Somatostatin receptor subtype expression in cells of the rat immune system during adjuvant arthritis

Somatostatin is a neuropeptide that is widely distributed throughout the body. It acts as a neurohormone and a neurotransmitter and may also have an immunomodulatory role. The genes for five subtypes of somatostatin receptors (sst) have been cloned, suggesting that the diverse effects of the peptide might be mediated by different receptors. We are interested in studying the role of sst ininflammation, using an animal model. Because of the up-regulation of sst expression in inflamed joints in human rheumatoid arthritis, we chose rat adjuvant arthritis as an experimental model. In order to determine which of the sst subtypes might be important in immune modulation, subtype expression in leukocytes isolated from different lymphoid tissues of the rat was studied. Also, the expression levels of the most abundantly expressed sst mRNAs in leukocytes from spleen and blood were compared in rats with adjuvantarthritis and controls, using a semi-quantitative approach. Furthermore, the effect of systemic administration of a long-acting somatostatin analogue, octreotide, which binds selectively to sst subtypes 2 and 5 (sst2 and sst5), on the incidence and the severity of rat adjuvant arthritis, was studied. The main sst expressed in cells of the rat immune system, both resting and activated, were found to be sst3 and sst4. This contrasts with the human and murine situations, in which sst2 appears to be the main subtype expressed in the immune system. No quantitative differences in sst subtype mRNA levels in leukocytes from spleen and blood were found between rats with adjuvant arthritis and controls. Finally, no effect of systemic administration of octreotide on either the incidence or severity of adjuvant arthritis in Lewis rats was found. As octreotide binds selectively to sst2 and sst5, the absence of an immunomodulatory effect of this analogue in rat adjuvant arthritis corroborates our finding that these sst subtypes are not expressed in cells of the rat immune system. In conclusion, cells of the rat immune system appear to express a spectrum of sst (sst3 and sst4) different from that found in human granulomatous and autoimmune disease (mainly sst2). Therefore, the rat adjuvant arthritis model appears to be suitable only for studying the immunomodulatory effects of somatostatin analogues which have a high affinity for sst3 and sst4, but not for studying the immunomodulatory effects of octreotide, which has a high affinity only for sst2 and sst5.

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Expression of Opioid Receptors in Cells of the Immune System

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22010315 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 315

Author(s):

Jana Brejchova ◽

Vladimir Holan ◽

Petr Svoboda

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Opioid Receptors ◽

Methadone Maintenance ◽

Human Peripheral Blood ◽

Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽

Immunomodulatory Effects ◽

Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽

Opioid Drugs ◽

Human Immune ◽

In Cells

The observation of the immunomodulatory effects of opioid drugs opened the discussion about possible mechanisms of action and led researchers to consider the presence of opioid receptors (OR) in cells of the immune system. To date, numerous studies analyzing the expression of OR subtypes in animal and human immune cells have been performed. Some of them confirmed the expression of OR at both the mRNA and protein level, while others did not detect the receptor mRNA either. Although this topic remains controversial, further studies are constantly being published. The most recent articles suggested that the expression level of OR in human peripheral blood lymphocytes could help to evaluate the success of methadone maintenance therapy in former opioid addicts, or could serve as a biomarker for chronic pain diagnosis. However, the applicability of these findings to clinical practice needs to be verified by further investigations.

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Targeting the Gut Mucosal Immune System Using Nanomaterials

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13111755 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1755

Author(s):

Jacob McCright ◽

Ann Ramirez ◽

Mayowa Amosu ◽

Arnav Sinha ◽

Amanda Bogseth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

The Body ◽

Mucosal Immune System ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Gi Tract ◽

Public Health Burden ◽

Intestinal Infections ◽

Significant Public Health ◽

Inflammatory Processes ◽

Gi Inflammation

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one the biggest mucosal surface in the body and one of the primary targets for the delivery of therapeutics, including immunotherapies. GI diseases, including, e.g., inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal infections such as cholera, pose a significant public health burden and are on the rise. Many of these diseases involve inflammatory processes that can be targeted by immune modulatory therapeutics. However, nonspecific targeting of inflammation systemically can lead to significant side effects. This can be avoided by locally targeting therapeutics to the GI tract and its mucosal immune system. In this review, we discuss nanomaterial-based strategies targeting the GI mucosal immune system, including gut-associated lymphoid tissues, tissue resident immune cells, as well as GI lymph nodes, to modulate GI inflammation and disease outcomes, as well as take advantage of some of the primary mechanisms of GI immunity such as oral tolerance.

