Effect of Seeding Systems and Dinitroaniline Herbicides on Emergence and Control of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium Rigidum) in Wheat

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill ◽  
Christopher Preston
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Yorke Peninsula ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass ◽  
And Control ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Experiments were conducted at Minlaton on the Yorke Peninsula of South Australia in 2004 and 2005 to study the effect of four different seeding systems and dinitroaniline herbicides on the seedling emergence and growth of rigid ryegrass in wheat. The seeding systems were low soil-disturbance discs (DayBreak and K-Hart) and high soil-disturbance tines (narrow point and Ribbon seeder); and the herbicides were oryzalin, pendimethalin, and trifluralin at rate of 0.72 kg ai/ha. The total seedling emergence of rigid ryegrass was higher in nontreated plots planted with the tines compared with the discs. In general, oryzalin was the least-effective herbicide in controlling emergence of rigid ryegrass. All herbicides were more effective in reducing the number of plants, spikes, dry matter, and seed production of rigid ryegrass in combination with tines than with discs. However, in the absence of herbicides, plant and spike numbers, plant dry weight, and seed production of rigid ryegrass were significantly lower where discs were used to sow, rather than tines. In the absence of herbicide, rigid ryegrass was less competitive with wheat under the disc-sown systems. The response of grain yield to herbicides was greater under the tine-sown systems than the disc-sown systems.

Tillage systems affect trifluralin bioavailability in soil

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 941-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
Gurjeet Gill ◽  
Christopher Preston
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
No Till ◽  
Yorke Peninsula ◽  
Seed Distribution ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

Trifluralin is widely used for control of rigid ryegrass in no-till grain crops in southern Australia. Trifluralin must be incorporated into soil to be effective. Several field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of different tillage systems on vertical seed distribution and efficacy and rate of loss of bioavailable trifluralin. Experiments were conducted during the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005 at two sites in South Australia: on the Roseworthy Campus farm of the University of Adelaide and near Minlaton on the Yorke Peninsula. The tillage systems at the Roseworthy Campus were minimum tillage (MinTill) and no-till using narrow points, whereas four direct-drill-seeding systems were used at Minlaton. Plastic beads were spread on the soil surface to simulate weed seeds. MinTill sowing buried more plastic beads than no-till, indicating that greater soil disturbance was caused by the MinTill system. Trifluralin efficacy was lower under no-till as compared to MinTill. A bioassay, based on response of oat roots, was used to quantify the concentrations of bioavailable trifluralin under different tillage systems. In both years at the Roseworthy Campus, loss of bioavailable trifluralin was greater under no-till than under MinTill; however, the rate of loss under both systems was much faster in 2004 than in 2005. In 2004, bioavailable trifluralin at 12 d after sowing under MinTill and no-till was 55 and 33% of the initial concentration, respectively. In 2005, bioavailable trifluralin remaining at 23 d after sowing was 86% under MinTill and 54% under no-till. At Minlaton in both years, bioavailable trifluralin was greater under tillage systems that provided the highest level of soil disturbance. These results demonstrate that reduced bioavailability of trifluralin occurs in no-till seeding systems, which could result in reduced weed control.

scholarly journals Potensi Produksi dan Mutu Benih serta Produksi Biomassa Sorghum bicolor Varietas Samurai 2 pada Umur Panen Berbeda sebagai Bahan Pakan

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
A Najam ◽  
L Abdullah ◽  
Panca dewi manu hara Karti ◽  
S Hoeman
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Panicle Weight

