scholarly journals Experimental planning for conducting experiments with cucumber

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Alessandro Dal’Col Lúcio ◽  
Darlei M Lambrecht ◽  
Bruno G Sari ◽  
Dionatan K Krysczun ◽  
Cassiane Ubessi
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Experimental Planning ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Variability ◽  
Fruit Mass ◽  
Fruit Diameter

ABSTRACT In order to be considered highly reliable (showing very accurate results), an experiment needs to be very well planned. Defining the experimental plot size and number of replicates is fundamental to control the experimental error at the beginning of the experiment. The aim of this study was to estimate the plot size and the number of replicates sufficient to perform experiments with Cucumis sativus. A uniformity trial was installed in the first week of January 2017. The spacing used was 0.3 m between plants and 1 m between rows, resulting in 12 plants in each of the 12 cultivation rows and each basic experimental unit was composed of one plant. The variables observed in 18 harvests were average fruit mass (MMF, in g), average fruit length (CMF, in cm) and average fruit diameter (DMF, in cm). The harvests were analyzed individually and grouped to reduce experimental variability. The number of replicates and the plot size were estimated using the method of maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation. The plot size and the number of replicates were influenced by the variability in the rows and between the harvests. We recommend plots consisting of four plants per cultivation row with six replicates for the minimum significant difference by Tukey’s test, expressed in 25% the means percentage.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity index of zucchini yield on a protected environment and experimental planning

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Feijó ◽  
Lindolfo Storck ◽  
Alessandro Dal'Col Lúcio ◽  
Sidinei José Lopes ◽  
Danton C Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Heterogeneity Index ◽  
Experimental Planning ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Harvest Frequency ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Replication Number ◽  
The Mean

The objectives of this work were to assess zucchini heterogeneity index and fruit weight at different harvest frequencies for plants grown on a protected environment; to estimate the optimum plot size; and to determine the least significant difference among treatments, varying plot size and replication number. Plants of cultivar Caserta were grown in a plastic greenhouse, using spaces of 0.80 x 1.00 among plants and lines, respectively. The following harvest frequencies were studied: fruits harvested daily, (1) at 10:00, (2) at 10:00 and 18:00, (3) at 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00 and 18:00 h and; (4) fruits harvested every other day, at 18:00 h. Twenty-seven harvests were carried out, collecting fruits larger than 0.15 m. Plots were planned with 1, 2, 3, and 6 plants per row. Heterogeneity index was estimated according to Smith's method and, the optimum plot size, according to modified maximum curvature method. Fruit yield per plant gradually increased reaching a maximum at the 15th harvest. Total yield was of 3214, 3124, 3928 and 3248 g plant¹, respectively, at the harvest frequencies 1, 2, 3 and 4, with no significant differences among them. The heterogeneity index in the plastic greenhouse was nearly zero. The use of smaller plots combined with a larger number of replications increased the experimental accuracy. Although optimum plot size to assess total fruit yield varied between one and seven plants, depending on the harvest frequency, plots with three plants per row plots, with six replications, were the most appropriate design, allowing detecting a least significant difference among treatments equal to 76% of the mean.

scholarly journals Calculation of the ideal plot size for experiments using eucalyptus

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Garcia Lopes ◽  
Glaucia Amorim Faria ◽  
Kátia Luciene Maltoni ◽  
Paula Suares Rocha ◽  
Gabriela Lozano Olivério ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Experimental Planning ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Cultivation Process ◽  
The Ideal

An adequate experimental planning depends on several factors, such as homogeneity of the area and experimental unity, number of repetition and plot size. The adoption of an ideal plot size reduces the experimental error and, consequently, maximizes the information obtained in an experiment. Thus, the aim of the present study was to calculate the optimal plot size of eucalyptus culture in a greenhouse, in order to optimize labor and costs in the cultivation process of this economically important culture. To calculate the optimal plot size, several simulations were performed using the modified maximum curvature method. Throughout the experimental period, clonal seedlings of the Eurograndis hybrid were used and evaluated for height (H), stem diameter at the base (DB), chlorophyll content in old leaves (Chlor V) and new leaves (Chlor N) at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after seedling transplantation. After 120 days, the seedlings were collected to determine the dry mass of the aerial part (DMAP) and the root system (DMRS). Results indicated that the optimal recommended plot size for eucalyptus, in a greenhouse, were 6 plants per plot.

