scholarly journals Cross-modal music integration in expert memory: Evidence from eye movements

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Drai-Zerbib ◽  
Thierry Baccino
Keyword(s):  
Classical Music ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Knowledge Structures ◽  
Sequential Presentation ◽  
Music Integration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Long Term Working Memory ◽  
High Level ◽  
Speed Accuracy

The study investigated the cross-modal integration hypothesis for expert musicians using eye tracking. Twenty randomized excerpts of classical music were presented in two modes (auditory and visual), at the same time (simultaneously) or successively (sequentially). Musicians (N = 53, 26 experts and 27 non-experts) were asked to detect a note modified between the auditory and visual versions, either in the same major/minor key or violating the key. Experts carried out the task faster and with greater accuracy than non-experts. Sequential presentation was more difficult than simultaneous (longer fixations and higher error rates) and the modified notes were more easily detected when violating the key (fewer errors), but with longer fixations (speed/accuracy trade-off strategy). Experts detected the modified note faster, especially in the simultaneous condition in which cross-modal integration may be applied. These results support the hypothesis that the main difference between experts and non-experts derives from the difference in knowledge structures in memory built over time with practice. They also suggest that these high-level knowledge structures in memory contain harmony and tonal rules, arguing in favour of cross-modal integration capacities for experts, which are related to and can be explained by the long-term working memory (LTWM) model of expert memory (e.g. Drai-Zerbib & Baccino, 2014; Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995).

scholarly journals Homeolog expression quantification methods for allopolyploids

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony C Y Kuo ◽  
Masaomi Hatakeyama ◽  
Toshiaki Tameshige ◽  
Kentaro K Shimizu ◽  
Jun Sese
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Downstream Analysis ◽  
High Level ◽  
Expression Quantification

Abstract Genome duplication with hybridization, or allopolyploidization, occurs in animals, fungi and plants, and is especially common in crop plants. There is an increasing interest in the study of allopolyploids because of advances in polyploid genome assembly; however, the high level of sequence similarity in duplicated gene copies (homeologs) poses many challenges. Here we compared standard RNA-seq expression quantification approaches used currently for diploid species against subgenome-classification approaches which maps reads to each subgenome separately. We examined mapping error using our previous and new RNA-seq data in which a subgenome is experimentally added (synthetic allotetraploid Arabidopsis kamchatica) or reduced (allohexaploid wheat Triticum aestivum versus extracted allotetraploid) as ground truth. The error rates in the two species were very similar. The standard approaches showed higher error rates (>10% using pseudo-alignment with Kallisto) while subgenome-classification approaches showed much lower error rates (<1% using EAGLE-RC, <2% using HomeoRoq). Although downstream analysis may partly mitigate mapping errors, the difference in methods was substantial in hexaploid wheat, where Kallisto appeared to have systematic differences relative to other methods. Only approximately half of the differentially expressed homeologs detected using Kallisto overlapped with those by any other method in wheat. In general, disagreement in low-expression genes was responsible for most of the discordance between methods, which is consistent with known biases in Kallisto. We also observed that there exist uncertainties in genome sequences and annotation which can affect each method differently. Overall, subgenome-classification approaches tend to perform better than standard approaches with EAGLE-RC having the highest precision.

scholarly journals Homeolog expression quantification methods for allopolyploids

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Kuo ◽  
Masaomi Hatakeyama ◽  
Toshiaki Tameshige ◽  
Kentaro K. Shimizu ◽  
Jun Sese
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Downstream Analysis ◽  
High Level ◽  
Expression Quantification

AbstractGenome duplication with hybridization, or allopolyploidization, occurs in animals, fungi, and plants, and is especially common in crop plants. There is increasing interest in the study of allopolyploids due to advances in polyploid genome assembly, however the high level of sequence similarity in duplicated gene copies (homeologs) pose many challenges. Here we compared standard RNA-seq expression quantification approaches used currently for diploid species against subgenome-classification approaches which maps reads to each subgenome separately. We examined mapping error using our previous and new RNA-seq data in which a subgenome is experimentally added (synthetic allotetraploid Arabidopsis kamchatica) or reduced (allohexaploid wheat Triticum aestivum versus extracted allotetraploid) as ground truth. The error rates in the two species were very similar. The standard approaches showed higher error rates (> 10% using pseudo-alignment with Kallisto) while subgenome-classification approaches showed much lower error rates (< 1% using EAGLE-RC, < 2% using HomeoRoq). Although downstream analysis may partly mitigate mapping errors, the difference in methods was substantial in hexaploid wheat, where Kallisto appeared to have systematic differences relative to other methods. Only approximately half of the differentially expressed homeologs detected using Kallisto overlapped with those by any other method. In general, disagreement in low expression genes was responsible for most of the discordance between methods, which is consistent with known biases in Kallisto. We also observed that there exist uncertainties in genome sequences and annotation which can affect each method differently. Overall, subgenome-classification approaches tend to perform better than standard approaches with EAGLE-RC having the highest precision.

