scholarly journals Ranking of Urban Areas for the Comprehensive Assessment of Fire Damage

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1239-1253
Author(s):  
Ivan D. Oparin ◽  
Aleksandr A. Iashin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Fire Damage ◽  
Ranking Methods ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Analytical Research

One of the most important causes of partial or complete destruction of property is fire. Social and economic damage from fire substantially reduces the regional macroeconomic indicators. Thus, a complete and objective assessment of fire damage is a necessity. We hypothesise that a comprehensive assessment of fire damage significantly depends on the characteristics of areas and facilities, where the fire occurred. Such comprehensive assessment should necessarily include the ranking of urban areas and consider the characteristics of facilities located there. We noted that areas and facilities with heterogeneous functions are characterised by increased fire damage (partial or complete). We applied analytical research methods, as well as classification, typology and ranking methods. Based on a detailed analysis of domestic and foreign experience in the field of zoning and ranking of areas, we created a classification of facilities and areas for the comprehensive assessment of fir e damage . A s a result , we constructed a map of Ekaterinburg areas, taking into account the issues of the comprehensive assessment of fire damage. On the example of Ekaterinburg, we analysed atypical conjunctions of facilities and areas and proposed an index for adjusting complex fire damage. We suggested a simple and versatile approach to ranking areas that considers the heterogeneity of facilities and areas. Additionally, we analysed this phenomenon and its impact on the comprehensive assessment of fire damage. A promising direction for further research is the examination of the comprehensive assessment of fire damage in rural areas.

Classification in GIS Using Support Vector Machines

2010 ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Lazar ◽  
Bradley A. Shellito
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Machines ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Kernel Functions ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Error Signal ◽  
Vector Machines

Support Vector Machines (SVM) are powerful tools for classification of data. This article describes the functionality of SVM including their design and operation. SVM have been shown to provide high classification accuracies and have good generalization capabilities. SVM can classify linearly separable data as well as nonlinearly separable data through the use of the kernel function. The advantages of using SVM are discussed along with the standard types of kernel functions. Furthermore, the effectiveness of applying SVM to large, spatial datasets derived from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is also described. Future trends and applications are also discussed – the described extracted dataset contains seven independent variables related to urban development plus a class label which denotes the urban areas versus the rural areas. This large dataset, with over a million instances really proves the generalization capabilities of the SVM methods. Also, the spatial property allows experts to analyze the error signal.

scholarly journals Assessment of Heatwave Vulnerability in Korea Considering Socio-economic Indices

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Dongwook Kim ◽  
Ji Eun Kim ◽  
Cho-Rok Jang ◽  
Moon-Yup Jang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Economic Indices ◽  
Vulnerability Framework ◽  
Weighting Methods

The rising heatwave occurrences in recent times due to climate change have resulted in increased mortalities and socio-economic damage. Consequently, several studies have been conducted to examine heatwave vulnerability in Korea. However, most of these studies used the IPCC vulnerability framework and weighting techniques, such as the equal weight and AHP methods, which lacked objectivity in the process of calculating vulnerability. This study employed socio-economic data to measure the heatwave vulnerability index for individual local governments in Korea using the principal component analysis and entropy weighting methods. These techniques ensure that the aggregation of proxies and the weighting process remain objective, unlike previous studies. According to the obtained results, rural areas such as Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Gyeongsangbuk-do, and relatively decrepit urban areas demonstrated high vulnerability scores. In addition, a positive correlation was found between the calculated vulnerability index and mortalities from the recent heatwaves. The heatwave vulnerability index developed in this study can therefore be used to form effective heatwave response policies suited to the conditions of each local government.

scholarly journals The concentration of the creative sector firms as a potential basis for the formation of creative clusters in Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Środa-Murawska ◽  
Daniela Szymańska
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Statistical Classification ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Potential Basis ◽  
Polish Economy

Abstract The study aims to present the structure and analyse the distribution of economic activities comprising the creative sector (covering 10 sections of PKD 2007 - the Polish Classification of Activities based on NACE rev. 2 - the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community) of the Polish economy in the context of the potential basis for the formation of creative clusters in Poland. The study concentrates on the numbers of creative firms based in all 3,076 Polish gminas (306 urban gminas, 1,576 rural gminas and 597 urban-rural gminas; in the latter, 597 urban areas and 597 rural areas are considered separately). As found, most of the firms are involved in architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis (M 71) and other professional, scientific and technical activities (M 74). It has also been established that some local incubators of the potential clusters of creative industries form eight distinct centres, the most prominent of which is the Warszawa centre. The identification of areas with higher concentrations of creative firms has demonstrated that in Poland, like in western countries, creative firms tend to locate in large cities (Warszawa, Kraków, Poznań, Wrocław and Tri-City) and in the regions around them.

Classification of Rural Areas by Typology : A Case Study of Yunlin & Chiayi, Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsin Yang ◽  
Hsueh-Sheng Chang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Space Structure ◽  
Overlay Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship

<p>In the past, Taiwan's spatial planning has focused on the development of urban areas and overlooked rural areas, which has led to difficulty in promoting rural-urban relationships. This study suggests that rural areas should not just be seen as single entities, but as a collection of distinct areas. Since it is becoming important to develop a new spatial planning in Taiwan, this study examines territorial space structure from a regional perspective, with a focus on the development of the rural areas of Yunlin & Chiayi. Consequently, this study aims to classify rural areas by the procedure of typology, in terms of their development dynamics, location, and economic structure, selecting appropriate indicators for each focus of inquiry. The study then uses cluster analysis, accessibility analysis and overlay analysis methods to classify information about these rural areas. This approach will show the differences in their spatial characteristics along with their histories of development through time, as well as the relationship between these rural areas and the overall region in which they are situated. It is hoped that this research will provide a more accurate description than currently exists of the rural areas studied in this paper, and that this information will be a useful resource to those who are developing new plans and policies, so that better integration can occur between urban and rural in Taiwan.</p>

scholarly journals Classification of Rural Areas in Serbia: Framework and Implications for Spatial Planning