scholarly journals Experimental plot size of passion fruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Glaucia Amorim Faria ◽  
Beatriz Garcia Lopes ◽  
Ana Patrícia Bastos Peixoto ◽  
Antonio Flávio Arruda Ferreira ◽  
Kátia Luciene Maltoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Experimental Planning ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Practical Matter ◽  
Uniformity Test ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Barnyard Manure

Abstract The determination of the plot size is a practical matter pertinent to the experimental planning, and its optimal characterization allows to obtain higher precision and better quality in the results. Therefore, in this study, the main goal was to determine the plot size in experiments of passion fruit in two uniformity tests with Passiflora setacea and Passiflora alata. The experiment was constituted of a substrate at planting with 3 thirds of soil and 1 of barnyard manure. The soil was fertilizer with 3 kg of simple superphosphate and 0.5 kg of KCl by 1m³. Each species of Passiflora was considered a uniformity test with 40 basic units (BU). The evaluations of the experiments were done on 60 days after the transplant, noticing the tree’s height, stem’s diameter, number of leaves, number of buds, number of meristems and chlorophyll. Several plot sizes were simulated, in which each plant was first considered as a basic unit up to 40 plants per unit basic. For the estimation of optimum plot size, the maximum modified curvature method was used. The plot sizes varied with the specie, founding values as three to seven BU for Passiflora setacea and four BU to five for Passiflora alata.

scholarly journals Optimal plot size for cabbage experiments

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e2239119744
Author(s):  
Vinicius de Freitas Mateus ◽  
Gisele Rodriguês Moreira ◽  
Mario Euclides Pechara da Costa Jaeggi ◽  
Richardson Sales Rocha ◽  
Rita de Kássia Guarnier da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Maximum Curvature ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Residual Variation ◽  
Agricultural Sciences ◽  
Correct Determination ◽  
Espirito Santo

Among the factors that influence the detection of minimum significant differences between treatments in conventional experiments is the size of the plot, whose correct determination allows the reduction of experimental error, consequently, increases the precision of the experiment and the reliability of the interpretations and conclusions obtained. There are different methods to estimate the optimal plot size, which relate plot size and residual variation, highlighting among these the methods of maximum curvature, maximum modified curvature, maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation and regression with plateau response. In addition to these, there is the Hatheway method that takes into account factors such as number of treatments, repetitions and levels of significance. Since there is little work to estimate the optimal plot size in experiments with species of the genus Brassica, the present study aimed to increase the experimental precision in experiments with cabbage in the municipality of Alegre - ES by determining the optimal plot size with based on Hatheway's methods, maximum curvature, maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation and plateau regression. The work was carried out by means of a blank test carried out in the experimental area of the Center for Agricultural Sciences of the Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alegre - ES, in which both productive and growth variables were evaluated. At the end of the project, propose the optimal plot size to be used in experiments with cabbage in order to increase the experimental precision and the reliability of the results obtained in future experiments.

scholarly journals Estimating optimum plot size with radiometer for experiments on soybeans treated with fungicide

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-312
Author(s):  
Roger Nabeyama Michels ◽  
Marcelo Giovanetti Canteri ◽  
Inês Cristina de Batista Fonseca ◽  
Marcelo Augusto Aguiar e Silva ◽  
Janksyn Bertozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Optimum Size ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Probability Of Error ◽  
Experimental Planning ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Asian Soybean Rust

ABSTRACT Spectral remote sensing and proximal sensors are important tools for managing the plant-pathogen relationship. The lack of experimental planning and the probability of error in agricultural studies may result in work repetition and, consequently, in financial expenses and costs with human resources. To reduce such problems, determining the optimum size of the experimental plot for treatments is one of the adopted methods. The objective of this study was to estimate the optimum plot size for reflectance in soybeans that were treated with different fungicide levels according to the methods of modified maximum curvature and maximum distance. Reflectance readings were carried out for the soybean crop with a radiometer GreenSeeker®, considering basic units of 0.45 m² in an area of ten rows, 10 m long, for each treatment. Treatments were applied to create a gradient of Asian soybean rust, varying the number of fungicide applications. Data were collected in two phenological stages (R5.5 and R6), obtaining 300 simulations of experimental area for each stage. Based on the results, the use of 5.40 m² plots with a group of three rows, 4 m long, is recommended.