Sorghum bicolor var. Samurai 2 can be used as raw material in silage production for ruminant feed. The problem encountered is the difficulty of obtaining certified seeds for commercial sorghum production. So that is necessary to do this research to investigate potential sorghum seed production and its quality of Sorghum bicolor var. Samurai 2. The study was conducted at University Research Station-Jonggol Animal Education and Research Unit, Bogor Agricultural University. The experimental design used was a randomized block design with 4 treatments and 5 replicates. Five individual plants were taken to measure the variables at each treatment set. The treatments consisted of different harvesting times, namely P95 (harvested 95 days after planting), P100, P105 and P110. The variables observed were dry weight of shelled seeds, seed weight per panicle, weight of panicle stalk, panicle weight, seed production per ha, seed moisture content, seed viability test, and shoot biomass production per ha. The results showed that seed production per ha, panicle dry matter weight, fresh seed moisture content, panicle stalk dry weight was not significantly different. Dry weight of shelled seeds, dry weight of seeds per panicle, panicle dry weight, seed viability, weight of biomass per ha were significantly different (p<0.05). The potential for the production of shelled seeds, dry matter of seeds per panicle was the best in the P105 and P110, the viability of the seeds in the P105 and shoot biomass production per ha in the P105. The potential for shelled seed production (4038 kg ha-1), seed dry weight per panicle (54.87 g panicle-1), seed viability (92.8%) and the best biomass production (55.88 tons ha-1) were in treatment P105. Key words:        seed production, shoot biomass, Sorghum bicolor, viability

Correction of manganese deficiency in barley crops on calcareous soils. 3. Application of elemental sulphur

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 446 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AM Alston ◽  
TG Heard
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Elemental Sulphur ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Yorke Peninsula ◽  
Manganese Availability ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
Sulphur Uptake

Infield experiments elemental sulphur (0 to 126 kg ha-1), incorporated in mixed and compound fertilizers with superphosphate (19 to 39 kg ha-1P) and manganous sulphate (0 to 16 kg ha-1Mn) was applied to calcareous soils of southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. The response of barley was measured in terms of grain yield, dry weight, and the manganese, phosphorus, and sulphur content of the shoots. Elemental sulphur (40 mg) alone or in compound fertilizers was incubated with 20 g surface soil for up to 52 weeks. The rate of oxidation of the sulphur and its effect on extractable manganese was measured. During 52 weeks' incubation, 20 to 50 per cent of the sulphur added to the soil was oxidized. The sulphur had little effect on the amounts of divalent and easily-reducible manganese extracted from the soil. Grain yields were increased by application of manganese and by increasing the amount of phosphorus applied from 19 to 39 kg ha-1. Elemental sulphur increased grain yield only at the low rate of phosphorus application. In one experiment a greater response to sulphur was obtained in the absence than in the presence of applied manganese. Sulphur applied with low amounts of phosphorus increased the uptake of manganese and phosphorus in the barley shoots sampled at stem extension in one experiment. In another experiment the effect on phosphorus content was not significant. Sulphur uptake was not affected. In no case did sulphur prevent the occurrence of manganese deficiency and its use to increase manganese availability and hence barley yields on these soils is not justified.

Grain yield and flowering of some introduced grain legumes in South Australia

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (75) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Lathyrus Cicera ◽  
Genotype A

Data are presented for time of flowering, total shoot dry weight and grain yield of White Brunswick pea (Pisum sativum), six introduced peas and one introduction each of Lathyrus sativus and Lathyrus cicera from ten plot experiments conducted in South Australia over the period 1955-1 960.None of the introduced legumes flowered earlier than White Brunswick peas and only one, possibly, has a greater capacity for higher grain yield. L. cicera on the other hand gave 25 per cent greater yield over all sites and seasons with an average of 2.84 tonne ha-1.The ratio between grain yield and total shoot dry weight varied with genotype and between seasons with a genotype. A low ratio was not always associated with low dry matter production.

The effect of granule size of compound fertilizers on barley crops grown in calcareous soils

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (68) ◽  
pp. 380 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
TG Heard
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Manganese Uptake ◽  
Yorke Peninsula

