Genetic and environmental contributions to increased wheat yield in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Producers need wheat cultivars adapted to the predominant climate conditions of the end of the rainy period. Having this in mind, EPAMIG (Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute of Minas Gerais) has been developing a wheat genetic improvement program since 1976, and the estimates of the genetic improvement established by the breeding programs could be useful to quantify their efficiency. This study focused on the quantification of the genetic progress achieved by these improvement programs of dryland wheat in the Brazilian-savanna between 1976 and 2005. The efficiency of these programs was evaluated based on grain yield data of VCU (Value for Cultivation and Use) trials conducted at ten locations in the Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The mean estimated genetic progress for mean grain yield between 1976 and 2005 was 37 kg ha-1 year-1. The genetic yield gain in the study period indicates that the improvement programs of dryland wheat in the Brazilian-savanna are effective. Besides the marked contribution of genetic gain, the environmental and technological improvements were also relevant for the yield, accounting for 47.4% of the total progress in the period. The improvement programs of dryland wheat resulted in a genotype renovation rate of 35% over the years.

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Genetic progress over twenty-three years of irrigated rice breeding in southeastern Brazil

Acta Scientiarum Agronomy ◽

10.4025/actasciagron.v43i1.45767 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. e45767

Author(s):

Antônio Carlos da Silva Junior ◽

Vinicius Quintão Carneiro ◽

Iara Gonçalves dos Santos ◽

Renato Domiciano Silva Rosado ◽

Cosme Damião Cruz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Improvement ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Southeastern Brazil ◽

Genetic Progress ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Irrigated Rice ◽

Minas Gerais State ◽

Yield Gain ◽

Global Population ◽

Rice Genetic

The importance of rice (Oryza sativa) is indisputable this cereal is the staple food for half of the global population. Genetic progress estimation allows evaluation of the effectiveness of genetic improvement of crops and helps in the planning of breeding programs. This paper aims to estimate the genetic yield progress made by the program in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, which is run by the Epamig/UFV/Embrapa consortium. A total of 210 lines were evaluated by value for cultivation and use testing that was conducted in the municipalities of Janaúba, Leopoldina, and Lambari, from 1993 to 2016. Based on Vencovsky’s (1986) method, the genetic gains in Lambari, Janaúba, and Leopoldina were 1.46, 0.14, and 0.11%, respectively. The gain in Leopoldina was considered very low during the evaluated period. According to Breseghello’s (1998) method, the annual average genetic gain was 0.23 and 0.04% in Lambari and Janaúba, respectively. In Leopoldina, a yield gain of - 2.37% per year was observed for the evaluation period from 1994 to 1999, and a yield gain of 0.1% per year was observed from 2000 to 2016. These results can be explained by the focus on quality as a strategy for the breeding program in Minas Gerais State in the 1990s. Vencovsky’s (1986) and Breseghello’s (1998) methods were able to quantify yield gains and demonstrate the dynamics of the irrigated rice genetic improvement program in Minas Gerais State.

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Population structure and genetic diversity analysis in Sali (Oryza sativa) rice germplasm of Assam using microsatellite markers

ORYZA- An International Journal on Rice ◽

10.35709/ory.2021.58.2.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 279-286

Author(s):

Sandhani Saikia ◽

Pratap Jyoti Handique ◽

Mahendra K Modi

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Ssr Markers ◽

Genetic Improvement ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Mean Value ◽

Diversity Analysis ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Information Index ◽

Improvement Programs

Genetic diversity is the source of novel allelic combinations that can be efficiently utilized in any crop improvement program. To facilitate future crop improvement programs in rice, a study was designed to identify the underlying genetic variations in the Sali rice germplasms of Assam using SSR markers. The 129 SSR markers that were used in the study amplified a total of 765 fragments with an average of 5.93 alleles per locus. The Shannon's Information Index was found to be in the range from 0.533 to 1.786. The Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) fell into the range from 0.304 to 0.691 with a mean value of 0.55. The overall FST value was found to be 0.519 that indicated the presence of genetic differentiation amongst the genotypes used in the study. The Sali population was divided into two clusters. The information obtained from the present study will facilitate the genetic improvement of Sali rice cultivars.