scholarly journals Experimental study on effect by cementation on self-sealing capability of bentonite buffer material

2020 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 10004
Author(s):  
Daichi Ito ◽  
Hideo Komine ◽  
Hailong Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Pressures ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Bentonite Buffer ◽  
Waste Container ◽  
Buffer Material ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Property Changes ◽  
High Level

In Japanese project for disposal of high-level radioactive waste, the self-sealing capability of bentonite buffer material, which results from the swelling deformation to fill the gaps between waste container and wall of disposal pit, must be retained thousands of years. However, because of the effect of high pressures, occurrence of cementation and property changes of the buffer material are a concern. Few studies had examined cementation effects because of the difficulties for simulating long-term alteration process experimentally. In this paper, swelling properties of consolidated buffer are regarded as similar as those of naturally consolidated bentonite ore. Therefore, three kinds of bentonite ores were used for experiments to elucidate influences of cementation on self-sealing capabilities. Undisturbed and reconstituted specimens were prepared to assess their swelling pressures after filling a preset gap in a swelling pressure apparatus. Results show that for Japanese ores, the swelling pressure of undisturbed specimens is about half that of reconstituted specimens. For American and Chinese ores, the difference of swelling pressure is greater when the preset gap is smaller. Results imply that effects of cementation on self-sealing capability are smaller when swelling deformation is allowed.

scholarly journals Personnel employment management: concept and evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
L. Shchetinina ◽  
S. Rudakova ◽  
N. Danylevych ◽  
Z. Polytsia
Keyword(s):  
Personnel Management ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Work Tasks ◽  
Management Concept ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Staff Involvement

The differences between the term «involvement» and the terms «satisfaction» and «loyalty» are analyzed. It is concluded that involvement is an emotional and intellectual state that motivates, stimulates and inspires employees to do their best and provides long-term concentration in solving work tasks, regardless of age, gender and working conditions in the company. Involvement can be called the most important criterion of the modern enterprises success and the best method for leadership and personnel management. This is what motivates the employee to work effectively, make more and more efforts to execute their responsibilities, constantly develop, grow professionally and together with managerial aythorities to achieve the company's strategic goals. Satisfaction is defined as the compliance of certain requirements and expectations with the real situation. In this way, the employee can understand whether he is satisfied with his position, salary and in general with his position in society or not. It is determined that loyalty is the level of commitment to the company, the ability to understand and accept all the features and problems of the company, and at the same time to continue to make efforts for its prosperity. Thus, defining the difference between the concepts of «involvement», «satisfaction» and «loyalty», it is emphasized that involvement is the best method for leadership and personnel management. The investigaations of the world's leading companies concerning staff involvement is analyzed and it is determined that it is possible to increase the level of staff involvement significantly by the introduction of audit of certification systems, methods of personnel evaluation. It is determined that in companies with the high level of employees involvement, the personnel have the best career results. Due to involvement evaluation it is possible to predict staff turnover, employees’ attitude toward the organization, staff stability, to identify strong and weak factors of personnel policy and culture. The development of the level of staff involvement positively impacts the level of its competitiveness, as the latter is manifested in the presence of desire and opportunities to develop professionally and grow together with the company in an atmosphere of creative interaction and respect. The development staff involvement level is positively reflected in the level of its competitiveness, as the latter is manifested in the presence of desire and opportunities to develop professionally and grow with the company in the atmosphere of creative interaction and respect. This makes it possible to adjust strategic objectives because effective personnel management affects the management of the organization as a whole.

scholarly journals Effects of OH− activity and temperature on the dissolution rate of compacted montmorillonite under highly alkaline conditions

Clay Minerals ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuma Sawaguchi ◽  
Manabu Tsukada ◽  
Tetsuji Yamaguchi ◽  
Masayuki Mukai
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Bentonite Buffer ◽  
Deep Geological Disposal ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe highly alkaline environment induced by cementitious materials in a deep geological disposal system of high-level radioactive waste is likely to alter montmorillonite, the main constituent of bentonite buffer materials. Over long time periods, the alteration may cause the physical and/or chemical barrier functions of the buffer materials to deteriorate. In order to evaluate the long-term alteration behaviour, the dissolution rate, RA (kgm−3 s−1), of compacted pure montmorillonite (Kunipia-F) was investigated experimentally under conditions of hydroxide ion concentration of 0.10—1.0 mol dm−3 at temperatures of 50—90°C. The dissolution rate data, including those from a previous study at 130°C, were formulated as a function of the activity of hydroxide ions, aOH− (mol dm−3), and temperature, T (K), and expressed as RA = 104.5·(aOH−)1.3·e−55000/RT by multiple regression analysis, where R is the gas constant. The dissolution rate of montmorillonite was greater in the compacted montmorillonite than in the compacted sand-bentonite mixtures. The difference can be explained by considering the decrease in aOH− in the mixtures accompanied by dissolution of accessory minerals such as quartz and chalcedony. The dissolution rate model developed for pure montmorillonite is expected to be applied to bentonite mixtures if quantification of the decrease in aOH− is achieved somehow.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Beban Kendaraan sebagai Beban Terbagi Rata terhadap Deformasi Geogrid sebagai Perkuatan Embankment