scholarly journals Size of uniformity trials for estimating the optimum plot size for vegetables

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo V Schwertner ◽  
Alessandro D Lúcio ◽  
Alberto Cargnelutti Filho
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Maximum Curvature ◽  
Snap Beans ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Fruit Mass ◽  
Uniformity Trials ◽  
Variation Model

The aim of this work was to determine the uniformity trial size for estimating the optimum plot size in order to evaluate the fruit mass of tomato, snap-beans and zucchini. The mass of fruits was evaluated in uniformity trials with tomato grown in plastic tunnel in spring-summer and autumn-winter seasons, with snap-beans in plastic greenhouse in autumn-winter season and, with zucchini in plastic greenhouse in summer-autumn and winter-spring seasons. These data were used for planning different sizes of uniformity trials and resampling with replacement was used to estimate the optimum plot size by the method of maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation model. The size of uniformity trials influences the estimation of the optimum plot size for evaluating the mass of fruits of tomato, snap-beans and zucchini. Uniformity trials with tomato with 12 basic experimental units (12 plants) and with snap-beans with 21 basic experimental units (42 plants) are enough for estimating the optimum plot size for evaluating the mass of fruits in plastic tunnel with a confidence interval of 95% minor or equal to two basic experimental units. Uniformity trials with snap-beans with 18 basic experimental units (36 plants) and with zucchini with ten basic experimental units (ten plants) in plastic greenhouse are enough for estimating the optimum plot size for evaluating the mass of fruits with a confidence interval of 95% minor or equal to three basic experimental units.

scholarly journals PSIII-5 Effects of ingredient composition of oral drenches in small piglets post-farrowing on average daily gain and pre-wean mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 238-238
Author(s):  
Olivia Harrison ◽  
Samantha Tauer ◽  
Brent Frederick
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Bioactive Proteins ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Number of pigs born alive has been a key factor of the increasing efficiency of the U.S. swine industry. However, with increased pigs in the uterus, birth weight has been negatively impacted, with more small or at-risk pigs being born per litter. In order to overcome these changes, a study testing three commercial oral drenches against a control to determine which would increase average daily gain and decrease preweaning mortality. In a completely randomized design, 877 one-day-old suckling pigs from a high-health farm were selected for the experiment if they appeared to be in the bottom 20% of bodyweight compared to their contemporaries. Selected pigs were given one of four drenching treatments: 1) none (control), 2) bioactive proteins (BP), 3) high energy sugars (HES), and 4) immunoglobulins (IgY). Pigs were weighed on d 1 and d 19 of age (weaning), with mortality tracked during the suckling period. Data were analyzed using SAS v 9.4 (Cary, NC), with pig as the experimental unit and an accepted alpha of 0.05. Treatment had no detected effect on birth weight, weaning weight, ADG, or mortality (P = 0.79, 0.96, 0.86, 0.38 respectively). Likewise, statistical contrasts were used to determine there was no detected impact (P > 0.10) of drench, regardless of type, compared to the control in any measured response criteria. Interesting, pigs drenched with BP or IgY had numerically lower preweaning mortality (11.2 and 11.5% respectively), than those administered the control or HES (15.4 and 15.2%, respectively). In conclusion, this experiment showed no significant difference in the performance between piglets given no product vs. those drenched with bioactive proteins, high energy sugars, or immunoglobulins. However, additional research is warranted with greater replication or disease stressors to better understand if oral drenches may improve preweaning performance or mortality in different situations.

scholarly journals Management alternatives for Carmenta theobromae (Busck, 1910) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) and Simplicivalva ampliophilobia (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), limiting pests of guava in Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Camilo Pulido-Blanco ◽  
Elberth Hernando Pinzón-Sandoval ◽  
Carlos Felipe González-Chavarro ◽  
Pablo Antonio Serrano-Cely
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Management Alternatives ◽  
Harmful Effects