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Implications of predictable and unpredictable environmental factors in common bean VCU trials in Minas Gerais

Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology ◽

10.1590/1984-70332014v14n3a22 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 146-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lidiane Kely de Lima ◽

Magno Antonio Patto Ramalho ◽

Ângela de Fátima Barbosa Abreu ◽

Fernando Henrique Ribeiro Barrozo Toledo ◽

Ricardo Augusto Diniz Cabral Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Common Bean ◽

Total Variation ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

The State ◽

Good Strategy ◽

Yield Data ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

Environmental Variations

The aim of this study was to estimate the relative contribution of predictable and unpredictable environmental variations to the lines x environments interaction and verify if it is possible to reduce the number of evaluation environments of the Value for Cultivation and Use Trials (VCU) conducted in Minas Gerais, Brazil. We used grain yield data from 166 VCU trials of common bean conducted in the state from 2002 to 2012. Individual and joint analyses of variance of the environments were carried out for each two-year period and the contribution of each source of variation to total variation was estimated. Subsequently, ecovalence was used, and joint analyses of variance were made considering different numbers of environments by means of resampling. The source of variation that most contributes to the interaction is location. Reduction in the number of environments in the VCU trials is not a good strategy for recommendation of cultivars in Minas Gerais.

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Estimates of relative yield potential and genetic improvement of wheat cultivars in the Mediterranean region

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859609008454 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 147 (3) ◽

pp. 323-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

O. SENER ◽

M. ARSLAN ◽

Y. SOYSAL ◽

M. ERAYMAN

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Genetic Improvement ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

Block Design ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Relative Yield ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

The Mediterranean

SUMMARYInformation about changes associated with advances in crop productivity is essential for understanding yield-limiting factors and developing new strategies for future breeding programmes. National bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields in Turkey have risen by an average of 20·8 kg/ha/year from 1925 to 2006. Annual gain in yield attributable to agronomic and genetic improvement averaged c. 11·6 kg/ha/year prior to 1975, but is now averaging c. 15·1 kg/ha/year. In the Mediterranean region, however, the wheat yield trend line (10·9 kg/ha/year) is c. 0·38 lower than that of Turkey. In order to understand whether such a trend was due to the cultivars released over the years, 16 bread wheat cultivars, commonly grown in the region and representing 23 years of breeding, introduction and selection (from 1976 to 1999), were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replicates across 2 years. Data were collected on maturation time, plant height, spike length, spikelet number/spike, grain number/spike, grain weight/spike, 1000 seed weight, harvest index and grain yield. None of the measured plant traits showed any historical cultivar patterns; therefore, the increase in grain yield could not be attributed to a single yield component. Several physiological traits changed during two decades of cultivar releases in the Mediterranean region that led to a genetic gain in grain yield of about 0·5% per year. Years of data and the present field study in the Mediterranean region suggested that the genetic improvement in wheat seemed inadequate and should be reinforced with modern agricultural management practices as well as technological innovations.

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Do Crossbreeding using Exotic Breeds in Goat is the Right Solution for a Low-input Production System in Ethiopia? : A Review

Agricultural Reviews ◽

10.18805/ag.r-183 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zeleke Tesema ◽

Damitie Kebede

Keyword(s):

Production System ◽

Genetic Improvement ◽

Reproductive Technologies ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Selection Program ◽

Low Input ◽

The Future ◽

Improvement Programs ◽

Breed Selection ◽

The Right

Analysis and evaluation of the previous genetic improvement attempts and their fruition are paramount to make the right decision in the future. Hence, this paper reviews the status of goat genetic improvement programs through quantitative evidence and elucidates how it can be implemented in the future through an intensive literature review. Goat genetic improvement through crossbreeding was initiated early in 1975. However, most crossbreeding programs have lacked analysis of the existing resources and infrastructure and also lack long-term strategies. As a result, crossbreeding program was discontinued without significant contribution due to incompatibility of the exotic genotype with low-input production systems. On the other hand, the moderate to high genetic variation within a population open the window for within-breed selection. Accordingly, a well-designed within-breed selection program was initiated late in 2013 for specified breeds. Currently, governmental and non-governmental institutions plan to scale up community-based within-breed selection program. Besides, the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies in goat genetic improvement was evaluated by ICARDA and reported a moderate achievement. However, the application of molecular technologies in Ethiopia is only limited to diversity studies. Nevertheless, there is an opportunity to use molecular technologies to enhance the genetic progress of a genetic improvement program. In conclusion, the expected benefits from crossbreeding program were not obtained and will not be obtained under the existing low input-production system. Therefore, a within-breed selection program would be an ideal option for the existing low-input production system if integrated with assisted reproductive and molecular technologies.

