Natural Grassland Response to Herbicides and Application Timing for Selective Control of Tall Fescue, an Invasive Cool-Season Grass

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin E. Ruffner ◽  
Thomas G. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Nontarget Effects ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

AbstractNatural grasslands are one of the most threatened ecosystems in North America. Conservation efforts are often hampered by exotic plant invasions in existing remnant natural grasslands. Tall fescue [Schedonorus phoenix(Scop.) Holub.] is an introduced cool-season (C3) forage/turf grass which readily invades natural grasslands in Kentucky and neighboring states. Our study objectives were to (1) compare the efficacy and application timing effect of clethodim to that of imazapic to selectively remove tall fescue from natural grasslands and (2) evaluate the response of the nontarget grassland plant community (i.e., native grass and forb canopy cover) following herbicide treatments. Clethodim and imazapic treatments consisted of early (April 4, 2001) and late (April 20, 2001) applications, and these were applied at 0.23 and 0.21 kg ai ha−1, respectively. Both herbicides reduced tall fescue cover (P ≤ 0.05); herbicide application timing had no effect on herbicide efficacy to control tall fescue. Native grass cover was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in all herbicide-treated plots compared to the untreated controls, except for the late clethodim-treated plots. All herbicide treatments increased forb abundance compared to controls. Spring applications of clethodim were equally effective to those of imazapic at controlling tall fescue in natural grasslands. Imazapic released native grasses better than clethodim, whereas clethodim was better at increasing forb abundance. Furthermore, early clethodim treatments had fewer nontarget effects on native C4grasses compared to late clethodim treatments. Overall, clethodim shows promise as a beneficial management tool for tall fescue control in C4-dominated natural grasslands.

scholarly journals Performance and feed intake of beef heifers on rotational grazing of natural grassland receiving protein and energy supplement in cool season

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Castro Kuinchtner ◽  
Fernando Luiz Ferreira de Quadros ◽  
Felipe Jochims ◽  
Pedro Trindade Casanova ◽  
Gabriela Machado Dutra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Leaf Elongation ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Natural Grasslands

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and feed intake of grazing beef heifers on two grazing intervals determined by thermal sum related to leaf elongation duration during cool season on natural grasslands. A complete randomized block design experiment with two treatments and three replications was conducted from May to September 2011 in the central part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The treatments were two thermal sums calculated at 375 and 750 degrees-days (DD) to determine the intervals between grazing periods in a rotational grazing system. Thirty six beef heifers with average age of 18 months old and (initial body weight = 220±14kg) were used, all heifers received ground corn supplement at a rate of 5g kg-1 of body weight per day, at 2p.m., throughout the experiment and had free access to mineral and protein supplementation (450g kg-1 of CP). Similar average daily gain (ADG), beef production gain (BPG) and feed intake (FI), were obtained in both treatments. Leaf elongation duration is an alternative grazing management tool for improved animal production and to increase animal stocking rate.

Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Management in Cool-Season Turfgrass

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Cudney ◽  
Clyde L. Elmore ◽  
Victor A. Gibeault ◽  
John S. Reints
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Common bermudagrass is an invasive, perennial weed of cool-season turfgrass in California. Complete renovation of the infested area has been the only practical method of restoring desirable cool-season turfgrasses. In studies in southern and northern California, common bermudagrass was suppressed with sequential herbicide applications, allowing seedling establishment and regrowth of established cool-season turfgrass species. One application of fenoxaprop, triclopyr, or their combinations did not control common bermudagrass. Sequential applications of these herbicide treatments resulted in 99, 94, and 100% control of common bermudagrass, respectively, and resulted in establishment of seeded perennial ryegrass in Riverside, CA, over a 2-yr period. Similar results were obtained in the recovery of established tall fescue from a common bermudagrass/tall fescue turfgrass mixture in Willows, CA. Both fenoxaprop and triclopyr can reduce emergence and stunt seedling growth of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. Greenhouse studies showed that stunting and stand loss of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass seedlings could be reduced by delaying applications from PRE to the two-leaf stage.

Seasonal Application Timings Affect Dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum) Control in Tall Fescue

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Elmore ◽  
James T. Brosnan ◽  
Thomas C. Mueller ◽  
Brandon J. Horvath ◽  
Dean A. Kopsell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Paspalum Dilatatum ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
And Control