The effect of variations in the granule size of compound fertilizers on dry matter, grain yield and nutrient uptake of barley was evaluated in three field experiments on the calcareous soil (> 80 per cent CaCO3) of southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. This soil has a high capacity to fix applied phosphorus and manganese. The fertilizers contained superphosphate, manganous and cupric sulphates, and, in two experiments, elemental sulphur as well. The fertilizers were banded with the seed. In all experiments, small fertilizer granules with diameters less than 2.1 mm produced greater grain 5elds than the larger granules. In two of the three experiments, a commercial-sized fertilizer (< 4.8 mm diam.) produced yields similar to those of the small granules. In two of the experiments, plant dry weight, phosphorus and manganese uptake was also significantly increased with decreasing granule size, particularly during rapid plant growth from mid-tillering to late stem extension. This response was more pronounced where the phosphate application rate was suboptimal. In the third experiment, conducted in a year of above average rainfall, the responses were variable and usually not significant. From measurements of granule distribution we suggest that the greater plant response to small granules is due to the better distribution of fertilizer within the soil. This appears to increase contact between plant roots and fertilizer and hence increases the nutrient uptake by the crop.

Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) Seedling Emergence and Growth in Soils Amended with Composted Dairy Cattle Manure and Fresh Dairy Cattle Manure under Greenhouse Conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Amisi ◽  
Doug Doohan
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

Organic soil amendments are known to affect the composition and density of annual weed communities. The objective of this research was to measure the effect on emergence and growth of redroot pigweed seedlings when soil was amended with composted dairy manure at 18, 36, and 54 T/ha, or with raw dairy manure at 41, 82, and 123 T/ha. Data recorded (1) seedling emergence over 12 days, (2) number of leaves and total leaf area, (3) shoot and root dry weight, and (4) seed number. Maximum seedling emergence (32%) occurred in nonamended soil (the control). Emergence declined in a linear fashion when soil was amended with manure or with compost. Compost additions affected seedling emergence more severely than did manure additions. For every measure of redroot pigweed growth except seed production, amendment with manure at 123 T/ha retarded growth compared to soil alone or compost-amended mixes. Manure applied at 82 T/ha reduced leaf area and plant height relative to other treatments. Growth of redroot pigweed in soil amended with compost at 36 and 54 T/ha was always equal to or greater than growth in soil that was not amended. Seed production in one of two runs of the experiment was more than double in soils amended with compost at 36 and 54 T/ha compared to the nonamended soil. These results suggest that amending soils with raw dairy manure may decrease the competitiveness of redroot pigweed, whereas amending with composted manure is likely to increase competitiveness.

Responses of triticale, wheat, rye and barley to nitrogen fertilizer

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (120) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Graham ◽  
PE Geytenbeek ◽  
BC Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production

A hexaploid triticale from Mexico and local cultivars of wheat, rye and barley, each at five levels of fertilizer nitrogen (0, 35, 70, 105 and 140 kg N/ha) with four replications, were grown in a field experiment at Mintaro, South Australia. A visually discernible response to nitrogen fertilizer by all four genotypes from an early stage was confirmed by quantitative sampling at tiliering, anthesis and maturity. Responses in plant dry weight to 105 kg N/ha were maintained until anthesis but grain yield responses were significant only at 35 kg N/ha. Total dry matter production responses at maturity to more than 35 kg N/ha were small. Numbers of tillers and heads were increased by nitrogen additions up to 140 and 105 kg N/ha, respectively, and plant height measurements showed general increases to 70 kg N/ha with significant lodging at higher nitrogen levels in both rye and triticale. For all genotypes, thousand grain weight decreased with increasing level of nitrogen supply while grain and straw nitrogen increased up to levels of 140 and 105 kg N/ha, respectively. Nitrogen supply had little effect on maturity, plants at 0 and 140 kg N/ha reaching anthesis less than a day apart. The lack of a significant nitrogen x genotype interaction in nearly all the data suggests that the triticale does not differ in its nitrogen nutrition from the traditional cereals. Triticale consistently outyielded the other cereals in total dry matter production followed by the rye, wheat and barley in that order. Grain yield was highest in the wheat and least in the rye, the latter also being the least responsive to nitrogen. The advantage of the triticale lay in its high grain protein and lysine content combined with good yield.