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Breeding Progress for Grain Yield and Yield Related Characters of Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Ethiopia Using Regression Analysis

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v10n2p195 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 195

Author(s):

Megersa Tadesse ◽

Assefa Funga ◽

Asnake Fikre ◽

Tulu Degefu ◽

Million Eshete ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Block Design ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Genetic Progress ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Rate Of Increase

The genetic progress in seed yield and yield related characters of 10 kabuli chickpea varieties released by the Ethiopian Chickpea Crop Improvement Program from 1974 to 2017 was assessed during the main cropping season. The varieties were evaluated in the Randomized Complete Block design at Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center experimental research farm. The overall increase in seed yield over the local check, DZ-10-4, was estimated to be 739 kg/ha (38.9%). On station grain yield increased from 1900 to 3250 kg/ha during the last 43 years and the overall increase in seed yield of the Arerti variety over the oldest variety DZ-10-4 was estimated to be 1350 kg/ha or 71.1%. Based on the regression analysis, the estimated average annual rate of increase in grain yield potential was 10.87kg/ha/year with an annual relative genetic change of 0.57%/year. Genotypic change was an important source for increased grain yield potential during the studied period. Positive genetic gains were observed for the yield traits (grain yield and yield components). The average cumulative gains over 43 years of breeding was, therefore, 445.67 kg (23.37%) for seed yield, and 30.26 g for hundred seeds weight (297.7%). Hundred seed weight revealed the most dramatic response to breeding for the last 43 years. It is, therefore, strategically advisable that breeding efforts in the future should give due attention to yield related traits of kabuli chickpea varieties.

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Wheat yield as influenced by urea applied with nitrification inhibitor and gibberellic acid

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-4842 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rayehe Mirkhani ◽

Mehdi Shorafa ◽

Mohammad Zaman

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Block Design ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Yield Data ◽

Economic Implications

<p>Among the essential plant nutrients, nitrogen (N) is the most needed. Farmer apply N fertilizer, predominantly urea to meet crop N demand. However, a greater proportion of the applied urea-N is not being used by plants and lost to the atmosphere as ammonia or greenhouse gases. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance N use efficiency (NUE) of applied urea by minimizing such losses, which has environmental and economic implications. Nitrification inhibitor, such as nitrapyrin (NP), has the most potential to minimise N losses and enhance crop yield. Similarly, plant hormones, such as GA3, has the potential to reduce abiotic stress and improve plant growth and yield. &#160;&#160;<br>A field experiment was established on an arable site at University of Tehran, Karaj to determine the effect of urea applied with Nitrapyrin and GA3 on wheat yield in 2018-2019. Karaj has a Mediterranean climate with annual precipitation of 265 mm. A randomized complete block design in five replications was used in this study. Treatments were: T1 (control treatment - without urea), T2 (farmers practice - 138 kg N/ha), and T3 (best practice - 138 kg N/ha+NP+GA3). Urea was applied in three split applications (46 kg N/ha) at growth stage (GS 21) or tillering, (GS 32) or stem elongation, and (GS 40) or booting. GA3 in T3 treatment, was applied only at stem elongation stage.&#160;<br>The crop yield data showed that, urea applied with NP and GA3 had a significant (p &#8804; 0.01) effect on grain yield, biological yield, number of grains, 1000-grain weight and % Harvest Index (%HI) compared to other treatments. Urea applied with NP and GA3 increased grain yield (10.30 t ha-1) by 13.9% and 46.1% compared to farmer practices (9.04 t ha-1) and control treatment (7.05 t ha-1). These results suggest that co-application of urea with NP and GA3 has the potential to enhance wheat yield in semi-arid area of Iran.</p>

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USING CERES-WHEAT MODEL TO SIMULATE GRAIN YIELD PRODUCTION FUNCTION FOR FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN, CONDITIONS

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479713000185 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 461-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A. BAKHSH ◽

