pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C and electrical conductivity). The crop is demanding in terms of K and N fertilizations, with increments of 15.8 and 36% in the mean number and diameter of fruits, respectively. Organic fertilization did not influence the vegetative growth of okra, but was beneficial to the production of fruits with higher vitamin C content, 52% higher than the contents found in fruits produced without such input.

scholarly journals YIELD, PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS SEEDS, PRODUCED IN THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-239
Author(s):  
Tiago Pedó ◽  
Angelita Celente Martins ◽  
Dominique Dos Santos Delias ◽  
Emanuela Garbin Martinazzo ◽  
Vinícius Jardel Szareski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Physiological Quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield and physiological quality of bean seeds in two agricultural crops, and the chemical composition of seedlings submitted to adverse temperatures during germination. For the field experiment, a randomized block design was used, using five genotypes, BRS Embaixador, IPR Tuiuiú, Guabiju, Carioquinha and Mouro, arranged in four replicates. The experimental units were composed of five lines with five meters in length, where 25 plants were randomly collected per experimental unit to measure the characters of interest. For laboratory testing the seeds produced were submitted to three temperatures (15, 25 and 35°C) during germination under controlled conditions. The evaluated characters were: grain yield, mass of a thousand seeds, germination, first germination count, starch content, soluble sugar, soluble protein and total amino acids. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and later compared by the Tukey test. Yield per plant revealed changes between the agricultural crops, as well as among the genotypes tested. Germination and the first germination count revealed higher magnitudes in seeds produced by BRS Embaixador, IPR Tuiuiu and Carioquinha genotypes. For all genotypes, protein and amino acid levels were higher in seedlings submitted to lower temperatures. The levels of starch and total soluble sugars were higher in seedlings produced at 35°C. Yield, seed physiological quality and chemical composition of seedlings are influenced by the crop and genotypes tested.

scholarly journals Effect of debranching on sweet potato yield and quality

2019 ◽  
pp. 1712-1722
Author(s):  
Albertir Aparecido dos Santos ◽  
Valter Carvalho de Andrade Júnior ◽  
Cíntia Maria Teixeira Fialho ◽  
Alcinei Místico de Azevedo ◽  
Orlando Gonçalves Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Green Mass Yield

The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of branch removal on the yield and quality of sweet potato genotypes in different harvesting systems and two growing seasons. Two trials (2014 and 2016/17) were conducted in a randomized block design with three replicates in the factorial scheme composed of: three clones (Brazlândia Rosada, BD-31 TO and BD-65) and five harvesting systems (H): H1- total harvest of branch and root at 120 days after planting (DAP); H2- cut of the branches at 120 DAP, plus regrown branches and roots harvested at 210 DAP; H3 - total harvest of branches and roots at 165 DAP; H4 - cut of the branches at 165 DAP and harvest of regrown branches and roots at 210 DAP and H5- branches and roots total harvest at 210 DAP. For harvesting systems H2 and H4 the total production of branches at the end of the cycle was determined by the sum of the two cuts. The yield, dry matter of shoot and root, chemical-bromatological and nutrient quality were evaluated. The 2014 trial produced higher green mass yield of the branches, while in 2016/2017, higher root yield observed. H2 and H4 were shown to have better quality of the branches regarding the bromatological and nutrient characteristics, being recommended for animal feeding. The systems without regrowth (H3 and H5) allowed better yields and quality of roots, useful for human feeding. In general, the clone Brazlândia Rosada, produced the highest yield of roots and branches; therefore, recommended for planting.

scholarly journals Genotype × Environment effects on morphological and productive components of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatasL.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Sindi Elen Senff ◽  
Viviane de Fátima Milcheski ◽  
Ana Caroline Basniak Konkol ◽  
Ana Carolina da Costa Lara Fioreze
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Environment Effects ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatasL.) is a crop with high market demands because of its well-known health benefits. Limited use of improved clones reduces the crop’s income potential. Plant breeding programs seek to selectgenotypes with good results in a variety of environments by evaluating the interaction effects of genotypes and environments. This study aimed to assess Clone × Growing season effects on morphological and productive parameters of sweet potato clones grown in the municipality of Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. The following clones were evaluated: Brazlândia Rosada, BRS Amélia, Beauregard, BrazlândiaRoxa, and BRS Rubissol. A randomized block design with three replications was used to investigate root length, root diameter, mean root weight, total root number, number of marketable roots, total yield, and marketable yield. Data were subjected to one-way and two-way analysis of variance. Beauregard afforded the largest number of marketable roots and was stable in both growing seasons. Beauregard, Brazlândia Roxa, and Brazlândia Rosada differed in total number of roots between growing seasons. There were no significant differences between growing seasons in mean root weight; BRS Amélia afforded a higher mean root weight than Brazlândia Rosada. Beauregard did not differ in total or marketable yield between growing seasons and provided higher yields than the other clones. BRS Rubissol and Beauregard were found to be the most promising for sweet potato cultivation under the environmental conditions of Curitibanos.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemangkasan Tajuk Terhadap Produktivitas dan Mutu Buah Jeruk Keprok Pulung (Effect of Pruning Canopy on Productivity and Fruit Quality of Mandarin cv Pulung)

