scholarly journals Risk factors for anthelmintic resistance development in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in Argentina

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Humberto Suarez ◽  
Silvina Lujan Cristel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Treatment Frequency ◽  
The Past ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Ranch Management ◽  
Main Effects

Risk factors for anthelmintic resistance (AR) on bovine ranches were studied. Data were derived from a survey made to 50 ranch owners, who had conducted a faecal egg-count-reduction test. The questionnaire contained descriptors of bovine ranch management and nematode control. A case-control design study was undertaken and AR cases were present in 26 herds. Associations between the binary outcome variable (AR versus not AR) and risk factors recorded in the questionnaire were evaluated. Variables associated with the presence of AR at P< 0.15 and/or odds ratio (OR) > 2 were subjected to a multivariable logistic regression model. The main effects contributing to general AR (avermectin AVM and/or benzimidazole) in the final model were total number of annual treatments (OR 7.68; 95% CI 2.4 to 28.3) and use of more than 75% of AVM in the past (OR= 18.6; 95% CI 1.3 to 97.3), whereas for AVM resistance alone were total number of AVM annual treatments (OR= 11.5; 95% CI 2.9 to 45.5) and number of AVM Nov-Jan treatments (OR= 5.8; 95% CI 1.71 to 47.9). The results showed that treatment frequency, date of treatment and frequency of treatment in the past with a single drug were the main risk factors involved in AR development.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic efficacy of selected medicinal plants against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-115
Author(s):  
JK Muthee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Traditional Health ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Traditional Practitioners ◽  
And Control ◽  
Myrsine Africana

The use of plants, or their extracts, for the treatment of human and animal ailments, including helminthosis is steeped in antiquity. Anthelmintic resistance in pathogenic helminths has been spreading in prevalence and severity to a point where there is multi-drug resistance against the three major classes of anthelmintics. This globe-wide phenomenon calls for urgent search for different approaches to the control of helminthosis including novel anthelmintic products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of plants, which are commonly used in the treatment and control of helminthosis, under the natural grazing conditions in Loitoktok Sub-County of Kenya. The plant species (Albizia anthelmintica, Myrsine africana, and Embelia schimperi were selected based on their availability and ethnopharmacological uses, as anthelmintics, by the traditional health practitioners in the area. Fifty sheep of mixed breeds, belonging to local herders, and naturally infected with mixed gastrointestinal nematodes were recruited for the study. The herbal remedies were prepared and administered by methods prescribed by the traditional practitioners. Their efficacy was determined using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The percentage faecal egg count reduction against the mixed gastrointestinal nematodes was 59, -11, -31 and 87 for Myrsine africana, A. anthelmintica, E. schimperi and albendazole respectively. It was concluded that some of the remedies have some efficacy and further studies are needed to evaluate their potential as anthelmintics. There was also suspicion of development of anthemintic resistance to albendazole and herders needed to be advised accordingly on the proper use of conventional anthelmintic products

scholarly journals Worm-control practices and prevalence of anthelmintic resistance using in vivo FECRTs on smallholder sheep farms in Lithuania

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kupčinskas ◽  
I. Stadalienė ◽  
A. Šalomskas ◽  
P. Trusevičius ◽  
M. Varady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Worm Control

SummaryThis study determined the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in parasitic nematodes on smallholder sheep farms in Lithuania from April to November 2014. Faecal samples were collected from two groups of 10-15 sheep treated with fenbendazole (FBZ) or ivermectin (IVM) on 18 sheep farms. Two samples were collected from each group: on day zero (T1) and 10-14 days after treatment. Faecal egg counts (eggs per gramme, EPG) were determined using a modified McMaster technique. Animals with < 140 EPG on day zero were removed from the analysis. The prevalence of AR was estimated using the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test. AR to FBZ was detected on three of 15 farms where FBZ was used (20 %) and was suspected on one farm (6.7 %). AR to IVM was detected on two of 16 farms where IVM was used (12.5 %). The main species of resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) identified after treatment were Teladorsagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. A questionnaire surveying 71 sheep farmers estimated that 71.8 % of sheep farmers used anthelmintics against GINs. IVM was the most frequently (68.6 %) applied anthelmintic, and 62.7 % of the respondents reported treating their animals twice a year. This study confirmed the presence of AR to GIN infections on sheep farms in Lithuania. Future studies should assess the prevalence of AR to GIN infection using in vitro methods.