I. BASHIR ◽

H. U. FARID ◽

S. A. WAJID

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Yield Function ◽

Management Tool ◽

Research Station ◽

Computer Simulation Model ◽

Yield Data ◽

Urea Fertilizer ◽

Yield Production

SUMMARYUsing computer simulation model as a management tool requires model calibration and validation against field data. A three-year (2008–2009 to 2010–2011) field study was conducted at the Postgraduate Agricultural Research Station of the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to simulate wheat grain yield production as a function of urea fertilizer applications using Crop Environment REsource Synthesis (CERES)-Wheat model. The model was calibrated using yield data for treatment of urea fertilizer application at the rate of 247 kg-urea ha−1 during growing season 2009–2010 and was validated against independent data sets of yield of two years (2008–2009 and 2010–2011) for a wide variety of treatments ranging from no urea application to 247 kg-urea ha−1 application. The model simulations were found to be acceptable for calibration as well as validation period, as the model evaluation indicators showed a mean difference of 8.9%, ranging from 0.05 to 15.38%, root mean square error of 356 having its range from 242 to 471 kg ha−1, against all observed grain yield data. The scenario simulations showed maximum grain yield of 4100 kg ha−1 for 350 kg-urea ha−1 in 2008–2009; 4600 kg ha−1 for 300 kg-urea ha−1 in 2009–2010 and 5200 kg ha−1 for 340 kg-urea ha−1 in 2010–2011. Any further increase in urea application resulted in decline of grain yield function. These results show that model has the ability to simulate effects of urea fertilizer applications on wheat yield; however, the simulated maximum grain yield data need field-based verification.

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Genetic Progress Achieved during 10 Years of Selective Breeding for Honeybee Traits of Interest to the Beekeeping Industry

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11060535 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 535

Author(s):

Ségolène Maucourt ◽

Frédéric Fortin ◽

Claude Robert ◽

Pierre Giovenazzo

Keyword(s):

Genetic Improvement ◽

Animal Species ◽

Genetic Selection ◽

Statistical Modelling ◽

Hygienic Behavior ◽

Genetic Progress ◽

New Era ◽

Honey Production ◽

Self Sufficiency ◽

Improvement Programs

Genetic improvement programs have resulted in spectacular productivity gains for most animal species in recent years. The introduction of quantitative genetics and the use of statistical models have played a fundamental role in achieving these advances. For the honeybee (Apis mellifera), genetic improvement programs are still rare worldwide. Indeed, genetic and reproductive characteristics are more complex in honeybees than in other animal species, which presents additional challenges for access genetic selection. In recent years, advances in informatics have allowed statistical modelling of the honeybee, notably with the BLUP-animal model, and access to genetic selection for this species is possible now. The aim of this project was to present the genetic progress of several traits of interest to the Canadian beekeeping industry (hygienic behavior, honey production and spring development) achieved in our selection program since 2010. Our results show an improvement of 0.30% per year for hygienic behavior, 0.63 kg per year for honey production and 164 brood cells per year for spring development. These advances have opened a new era for our breeding program and sharing this superior genetic available to beekeepers will contribute to the sustainability and self-sufficiency of the beekeeping industry in Canada.

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Elucidation of genetic diversity among some accessions of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-021-00625-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Almoataz Bellah Ali El-Mouhamady ◽

Magdy Ahmad Al-Kordy ◽

Tarik Abdel-Fatah Elewa

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Sugar Beet ◽

Genetic Improvement ◽

Issr Markers ◽

Sugar Yield ◽

Genetic Progress ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Sugar Beet Crop ◽

White Sugar

Abstract Background Sugar beet is considered a very important strategic economic crop, as it comes at the second place for white sugar production in Egypt after sugar cane and the sugar percentage in its roots is 20%. This work was conducted in Egypt as a direct response to bridge the gap which began to expand significantly between the production and consumption of white sugar and the desire for the genetic improvement process to increase the productivity of this crop. Further, as serious attempt to understand the nature of the genetic diversity among a group of sugar beet accessions with different origins, it constitutes an important source for establishing a program of breeding and improving sugar beet crop under Egyptian conditions. Results The process of verifying the existence of significant genetic variation between the eight sugar beet varieties with various origins was carried out through a set of genetic parameters through two growing seasons besides, the data of ISSR markers profile. Further, all the sugar beet varieties were superior in all the studied traits during their evaluation over two agricultural years, where the two sugar beet accessions Oscar Poly and Rass Poly are superior in TSS % and sucrose % traits, Mont Bianco and Sultan in apparent purity % trait, Blino and Sultan in root yield and top yield traits and Rass Poly and Blino in sugar yield trait, respectively. In addition, the values of heritability in broad sense were high in all studied traits except the two traits; sucrose % and sugar yield where their results were appeared medium during both growing seasons. In the same regard, expected genetic advance values showed significant genetic progress in all studied traits during the two growing seasons. As well, highly genetic diversity was obtained between the eight sugar beet accessions through generated 169 amplified fragments from the twelve ISSR primers, 122 of them were polymorphic with 72.18% polymorphism. Conclusions The eight sugar beet varieties achieved remarkable and distinctive results for all traits under study during two agricultural years. However, they were differentiated and various from each other. As they differed in their superiority in all estimated traits and they proved to be fertile material for studying in this investigation and very suitable for enriching the breeding and genetic improvement program to promote the sugar beet yield in order to increase the productivity of white sugar in Egypt.

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