AbstractThe larval stages of Carmenta theobromae Busck (1910) and Simplicivalva ampliophilobia Davis, Gentili-Poole and Mitter (2008) attack the subcortical zone and pith in guava trees, respectively, in the first productive nucleus of fruit trees in Colombia: Hoya del Río Suárez (HRS). The presence of pest insects has been reported in 98% of the farms sampled in HRS (n = 124), with up to 96 and 11 simultaneous larvae per tree, respectively. Although the aspects of the basic biology and life cycle of both pests have been resolved, there are no strategies for managing populations in the field. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate different management alternatives under laboratory and field conditions in HRS. In laboratory conditions, a completely randomized design was used in two separate experiments, each with six treatments: T1: Spinosad (a mixture of Spinosad A and D); T2: S-1,2-di(ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl 0,0-dimethylphosphorodithioate (chemical control); T3: Lecanicillium lecanii; T4: Beauveria bassiana; T5: Mix of B. bassiana and B. brongniartii, and T6: distilled water (control). The number of dead larvae per replicate per treatment was evaluated (DL), with experimental units of five and three larvae, respectively. In the field, to the two best alternatives found for each pest in the laboratory, pruning and keeping the area around the plants free of weeds were added as cultural management, in two separate additional experiments, each with three larvae as experimental unit per treatment. For C. theobromae, the best laboratory alternatives were chemical control (DL: 3.78) and L. lecanii (DL: 2.33), followed without statistical differences by B. bassiana (DL: 1.67). In the field, the virulence of B. bassiana improved (DL: 3), and together with pruning and keeping the area around the plants clear of weeds (DL: 3), they stood out as the best alternatives. For S. ampliophilobia under laboratory conditions, the best alternatives were Spinosad (2.74) and chemical control (DL: 2.66), without significant difference. In the field, there were no statistical differences between the alternatives, except for the control. This statistical parity of cultural practices, and biological and chemical management is an argument in favor of the use of the former to the detriment of the third, especially when the harmful effects of the molecule S-1,2 di (ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl 0, 0-dimethyl phosphorodithioate have been proven in air, water and agricultural soils, in addition to its association with thyroid cancer in humans. This is a strong argument to favor the use of synergies of cultural and biological management methods framed in IPM, as opposed to the use of chemical agents whose harmful effects are strongly documented, and whose use is becoming increasingly prohibited.

Calibration of Experiments on Perennial Crops using Covariance Analysis: the Case of Coconut

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-361
Author(s):  
Tilak Abeysinghe
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Covariance Analysis ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Perennial Crops ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Calibration Experiment ◽  
Experimental Yield ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYThe calibrating efficiency of the pre-experimental yield of coconuts was examined using ten years data from a calibration experiment. On the basis of a fully randomized design it was found that the two-year pooled pre-experimental yield on four-tree plots produces consistent calibration and reduces the experimental error mean square by about 73%. This brings down the mean coefficient of variation to 9.7% from its pre-calibration levels of 36 on one-tree plots and 18 on four-tree plots.

scholarly journals Effect of diets with different levels of guanidinoacetic acid on newly weaned piglets

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 3887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla Andrade Teixeira ◽  
Alessandra Gimenez Mascarenhas ◽  
Heloisa Helena de Carvalho Mello ◽  
Emmanuel Arnhold ◽  
Patrícia Da Silva Assunção ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Guanidinoacetic Acid ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Blood Creatinine

Ninety barrow piglets weaned at 21 days old were used to evaluate the effects of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation on their performance and blood creatinine and creatine kinase (CK) levels during the nursery phase (21 to 63 days old). The piglets were distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% GAA inclusion), six repetitions, and three animals per repetition. The experimental rations were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for the phases of 21 to 32, 33 to 42 and 43 to 63 days of age. The experimental diets and water were offered ad libitum throughout the experimental period. At 42 and 63 days old, blood was collected from one animal in each experimental unit for creatinine and creatine kinase analysis. The analysed variables were daily weight gain (DFG), daily feed intake (DFI), and feed conversion (FC) in the 21 to 42 days old and 21 to 63 days old of the nursery phase. All variables were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis. We adopted ? = 0.05, and considered a trend to be present when ? was between 0.05 and 0.10. In the pre-initial period (21 to 42 days old), there was an increasing trend in daily weight (P = 0.069), which increased to the level of 0.97% of GAA inclusion. The DFI and FC were not significantly affected by the addition of different GAA levels in the diet. Creatinine levels in the blood at 42 and 63 days old were not significantly influenced by the treatments. The level of CK at 42 days old showed an increasing trend (P = 0.077) that occurred quadratically to the level of 0.085% of GAA inclusion, with no significant difference for this variable at 63 days old. The use of GAA did not promote improvements in performance or blood creatinine and CK levels in piglets in the nursery phase.

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