Alternative Herbicides for the Management of Clethodim-Resistant Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Faba Bean (Vicia fabaL.) in Southern Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 578-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupinder Kaur Saini ◽  
Samuel G. L. Kleemann ◽  
Christopher Preston ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Susceptible Control ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass ◽  
Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase

Two field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 at Roseworthy, South Australia to identify effective herbicide options for the management of clethodim-resistant rigid ryegrass in faba bean. Dose–response experiments confirmed resistance in both field populations (B3, 2012 and E2, 2013) to clethodim and butroxydim. Sequencing of the target site of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase gene in both populations identified an aspartate-2078-glycine mutation. Although resistance of B3 and E2 populations to clethodim was similar (16.5- and 21.4-fold more resistant than the susceptible control SLR4), the B3 population was much more resistant to butroxydim (7.13-fold) than E2 (2.24-fold). Addition of butroxydim to clethodim reduced rigid ryegrass plant density 60 to 80% and seed production 71 to 88% compared with the standard grower practice of simazine PPI plus clethodim POST. Clethodim + butroxydim combination had the highest grain yield of faba bean (980 to 2,400 kg ha−1). Although propyzamide and pyroxasulfone plus triallate PPI provided the next highest levels of rigid ryegrass control (< 60%), these treatments were more variable and unable to reduce seed production (6,354 to 13,570 seeds m−2) to levels acceptable for continuous cropping systems.

scholarly journals High levels of diversity for seed and forage production exist in Cullen australasicum, a potential new perennial forage legume for dry environments in southern Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. Humphries ◽  
Stephen J. Hughes ◽  
Ramakrishnan M. Nair ◽  
Eric Kobelt ◽  
Graeme Sandral
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Forage Production

The seed and forage production of a diverse group of the perennial forage legume Cullen spp., collected in southern Australia, was assessed with the aim of discovering diversity for exploitation in future breeding programs. Eighty ecotypes were assessed at the Waite Institute in South Australia, using replicated, spaced-plant field trials, between 2008 and 2012. Seed production in collected ecotypes of Cullen (Expt 1) ranged from 0 to 485 kg ha–1 for windrowed seed yield and from 0 to 790 kg ha–1 for total seed yield, which included vacuum-harvested seed from pods that had fallen to the ground. Individual plants were selected for seed production from their original populations, and the seed and fodder production of their progeny was evaluated in a further field experiment (Expt 2). Moderate to high heritability estimates were recorded for seed production traits. Seed production in progeny families ranged from 0 to1 423 kg ha–1 and was highly correlated with the number of seeds per inflorescence (r = 0.85) and forage yield (r = 0.59). Edible biomass, measured using the Adelaide visual appraisal method, ranged from 50 to 906 g dry weight  (DW)  plant–1 in parent ecotypes and from 404 to 1248 g DW plant–1 in the selected family progenies. Disease infection with anthracnose (Colletotrichum trifolii) caused considerable damage to plants in Expt 1, resulting in the death of all plants of 10 ecotypes, and infection with Alfalfa mosaic virus in Expt 2 was linked to the death of 67 individuals. The results are discussed in relation to breeding C. australasicum for increased seed yield and disease resistance to overcome these deficiencies as barriers to commercial adoption.

scholarly journals Evaluation of arugula cultivars and seed production in the organic system

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-430
Author(s):  
Patricia Augusto da Silva ◽  
Sakae Kinjo ◽  
Marcia Provinzano Braga Xavier de Melo ◽  
Fernando César Sala
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Seed Health ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Abstract: The production of arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) in Brazil uses seeds produced in the conventional system, without availability of organic seeds. The aim of this research was to indicate the cultivars of arugula with best performance for commercial production and to evaluate seed production viability, as well as seed quality of these cultivars in the organic production system. Eight cultivars were evaluated in a protected environment for agronomic characteristics in two periods and for seed production. The parameters evaluated were plant height, number of leaves, shoot fresh and dry weight, yield, iron and vitamin C contents. For seed production, time for flowering, number of branches per plant, silique length, number of siliquae per plant, number of seeds per silique, yield, one thousand seed weight, first count of germination, germination and seed health. After storage, first germination count, germination, seedling emergence, emergence speed index and seed health were evaluated. “Astro” and “Giovana” performed well in the organic system. Organic arugula seeds can be produced with high yield and good seed quality in a protected environment, and the cultivars Astro and LG Maia are suitable for this purpose.

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