Gastrointestinal nematodes infections and anthelmintic resistance in grazing sheep in the Eastern Inner Mongolia in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianlong Han ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Guanghe Zhang ◽  
Dongsheng Han ◽  
Xinwei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Eastern Inner Mongolia

AbstractGastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a crucial restraint to grazing sheep production worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the infections and anthelmintic resistance (AR) of GIN in pasture-based sheep in the Eastern Inner Mongolia, China. GIN eggs were tested from 600 grazing sheep feces of 10 farms using saturated saline flotation method and McMaster’s method. The egg hatch test (EHT) and the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) were used to evaluate resistance of GIN to anthelmintics. We found that the average infection rate was 79.2% (range: 45%-100%). The grand mean faecal egg count (FEC) was 1813.2 eggs per gram (EPG) (range: 0-32400 EPG). There were significant differences in GIN infection among different breeds of sheep. The sequence of infection intensity and infection rate were Small fat tail > Ujimqin > Ju Ud (

scholarly journals Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep raised under mountain farming conditions in Northern Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Lambertz ◽  
Ioanna Poulopoulou ◽  
Kunlayaphat Wuthijaree ◽  
Matthias Gauly
Keyword(s):  
Macrocyclic Lactone ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Oral Formulations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Faecal Egg Count

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in sheep raised under mountain farming conditions in South Tyrol (Northern Italy) was assessed on eight farms (n=99 animals). A faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test was done after routine anthelmintic treatments. Furthermore, on 27 farms (n=306 animals), a FECR test was conducted after oral formulations of a macrocyclic lactone (ML), benzimidazole (BZ) (partly in combination with salicylanilide (SA)) or a combination of imidazothiazole and SA were applied under controlled conditions on the same farm. Following routine treatments, three of five ML-treated flocks showed an adequate efficacy, while the other two reached a FECR of only around 75 per cent. A wide range of gastrointestinal nematode genera were identified in one flock following the treatment. From the three BZ-treated flocks, only one showed an adequate FECR, both other farms reached 68 per cent and 84 per cent, respectively. Under controlled conditions, FECR ranged between 77 per cent and 81 per cent indicating AR for all the applied anthelmintics. Trichostrongylus species, Teladorsagia species and Haemonchus species were identified after ML treatment, Teladorsagia species after BZ treatment and Trichostrongylus species and Haemonchus species after combined BZ and SA application. Taking into consideration that underdosing might have affected results of the routine treatments, a high prevalence of AR was found in sheep under mountain farming conditions.

scholarly journals Comparitive efficacy of five anthelmintics against trichostrongylid nematodes in sheep

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafiz Abubakar Saddiqi ◽  
Abdul Jabbar ◽  
Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Wasim Babar ◽  
Zia-ud-Din Sindhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Untreated Group ◽  
Worm Count ◽  
Reduction Test ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts ◽  
Prevalent Species