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Inhibition of Oxidative Stress in Brain During Rat Adjuvant Arthritis by Carnosine, Trolox and Novel Trolox-Carnosine

Physiological Research ◽

10.33549/physiolres.933211 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. S489-S496

Author(s):

S. PONIŠT ◽

L. SLOVÁK ◽

V. KUNCÍROVÁ ◽

T. FEDOROVA ◽

A. LOGVINENKO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Weight Reduction ◽

Adjuvant Arthritis ◽

The Body ◽

Protein Carbonyls ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Arthritic Score ◽

Markers Of Inflammation ◽

Rat Adjuvant Arthritis ◽

The Impact

Carnosine (CARN) is an anti-glycating agent able to quench superoxide, and to neutralize 4-hydroxynonenal. Trolox-carnosine (CARN-T) was synthesized because of its resistance against degradation and to improve CARN antioxidant capacity. We evaluated the impact of trolox (TRO), CARN and its derivative CARN-T on oxidative stress (OS) in brain during rat adjuvant arthritis (AA). The experiments were done on healthy, control arthritic and arthritic animals with administration of CARN 150 mg/kg b.w., TRO 41 mg/kg b.w. and CARN-T 75 mg/kg b.w. in a daily dose during 28 days. Antioxidants did not affect the body weight on day 14, but on day 28 TRO enhanced the weight reduction. On day 14 and 28 CARN-T and TRO reduced arthritic score. IL-1beta, MCP-1 and MMP-9 were measured in plasma on day 14. MCP-1 was decreased by CARN-T and TRO. All antioxidants reduced IL-1beta and MMP-9 levels. Malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal and protein carbonyls were increased in brain. CARN, CARN-T and TRO prevented higher lipid and protein oxidation in brain. CARN and CARN-T caused no weight reduction like TRO that has an advantage in inflammatory arthritis. Moreover the antioxidants administered had a similar therapeutic effects on arthritic score, markers of inflammation in plasma and OS in brain.

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Inducing Tumor Suppressive Microenvironments through Genome Edited CD47−/− Syngeneic Cell Vaccination

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-56370-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Subhadra Jayaraman Rukmini ◽

Huanjing Bi ◽

Puloma Sen ◽

Benjamin Everhart ◽

Sha Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Tumor Microenvironment ◽

Regulatory T Cells ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

Growth Rates ◽

The Body ◽

Immunomodulatory Effects ◽

Tumor Microenvironments

AbstractTumors can escape from the immune system by overexpressing CD47 and other checkpoint blockades. CD47 is expressed ubiquitously by all cells in the body, posing an obstacle for CD47 blocking treatments due to their systemic toxicity. We performed a study to determine how the tumor microenvironment changes after vaccination with genome edited CD47−/− syngeneic tumor cells. We discovered that inactivated CD47-depleted mouse melanoma cells can protect mice from melanoma. Our animal study indicated that 33% of vaccinated mice remained tumor-free, and 100% of mice had 5-fold reduced growth rates. The characterization of immunomodulatory effects of the vaccine revealed a highly anti-tumorigenic and homogenous microenvironment after vaccination. We observed consistently that in the tumors that failed to respond to vaccines, there were reduced natural killer cells, elevated regulatory T cells, M2-type macrophages, and high PD-L1 expression in these cells. These observations suggested that the tumor microenvironments became more suppressive to tumor growth after vaccination, suggesting a potential new immunotherapy for solid tumors.

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Immunity boosting diet during Covid 19

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3089 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 832-838

Author(s):

Roshna Sukheoji Bhutada ◽

Renu Rathi ◽

Devyani Dasar

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Food Studies ◽

Egg Yolk ◽

The Body ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Green Leafy Vegetables ◽

Custard Apple ◽

The Right ◽

Daily Physical Activities ◽

Physiological Reactions

WHO declared Covid 19 /SARS -COV-2 as a global pandemic.Till date, there is no medicine for COVID-19. If the Infection arises in the body then the defence mechanism activated against infection. A recent study suggests that temporarily augmenting the body's immune system in the early stages of COVID-19 can help patient to avoid severe symptoms as it is rightly said prevention is better than cure. Ayurveda approaches to develop physiological reactions to facilitate immunity. Planning of diet is most important to boost immunity.As per many researches to provide supplementary food which contains Zinc, Vitamin C,Vitamin D and immunity boosting foodsuch as citrus natural products, custard apple, apple, papaya is among the Fruits. Vegetables include broccoli, onion, garlic and green leafy vegetables. Nuts, ginger, turmeric, pepper, egg yolk, shellfish, mushroom. The need of the hour is a quick boost to immune system to keep it fit, fighting. One should get the right amount of nutrients from the diet, supplementation regimen to boost immune system.In this review, there are few common supplements and super food studies have been included. It might be a torch bearer as sample menu and their alternatives are given for a normal adult. Needy may change contemplated according to age, sex, body mass index and daily physical activities.