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Adhe Noor Patria
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Vehicle Load ◽  
Surcharge Load ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

<p>Soft soil such as clay was sensitive soil. Public contructions built in this kind of soil would face some problemssuch as long period consolidation time, unstable embankment slope, not easily compacted and high level settlement. Some solution that could be suggested were the usage of vertical drain, or the usage of geosynthetics material such as geogrid combined with floating  piles.Analysis was carried out by using plaxis version 7.2. soil for embankment and embankment foundation was modelled in plane strain. Also geogrid andfloating piles were modelled in palne strain too. Surcharge load on top of embanknet were variated, they were 20, 35 and 50 kPa. The simulation was carried out in staged contruction mode.Final vertical displacement in geogrid due to 50  kPa vehicle load as surcharge load and long term load period (in this case excess pore water pressure was small) was -0,9062 m for  rigid embankment and -1,4206 for interface embankment. The difference occured due to slip at the interface of geogrid and soil. It  leaded to adding soil mass supportd by geogrid, furthermore the deflection of geogrid became bigger.</p>

scholarly journals VARIABILITY OF LONGEVITY TRAITS OF COWS OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED IN VARIOUS VARIANTS OF SELECTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Khmelnychyi ◽  
A. V. Loboda
Keyword(s):  
High Reliability ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Breeding Selection ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dairy Breed ◽  
Selection Of

In modern conditions of intensive dairy farming, the first and most important task was to ensure a high level of productivity of cows with simultaneous long-term use. Taking into account the important breeding aspect of the measure for intra-and interlinear breeding, it was considered appropriate to study the efficiency of combining the lines at the breeding of animals of the Sumy intra-breed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White diary breed by traits of longevity. The research on determining the effectiveness of combining the lines at breeding of cows on grounds of duration of use and lifetime productivity was carried out in the herd of pedigree plant PE "Burynske" of Pidlisnivskyi department in Sumy district. According to the results of evaluation of cows obtained by intrabreeding selection of eight genealogical formations of the experimental herd, was found significant effect of heredity lines on indicators of longevity. According to the estimation of longevity, the offspring of four lines were the best: Valiant, Sjuprim, Starbuck and O. Aivengo. Advantage of daughter progeny of sires Valiants line with the highest longevity over the animals of lines of Montfrech, Matt, M. Chiftein and S. T. Rokita on this basis amounted to 252–526 days (P < 0.01–0.001). The next by lifetime rating was the offspring of O. Aivengo's line sires had an advantage over cows of the above lines with variability of 220–393 days (P < 0.05–0.001). The same lines (Valianta, Sjuprim, Starbuck and Aivengo) almost did not differ among themselves by the number of used lactations (4.6–4.8) and exceeded cows of remaining lines by 0.6–1.4 lactation. The difference between the maximum and minimum values was reliable at P < 0.001. The highest yield for a productive life was obtained from cows belonging to the Aivengo line 1189870, which with a high reliability of difference predominated the offspring of all estimated lines with variability from 3532 (P < 0.001; Syuprim line) to 13617 kg of milk (P < 0.001; line Montfrech). High lifetime milk yields differed also descendants of sires lines Sjuprim (29684 kg), Starbuck (26811 kg) and M. Chiftein (26516 kg). Among the crossed variants with the minimum longevity indicators, offspring derived from bulls-sires of interlinear selection ♂Montfrech × ♀Mett and the reverse cross – (♂Mett × ♀Montfrech) are distinguished. This was explained to a certain extent by the fact that continuators of these lines were only crossbred sires of Ukrainian Black-and-White diary breed. In variants using the parent lines of Monfrech and Matt with maternal lines, the successors of which are Holstein sires, longevity indicators in the offspring obtained from these crosses are improving. According to the lifetime yield of dairy fat, the highest rates were obtained from offspring with interlinear selection of those sires who have the highest lifetime yield of milk. These daughters are from the crosses ♂Starbuck × ♀Sjuprim (1197.4 kg) and ♂S. T. Rokita × ♀Aivengo (1189.6 kg). An indicator of the effectiveness of longevity was also milk yield per day of life of dairy cows. Variability in interline selection varied from 8.7 (♂Metta × ♀Monfrech) to 12.0 kg (♂S. T. Rokita × ♀Aivengo). The difference between these variants was 3.3 kg with high reliability (P < 0.001; td = 5.95). Conclusions. Identified and confirmed statistical significance regularities concerning to influence the level of traits duration of use and lifetime productivity of an alternative selection system of linear breeding convinced about feasibility of regular monitoring to assess the combination of lines in the further breeding selection cows of Sumy intrabreed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cattle. Re-selection of the best options and rejection of ineffective ones will help to increase the genetic potential of longevity traits.