The efficacy of levamisole, ivermectin and three different preparations of oxfendazole, applied at the recommended rate, were evaluated in flocks of sheep kept at two farms in Thal desert, Pakistan. Sixty animals on each farm were selected randomly on the basis of their weight and egg count of more than 150 eggs per gram of faeces. Three preparations of oxfendazole (fendamex, oxazole, syatamex), levamisole and ivermectin were given to five groups while one untreated group was kept as control. Faecal egg counts, faecal egg count reduction test, postmortem worm count and copro-culture were performed to assess the efficacy of selected anthelmintics. Levamisole and ivermectin preparations reduced (P ≤ 0.05) prevalent species of gastrointestinal nematodes in both flocks. Oxfendazole preparations exhibited low efficacy and some gastrointestinal nematodes (Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus) were suspected for resistance against these preparations, with resistance more pronounced in oxazole followed by systamex and fendamex. It was concluded that all oxfendazole preparations had low efficacy with suspicion for anthelmintic resistance while levamisole and ivermectin had reasonable effectiveness against prevalent gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep kept in Thal desert, Pakistan. Key words: Anthelmintic, resistance, gastrointestinal nematodes, sheep, Pakistan

scholarly journals Increasing resistance to multiple anthelmintic classes in nematodes including Haemonchus contortus on sheep farms in Southwest England.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Bull ◽  
M. J. Glover ◽  
H. Rose Vineer ◽  
E. R. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
R Package ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Faecal Egg Count

Abstract Background: Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is increasing globally and farmers are encouraged to adopt sustainable control measures. Haemonchus contortus is increasingly reported in the UK, potentially complicating effective GIN control. Methods: Faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were conducted on 13 farms in North Devon, England, UK in 2016. Relative abundance of H. contortus was quantified using peanut agglutinin (PNA) staining and used to estimate faecal egg count reduction percentages (FECR%) using the egg Counts R package. Results: On average, farms had GIN resistance to three anthelmintic classes. No farms had susceptibility to all anthelmintics tested. AR was more prevalent in 2016 than on the same farms in 2013. Haemonchus contortus was present on 85% of the farms tested and comprised on average 6% (0-52%) of GIN eggs before treatment. Resistance or suspected resistance was observed in this species to all anthelmintics tested, on different farms. Conclusion: The results demonstrate diversity of AR profiles on farms, progression of anthelmintic resistance within a 3-year period, and challenges detecting AR in mixed species infections. Where possible, interpretation of mixed-species FECRT should take into account the relative abundance of species pre- and post-treatment to identify pragmatic treatment options targeting individual genera.

scholarly journals Oxfendazole Resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Beetal Goats at Livestock Farms of Punjab (Pakistan)

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Saeed ◽  
Z. Iqbal ◽  
A. Jabbar
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Treatment Frequency ◽  
Contributory Factors ◽  
Reduction Test ◽  
Egg Hatch Assay

This study was carried out to screen goat farms for anthelmintic resistance (AR) against oxfendazole (OXF) and to determine contributory factors for its development. For this purpose, Beetal goat farms (n = 18) were randomly selected, with natural mixed gastrointestinal nematodosis infection. In vivo (faecal egg count reduction test) and in vitro (egg hatch assay) tests were used to ascertain the presence of AR while a scorecard was used to determine the role of possible contributory factors for oxfendazole resistance. For in vivo test, the experimental animals were divided into two groups of 10 animals each; one group received OXF treatment, while the other served as control. Pre- and post-treatment coproculture was performed to identify the species and genera of nematodes. Egg hatch assay (EHA) was used to confirm the results of FECRT. Fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) revealed the development of resistance on six farms and post-treatment larval cultures indicated Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia curticei, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Oesophagostomum spp. as dominant species with resistance. Furthermore, EHA confirmed the results of FECRT. Among the presumptive factors for AR, the highest composite score was for rotation of anthelmintics followed by treatment frequency, dose rate and nature of medication. The scorecard for the development of AR, used in this study, may be helpful for the assessment of contributory factors of AR.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic Drugs Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Naturally Infected Goats in Haramaya, Ethiopia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anteneh Wondimu ◽  
Yehualashet Bayu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Confidence Limit ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Nematode Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Reduction Test ◽  
Faecal Egg Count