Field research was conducted in 2010 and 2011 to investigate the efficacy of herbicides for dallisgrass control when applied at various growing (GDD) or cooling degree day (CDD) –based application timings. Herbicide treatments included fluazifop-p-butyl (fluazifop; 105 g ai ha−1), mesotrione (280 g ai ha−1), tembotrione (92 g ai ha−1), topramezone (37 g ai ha−1), and tank mixtures of fluazifop plus mesotrione, tembotrione, or topramezone. Herbicide treatments were applied at either 75, 175, 375, 775 GDD, or 5 CDD. Treated plots were subjected to three tall fescue interseeding regimes: no seeding, seeding in spring, or seeding in fall (0, 353, and 353 kg pure live seed ha−1, respectively). In 2010, dallisgrass control from fluazifop applied at 75, 375, and 775 GDD was poor (< 50%) by 52 wk after treatment (WAT); in 2011, control from fluazifop application at these timings was higher (62 to 72%). When applied at 175 GDD or 5 CDD in 2010 and 2011, dallisgrass control from fluazifop ranged from 79 to 93% at 52 WAT. The addition of mesotrione, tembotrione, or topramezone to fluazifop did not affect dallisgrass control at any application timing, and control provided by these herbicides alone was low (< 65%). Interseeding tall fescue in the fall improved dallisgrass control from herbicides applied at 75 GDD in 2010 and 175, 375, and 775 GDD at 52 WAT in both years. Results suggest that timing of fluazifop applications at 175 GDD and 5 CDD enhances dallisgrass control.

Cool-Season Turfgrass Reseeding Intervals for Methiozolin

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Diego Gómez De Barreda
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Turfgrass Establishment

Methiozolin selectively controls annual bluegrass in cool-season turfgrasses, and practitioners may wish to reseed desirable species in treated areas. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate reseeding intervals for creeping bentgrass, perennial ryegrass, and tall fescue following methiozolin applications. Turfgrass establishment varied for species, application timing (0, 2, 4, or 6 wk before seeding, WBS), and rates tested (0.56, 1.12, or 2.24 kg ai ha−1). Reductions in turf cover suggest that seeding of creeping bentgrass, perennial ryegrass, and tall fescue should be delayed 2 wk after methiozolin treatments at 0.56 kg ha−1. However, reseeding should be delayed after methiozolin treatments at 1.12 kg ha−1for approximately 4, 4, and 2 wk for creeping bentgrass, perennial ryegrass, and tall fescue, respectively. Similarly, establishment was reduced on all dates from the nontreated after 2.24 kg ha−1was applied at 4 WBS, suggesting that reseeding should be delayed for at least 6 wk on all three species at the high rate.

Use of tall fescue EST-SSR markers in phylogenetic analysis of cool-season forage grasses

Genome ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A. Rouf Mian ◽  
Malay C Saha ◽  
Andrew A Hopkins ◽  
Zeng-Yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Phylogenetic Relations ◽  
Wide Range

Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are highly useful molecular markers for plant improvement. Expressed sequence tag (EST)-SSR markers have a higher rate of transferability across species than genomic SSR markers and are thus well suited for application in cross-species phylogenetic studies. Our objectives were to examine the amplification of tall fescue EST-SSR markers in 12 grass species representing 8 genera of 4 tribes from 2 subfamilies of Poaceae and the applicability of these markers for phylogenetic analysis of grass species. About 43% of the 145 EST-SSR primer pairs produced PCR bands in all 12 grass species and had high levels of polymorphism in all forage grasses studied. Thus, these markers will be useful in a variety of forage grass species, including the ones tested in this study. SSR marker data were useful in grouping genotypes within each species. Lolium temulentum, a potential model species for cool-season forage grasses, showed a close relation with the major Festuca–Lolium species in the study. Tall wheatgrass was found to be closely related to hexaploid wheat, thereby confirming the known taxonomic relations between these species. While clustering of closely related species was found, the effectiveness of such data in evaluating distantly related species needs further investigations. The phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences of selected SSR bands were in agreement with the phylogenetic relations based on length polymorphism of SSRs markers. Tall fescue EST-SSR markers depicted phylogenetic relations among a wide range of cool-season forage grass species and thus are an important resource for researchers working with such grass species.Key words: phylogeny, EST-SSR, forage grasses, tall fescue.

Impact of Herbicides Applied Annually for Twenty-three Years in a Deciduous Orchard

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester L. Foy ◽  
Charles R. Drake ◽  
Carlton L. Pirkey
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Density ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Oat Biomass ◽  
Peach Orchard

A semi- and high-density apple and peach orchard was established at Blacksburg, VA. Starting 1 yr after transplanting, tree rows were treated with paraquat, 2,4-D, or amitrole plus simazine for 4 yr. Thereafter, diuron, simazine, or terbacil was applied in conjunction with paraquat or glyphosate. During the 12th growing season, young trees planted between existing trees failed to make proper growth. Oat bioassay of soils collected from treated rows revealed that the tree row topsoil (0 to 7.5 cm) produced less oat biomass than did deeper row soils (to 30 cm) or soils of corresponding depths from adjacent non-treated tall fescue sod alleyways. Poor growth of trees may have been related to other factors (competition from older trees, drought conditions, etc.) since herbicide residues in the upper 7.5 cm would have little effect on tree roots below this depth. After 3 yr the trees developed normally. Tree rows became heavily infested with weeds 1 yr following cessation of 23 yr of consecutive herbicide treatments.