Simultaneous interpreting

Interpreting ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Moser-Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Quality Performance ◽  
Cognitive Constraints ◽  
Simultaneous Interpreting ◽  
Professional Interpreter ◽  
Long Term Working Memory ◽  
High Level

Over the past five years our research has focused on cognitive issues in simultaneous interpreting: the role of working memory, robustness of cognitive processes, simultaneity of language processes, and the emerging role of long-term working memory (LT-WM) in the development of expertise in interpreting. With new technologies playing an increasingly important role in the interpreter’s work environment and with speaking speeds far exceeding the recommended 120 words per minute we need to ask ourselves just how adaptable an interpreter’s cognitive functions are to what is widely perceived as “cognitive overload”. This contribution will discuss several studies on various aspects of cognitive functioning in simultaneous interpreters and try to shed some light on the “plasticity” of the interpreter’s “brain” and on how a professional interpreter who has achieved a high level of expertise can actually circumvent a number of common cognitive constraints. This contribution argues, however, that even at the highest level of skill constraints do operate and interfere with high-quality performance.

Vivid Imagers Are Better at Detecting Salient Changes

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rodway ◽  
Karen Gillies ◽  
Astrid Schepman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Term Change ◽  
High Level

This study examined whether individual differences in the vividness of visual imagery influenced performance on a novel long-term change detection task. Participants were presented with a sequence of pictures, with each picture and its title displayed for 17  s, and then presented with changed or unchanged versions of those pictures and asked to detect whether the picture had been changed. Cuing the retrieval of the picture's image, by presenting the picture's title before the arrival of the changed picture, facilitated change detection accuracy. This suggests that the retrieval of the picture's representation immunizes it against overwriting by the arrival of the changed picture. The high and low vividness participants did not differ in overall levels of change detection accuracy. However, in replication of Gur and Hilgard (1975) , high vividness participants were significantly more accurate at detecting salient changes to pictures compared to low vividness participants. The results suggest that vivid images are not characterised by a high level of detail and that vivid imagery enhances memory for the salient aspects of a scene but not all of the details of a scene. Possible causes of this difference, and how they may lead to an understanding of individual differences in change detection, are considered.

Difference of [Ca2+]i Movements in Platelets Stimulated by Thrombin and TRAP: the Involvement of αIIbβ3-Mediated TXA2 Synthesis

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (06) ◽  
pp. 1184-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Tomiyama ◽  
Shigenori Honda ◽  
Kayoko Senzaki ◽  
Akito Tanaka ◽  
Mitsuru Okubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Fibrinogen Binding ◽  
Adp Release ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Txa2 Receptor Antagonist ◽  
High Level ◽  
Inhibition Studies ◽  
Peak Increase ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Assay Conditions

SummaryThis study investigated the difference of [Ca2+]i movement in platelets in response to thrombin and TRAP. The involvement of αIIbβ3 in this signaling was also studied. Stimulation of platelets with thrombin at 0.03 U/ml caused platelet aggregation and a two-peak increase in [Ca2+]i. The second peak of [Ca2+]i, but not the first peak was abolished by the inhibition of platelet aggregation with αIIbβ3 antagonists or by scavenging endogenous ADP with apyrase. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, aspirin, and a TXA2 receptor antagonist, BM13505, also abolished the second peak of [Ca2+]i but not the first peak, although these regents did not inhibit aggregation. Under the same assay conditions, measurement of TXB2 demonstrated that αIIbβ3 antagonists and aspirin almost completely inhibited the production of TXB2. In contrast to thrombin-stimulation, TRAP caused only a single peak of [Ca2+]i even in the presence of platelet aggregation, and a high level of [Ca2+]i increase was needed for the induction of platelet aggregation. The inhibition of aggregation with αIIbβ3 antagonists had no effect on [Ca2+]i change and TXB2 production induced by TRAP. Inhibition studies using anti-GPIb antibodies suggested that GPIb may be involved in the thrombin response, but not in the TRAP. Our findings suggest that low dose thrombin causes a different [Ca2+]i response and TXA2 producing signal from TRAP. Endogenous ADP release and fibrinogen binding to αIIbβ3 are responsible for the synthesis of TXA2 which results in the induction of the second peak of [Ca2+]i in low thrombin- but not TRAP-stimulated platelets.

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