Abstract Gastrointestinal parasites and their anthelmintic resistance are major constraints to goat production in Ethiopia. Experimental investigation by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and larval cultures were used to assess the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance in naturally infected goats with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in Haramaya, Ethiopia. One hundred goats with a minimum of 150 eggs per gram (EPG) count were selected and randomly divided into five groups; 20 goats in each group; four treated and one untreated group. The result of the faecal egg count reduction test percentage (FECRT%) and the lower 95% confidence limit showed the presence of anthelmintic resistance for all tested drugs except tetramisole. FECRT% and lower 95% confidence limit were 69.9% and 36.9 for albendazole, 84.3% and 66.1 for tetraclozan, 95.7% and 87.4 for tetramisole and 71.1% and 38.2 for ivermectin respectively. Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia and Haemonchus showed anthelmintic resistance for tested drugs. Coproculture from different treatment group revealed Trichostrongylus (69.2% in ivermectin and 59.6% in albendazole) were the predominant nematode followed by Teladorsagia (21.9% in albendazole and 14.7% in ivermectin). In tetraclozan treatment group, Trichostrongylus (42%) and Teladorsagia (41.3%) were comparable, followed by Haemonchus (13%). In group treated with tetramisole, Teladorsagia (54.3%) were the most frequently detected nematode followed by Trichostrongylus (25.7%) and Haemonchus (11.4%). Therefore, this study demonstrated the presence of multi-drug resistant nematodes that may limit the productivity of goats. Moreover, further studies covering wider areas of Ethiopia and mechanisms of nematode resistance need to be studied in future.

scholarly journals First report of multiple anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of sheep in Colombia

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos M.B. Gárcia ◽  
Lew K. Sprenger ◽  
Efraín B. Ortiz ◽  
Marcelo B. Molento
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Report ◽  
Reduction Test ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
First Time

This study aimed to report the presence of parasites resistant to the most used anthelmintic drugs in sheep in Colombia. Four farms (denominated farm 1, 2, 3 and 4) were selected where the animals were not treated with anthelmintics for two months before the trial. Animals with faecal egg count (FEC) above 150 and of different ages were allocated into six groups, each consisting of at least 5 animals. The drugs and dosages used were: ivermectin 1% (0.2 mg/kg), albendazole 25% (5 mg/kg), fenbendazole 10% (5 mg/kg), levamisole 10% (5 mg/kg), and moxidectin 1% (0.2 mg/kg). Anthelmintic efficacy was determined by the FEC reduction test (FECRT) with a second sampling 14 days post-treatment. The efficacy of albendazole and fenbendazole at farm 1 was above 95%, which was different from the others farms. The FECRT indicated the presence of multidrug resistance in the other farms where no tested drugs showed activity higher than 79% (albendazole: 0 to 55%, fenbendazole: 51.4 to 76.6%, ivermectin: 67.3 to 93.1%, levamisole: 0 to 78.1%, and moxidectin: 49.2 to 64.1%).Haemonchus contortus was the predominant (96%) species, followed by a small presence of Trichostrongylus sp. (3%) andCooperia sp. (1%). Therefore, we report for the first time the existence of multiple anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Colombia.

Assessment of anthelmintic efficacy against cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in western France and southern Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Chartier ◽  
N. Ravinet ◽  
A. Bosco ◽  
E. Dufourd ◽  
M. Gadanho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Cattle Farms

Abstract Our objective was to measure the efficacy of ivermectin (IVM) and benzimidazoles (BZ, i.e. fenbendazole and albendazole) in 15 cattle farms in western France and southern Italy. A total of 11 groups were treated with IVM and 11 with BZ. Efficacy was assessed by calculating the percentage of faecal egg count reduction (%FECR) using the pre- and post-treatment arithmetic means. Anthelmintic resistance was considered to be present when the %FECR was <95% and the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval <90%. For IVM, the percentages of FECR ranged from 73% to 100%. Lack of efficacy to IVM was detected in two farms out of four in France, but was not detected in any of the seven farms in Italy. For BZ, the percentages of FECR ranged from 95% to 100%. No case of BZ resistance was detected in the five farms in France and the six farms in Italy.

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