MON-37500 for Weed Control and Alfalfa Seed Production

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 810-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton D. Myhre ◽  
Heather A. Loeppky ◽  
F. Craig Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Alfalfa Seed

Alfalfa seed producers have a limited number of herbicide options to manage weed problems. MON-37500 (proposed name sulfosulfuron) is a sulfonylurea herbicide that controls dandelion and quackgrass, two common weeds in alfalfa fields. A study was conducted in two alfalfa fields at Valparaiso and Carrot River, Saskatchewan, Canada, from 1999 to 2001 to evaluate perennial weed control and alfalfa production responses with 0.5×, 1×, and 1.5× label-recommended rates of MON-37500 and also 2,4-DB and hexazinone. MON-37500 applied at the 1× and 1.5× rates at both locations reduced mid-May alfalfa vigor from 100% to between 80 and 90% and increased early-season control of dandelion and quackgrass by about 10 to 40 percentage units, when compared with other herbicide treatments. Improved weed control with 1× and 1.5× MON-37500 rates was sustained into mid-June only at Carrot River and was completely eliminated (100% vigor and 0% weed control), or almost so, by mid-July. MON-37500 did not control Canada thistle. Improved early-season weed control with the 1× MON-37500 rate apparently compensated for the loss of alfalfa vigor at Valparaiso, thus resulting in 27% (57 kg/ha) greater seed yield than with the other herbicide treatments. At Carrot River, hexazinone generally provided levels of weed control similar to MON-37500 but did not injure alfalfa. Consequently, alfalfa yields were highest and the proportion of dead (decaying) seed was least with this treatment. The 0.5× MON-37500 rate often resulted in inferior weed control relative to the 1× and 1.5× rates and never was among the herbicide treatments providing the greatest seed yield. Managing the residual activity of MON-37500 and its negative effect on alfalfa growth, especially at locations with soils having coarse texture and low organic matter content, represents the greatest challenge in making MON-37500 a reliable weed management tool for alfalfa seed producers.

scholarly journals Research Advances on Tall Fescue Salt Tolerance: From Root Signaling to Molecular and Metabolic Adjustment

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Amombo ◽  
Huiying Li ◽  
Jinmin Fu
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Metabolic Adjustment

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that constrain plant growth and limit crop productivity. About a quarter of the global land area is affected by salinity; therefore, there is increased need to develop salt-tolerant crops. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is one of the most important cool-season turfgrasses, which has medium tolerance to salinity and has a promising potential to be used as a turfgrass under saline conditions. However, up to now, the maximum use of tall fescue under salinity stress is still limited by inadequate scientific literature. Recent studies have attempted to identify various adaptive responses to salinity stress at molecular, cellular, metabolic, and physiological levels in tall fescue. The successful integration of information concerning signal sensing, molecular tools with recent advances in -omics would certainly provide a clue for creating salt-tolerant tall fescue. Because salinity limits water availability to plants via hindering water absorption, and by inducing physiological drought, here we review and propose a probable mechanism of tall fescue response to salinity stress and to similar effects induced by drought based on published literature.

Enhanced Activity of Single-Isomer Fenoxaprop on Cool-Season Grasses

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Mueller-Warrant
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Single Isomer ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Increased Activity

Formulations of fenoxaprop enriched in the R(+) isomer, HOE 46360-08H EW (described as an emulsifiable water-based formulation) and HOE 46360-05H EC (emulsifiable concentrate), were compared with the commercial racemate EC for control of roughstalk bluegrass and tolerance of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue grown for seed. The enriched EW and EC formulations were more than twice as active as the racemate per kg total fenoxaprop, despite enrichment to only 92 and 89% R(+) isomer purity, which should have increased activity by 1.84- and 1.78-fold, respectively. Increased activity was evident both as improved weed control and as decreased crop tolerance. Although the 3.69-fold increase in activity of HOE 46360 EW on roughstalk bluegrass relative to the racemate may be partly due to changes in the emulsion, the 3.06-fold increase in activity of HOE 46360 EC suggests that the S(-) isomer somehow interferes wih the activity of the R(+) isomer. Use of 280 g ai ha–1of the racemate could be replaced with 76 g ha–1of the EW or 92 g ha–1of the EC formulation of HOE 46360 for equivalent roughstalk bluegrass control, but with decreased crop tolerance in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue.

scholarly journals Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Control with Several Grass Species

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Ferrell ◽  
Thomas D. Whitson ◽  
David W. Koch ◽  
A. E. Gade
Keyword(s):  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
No Till ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Russian Wildrye

Studies were established near Devil's Tower in Crook County, WY, to determine the potential of 11 grass species to compete with leafy spurge as an alternative to repetitive herbicide treatments. Of the 11 species, ‘Bozoisky’ Russian wildrye and ‘Luna’ pubescent wheatgrass showed the most promise for successful competition with leafy spurge and were selected for further study. Pubescent wheatgrass limited percent canopy cover of leafy spurge to 10 and 15% or less in tilled and no-till plots, respectively, 7 and 10 yr after seeding. Russian wildrye limited percent canopy cover of leafy spurge to 21% or less in tilled and 7 and 27% in the no-till plots, respectively, 7 or 10 yr after seeding. The control plots not seeded to a forage grass averaged 55% leafy spurge canopy cover.

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