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Nutritional Recommendation for COVID-19

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3078 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 753-757

Author(s):

Anagha Gulhane ◽

Shamli Hiware

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Global Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Immune Function ◽

The Body ◽

Health Issue ◽

System Quality ◽

Life Phase ◽

Global Health Issue ◽

Nutritional Recommendation

It is the most unreliable truth that anybody can get infected by the COVID-19, and nobody can escape from the danger of getting tainted by the virus. Yet, the line of hope is that anyone and everyone can boost their resistance, thus avoid the risk of getting affected by the illness. The immunity of humans pulls down as they grow older. If their immune system is robust, them falling sick is feeble. If their resistance is weak, them getting ill is sound. Several factors affect the immune system and its ability, including its nourishment. A two-way connection between nutrition, infection and immunity presents. Changes in one part will affect the others part in our body that's the nature's rule. Well defined immune system quality which is present between each life phase may influence the type, generality and the degree of infections. At the same time, low nutrition to the body will decrease the immune function and expose the body to the danger of getting infected by infectious diseases. Different quantity of micronutrients is required for increasing the immunity power of our body. Generally the vitamins A,C,D,E,B2,B6,B12, iron, zinc and selenium.The deficiencies of micronutrients are acknowledged as a global health issue, and also low nutrition makes it prone to establishes the infections in the body.

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Role of Rasayana in Prevention of COVID-19 - A Review

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 716-722

Author(s):

Sneha Dhakite ◽

Sadhana Misar Wajpeyi

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Cost Effective ◽

The Body ◽

Healthy Life ◽

Vital Functions ◽

Healthy Life Style ◽

And Control

The “Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)” is caused by “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)”, a newly discovered member of the Coronaviridae family of viruses which is a highly communicable. There is no effective medical treatment till date for Coronavirus disease hence prevention is the best way to keep disease away. Rasayana proved to be highly efficacious and cost effective for the Prevention and Control of viral infections when vaccines and standard therapies are lacking. Rasayana Chikitsa is one of the eight branches of Ashtanga Ayurveda which helps to maintain healthy life style. Rasayana improves immunity and performs many vital functions of human body. Vyadhikshamatva that is immune mechanism of the body is involved in Prevention of the occurrence of a new disease and it also decreases the virulence and progression of an existing disease. In COVID-19 the Respiratory system mainly get affected which is evident from its symptoms like cold, cough and breathlessness. Here the drugs help in enhancing immune system and strengthening functions of Respiratory system can be useful. For this purpose, the Rasayana like Chyavanprasha, Agastya Haritaki, Pippali Rasayana, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Haridra, Ashwagandha, Tulsi are used. Rasayana working on Respiratory system are best for Prevention of Coronavirus and boosting immune system. Rasayana Chikitsa can be effective in the Prevention as well as reducing symptoms of COVID-19.

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Nanocurcumin: A Double-Edged Sword for Microcancers

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666201118100045 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (45) ◽

pp. 5783-5792

Author(s):

Kholood Abid Janjua ◽

Adeeb Shehzad ◽

Raheem Shahzad ◽

Salman Ul Islam ◽

Mazhar Ul Islam

Keyword(s):

Intracellular Signaling ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

The Body ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Road Map ◽

Anticancer Effects

There is compelling evidence that drug molecules isolated from natural sources are hindered by low systemic bioavailability, poor absorption, and rapid elimination from the human body. Novel approaches are urgently needed that could enhance the retention time as well as the efficacy of natural products in the body. Among the various adopted approaches to meet this ever-increasing demand, nanoformulations show the most fascinating way of improving the bioavailability of dietary phytochemicals through modifying their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Curcumin, a yellowish pigment isolated from dried ground rhizomes of turmeric, exhibits tremendous pharmacological effects, including anticancer activities. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that curcumin mediates anticancer effects through the modulation (upregulation and/or downregulations) of several intracellular signaling pathways both at protein and mRNA levels. Scientists have introduced multiple modern techniques and novel dosage forms for enhancing the delivery, bioavailability, and efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of various malignancies. These novel dosage forms include nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, phospholipids, and curcumin-encapsulated polymer nanoparticles. Nanocurcumin has shown improved anticancer effects compared to conventional curcumin formulations. This review discusses the underlying molecular mechanism of various nanoformulations of curcumin for the treatment of different cancers. We hope that this study will make a road map for preclinical and clinical investigations of cancer and recommend nano curcumin as a drug of choice for cancer therapy.

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Pathway of Inflammation due to Asbestiform fiber "Fluoro-edenite" Exposure: an Update

Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573398x16999200819151645 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Caterina Ledda ◽

Claudia Lombardo ◽

Elisabetta A. Tendi ◽

Maria Hagnas ◽

Gianluca Paravizzini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Autoimmune Disease ◽

Early Response ◽

The Body ◽

Volcanic Area ◽

Asbestos Fibers ◽

Inflammatory Processes

: Fluoro-edenite (FE) is an asbestos-like amphibole present in the bentonitic lavas extracted from a stone quarry in Biancavilla, a village sited in the Etnean Volcanic Area (Italy). : Thoracic pathologies are the results of excessive inflammatory processes that are the early response of the immune system to inhaled fibers. As demonstrated for asbestos, fibers may trigger immune system cells in an acute and/or chronic manner. This review aims to clarify the pathways of inflammation in workers exposed to FE fibers. : Based on the articles reviewed, it seems that a permanent stimulus created by repeatedly inhaling the FE fibers and their persistence in the body can act as trigger both in promoting inflammatory processes and in immunological induction of autoimmune disease.

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