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Agus Sugiyatno ◽  
NFN Yenni ◽  
Buyung Al Fanshuri
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Maintenance Treatment ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fruit Diameter

<p>Pemangkasan merupakan tindakan dalam budidaya tanaman yang berperan penting dalam mengatur percabangan tanaman. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemangkasan tajuk tanaman terhadap produktivitas dan mutu buah jeruk keprok Pulung. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus 2015 – Agustus 2016 di Kebun Percobaan (KP) Tlekung Balai Penelitian Tanaman Jeruk dan Buah Subtropika (Balitjestro) pada tanaman jeruk keprok Pulung berumur 6 tahun. Penelitian berdasarkan Rancang Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan lima perlakuan, yaitu pemangkasan pemeliharaan (P), pemangkasan bentuk V (V), pemangkasan lorong (L), pemangkasan samping (S), dan tidak dipangkas (K). Setiap perlakuan diulang lima kali dengan sembilan unit tanaman per ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah bunga tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan pemangkasan bentuk V (V), yaitu 85,30%, jumlah buah tertinggi pada perlakuan pemangkasan bentuk V (V) dan perlakuan pemangkasan samping (S) masing-masing sebesar 208,8 buah/pohon dan 201 buah/pohon. Rerata diameter dan bobot buah tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan pemangkasan pemeliharaan (P), yaitu 66,20 mm dan 143,75 g. Dari hasil analisis buah jeruk, total gula tertinggi (7,5%) dan total asam terendah (1,79%) diperoleh pada tanaman yang diperlakukan pemangkasan samping (S), sedangkan total karotenoid tertinggi (10,63 µg/g) terdapat pada tanaman yang diperlakukan pemangkasan lorong (L) dan kadar air yang tertinggi sebesar 90,08% dimiliki oleh tanaman kontrol (tanpa pemangkasan). Perlakuan pemangkasan samping (S) dapat direkomendasikan untuk diterapkan di petani karena menghasilkan jumlah buah yang tinggi dengan rasa yang manis.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Jeruk; Kanopi; Pemangkasan; Produktifitas; Mutu buah</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Pruning plays an important role in regulating branching of fruit plants. This research was aimed to examine the effect of canopy pruning on productivity and fruit quality of mandarin cv Pulung. The study was conducted at the Experimental Farm Tlekung ICSFRI on 6 year old tree of mandarin cv. Pulung. The observation was carried out from August 2015 until August 2016. The study was analyzed by using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatments and five replicates. The treatments were consisted of pruning for maintenance (P), V shape pruning (V), alley shape pruning (L), side pruning (S), and unpruning (K). The results indicate that the highest number of flowers is shown by V shape pruning treatment (V) i.e. 85.30%, the highest number of fruits is performed by V shape pruning treatment (V) and side pruning treatment (S), with the average of 208.8 and 201 fruits per tree. The mean fruit diameter and weight is the highest in pruning for maintenance treatment (P), i.e. 66.20 mm and 143.75 g, respectively. The highest total sugar (7.5%) and lowest total acid (1.79%) were obtained in the side pruning treatment (S), while the highest total caratenoid (10.63 µg / g) was found in the alley pruning treatment (L) and the highest water content of 90.08% is owned by the control (unpruning). Results of the study suggest that side pruning treatment (S) can be recommended as the best pruning practice to farmers since it may produce highest number of fruits and sweetest taste.</p>

scholarly journals Farmers’ Preference of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Varieties Introduced to Improve Plant Productivity in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Yudi Widodo ◽  
Ruly Krisdiana ◽  
Nila Prasetiaswati ◽  
Kartika Noerwijati ◽  
Arief Harsono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
The North ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Cassava Varieties

A varietal testing had been undertaken in Pematangsiantar regency, North Sumatra province, Indonesia in 2015-2016. The objective of the study was to determine the preference of cassava growers to the introduced varieties compared to the existing cassava varieties. Twelve cassava varities (UB1/2, UB1472, Adira1, Malang4, Cecekijo, Farsem, Gajah, Ketan Jabung, Caspro, Malaysia, Adira4, and Cikaret) were tested using a Randomized Block Design with four replications. The data were taken on aboveground characters and underground characters such as root number, root diameter, root length, root weight, and starch content based on factory criteria (A = 22%, B = 18%, C = 14% and D = 10% starch content). Results of the study indicated that Malang-4 had the highest root yield (49,830 kg ha-1) followed by Farsem variety (41,690 kg ha-1), and Malaysia Local variety (41,030 kg ha-1). The bitter taste of Malang 4 was an appropriate character to be developed as starch processing of cassava. Starch content is very important indigenous criteria for farmers and traders to know fairly about pricing in relation with starch content. The higher starch content coincided with higher root yield of Malang-4 is very interesting and will benefit the factory. There was no difference in factory price of cassava from farmers, although the starch content indicated different levels (B =18%, C=14% or D =10%). The Malang-4 could be introduced to the local goverment for being grown in a larger areas in the North Sumatera province.

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