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1596
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Gajić ◽  
Nikola Krunić ◽  
Branko Protić
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Framework Design ◽  
Classification Framework ◽  
Rural And Urban

The classification of rural and urban areas presents an important topic both in scientific research and in the practice of spatial planning, regional policy making, and territorial governance. Taking into account the multidimensionality of these areas, this paper aims to provide a classification framework design for rural areas in Serbia. After selecting the relevant indicators, which were included to reflect the main demographic, economic, and physio-geographical characteristics of the Serbian rural areas, multivariate analysis (principal component method and factor analysis) was used to determine the main factors in the delimitation and classification of rural and urban areas. The last step of the conducted methodology used cluster analysis (CA) that identified six types of areas with similar characteristics. The results of this study and applied methodology can improve the existing rural–urban classifications and help planners and policy makers in the adaptation of strategic development documents.

scholarly journals Analytical Hierarchy Process for Regional Development Priority in Maluku Province, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Amellya Larasati ◽  
Nur Medisyanning Khoiruluswati ◽  
Rizki Rahmi Aliyya ◽  
Unggul Widyanarko ◽  
Ratih Fitria Putri
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Hierarchy Process ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
High Level ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Years Of Schooling

Maluku is one of the provinces of the eastern part of Indonesia, consisting of 11 regencies. The Maluku branch of Statistics Indonesia reported in 2018 that in 2013–2018 the number of poor people in Maluku's rural areas increased by 1,970. Concurrently, the number of poor people in urban areas decreased by around 6,070 people. This fact showed that development in Maluku Province hadn't been implemented effectively and equally. This study aimed to determine the development priority in Maluku Province using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. The determination of priorities was based on three aspects in the human development index concept, namely education, health, and economy. Data from Statistics Indonesia on life expectancy, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and per capita expenditure were the indicators were used as the indicators in this study. The results showed that there were 10 regencies with a high level of priority, with the exception being Ambon City, which had a low-level priority. Classification of regencies showed that there was a disparity between them. These findings can help to inform future development designs in Maluku Province.

scholarly journals Optimizing rates and access to Caesarean sections in India: A cost-effectiveness analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Roa ◽  
Luke Caddell ◽  
Jordan Pyda ◽  
Namit Choksi ◽  
Shylaja Devi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Obstetric Care ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Life Years

Objective: Assessment of the cost-effectiveness of strategies to scale up cesarean sections (CS) Design: Cost-effectiveness analysis to evaluate three different strategies to scale up CS Setting: Rural and urban areas of India with varying rates of CS and access to comprehensive emergency obstetric care (CEmOC) Population: Women of reproductive age in India Methods: Three strategies with different access to CEmOC and CS rates were evaluated: (A) India’s national average (50.2% access, 17.2% CS rate), (B) rural areas (47.2% access, 12.8% CS rate) and (C) urban areas (55.7% access, 28.2% CS rate). We performed a first-order Monte Carlo simulation using a 1-year cycle time and 35-year time horizon. All inputs were derived from literature. A societal perspective was utilized with a willingness-to-pay threshold of $1,940. Main outcome measures: Costs and quality-adjusted life years were used to calculate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Maternal and neonatal outcomes were calculated. Results: Strategy C with the highest access to CEmOC despite the highest CS rate was cost-effective, with an ICER of 354.90. Two-way sensitivity analysis demonstrated this was driven by increased access to CEmOC. The highest CS rate strategy had the highest number of previa, accreta and ICU admissions. The strategy with the lowest access to CEmOC had the highest number of fistulae, uterine rupture, and stillbirths. Conclusions: Morbidity and mortality result from lack of access to CEmOC and overuse of CS. While interventions are needed to address both, increasing access to surgical obstetric care drives cost-effectiveness and is paramount to optimize outcomes.

Classification of Rural Areas Based on a Comprehensive Assessment of Their Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 897-906
Author(s):  
Olga A. Frolova ◽  
Anatolii E. Shamin ◽  
Nikolay P. Shkilev ◽  
Marina L. Nechaeva ◽  
Ulia A. Bolshakova
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment

Resilience to hypoxia of students aged 18-22 studying different programs at various universities

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-124
Author(s):  
Evgeni Semizorov ◽  
Nikolai Prokopev ◽  
Denis Gubin ◽  
Svetlana Solovyeva
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Young People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Inspiratory Capacity ◽  
High Level

Purpose: to study body resilience to hypoxia of students from different regions enrolled to the specialized universities of Tiumen, with the use of Stange and Genchi tests. Research methods and organization. The study involved 105 students enrolled to three specialized universities in Tiumen, who used to live in urban areas (UA) and rural areas (RA). We studied the parameters of respiratory function by means of Stange and Genchi tests. Results and discussion. The study revealed that young men from rural areas demonstrate higher timed inspiratory capacity according to the results of Stange test than young men from urban areas do. Timed inspiratory and expiratory capacity varied depending on the age of young people, with the maximum peak occurring at the age of 18 and 19 years. Breath-holding capacity decreased when young men reached the first mature age. Conclusion. According to Stange test, students from rural areas demonstrate higher timed inspiratory capacity and volitional effort than the students from urban areas do. It characterizes a high level of non-specific adaptive capacity of their bodies. Physical education requires wide exploitation of a simple, accessible and informative indicator of timed inspiratory and expiratory capacity for objective assessment of respiratory function. We should take into consideration that breath-holding capacity decreases with advancing age.

scholarly journals Modeling options for rainwater harvesting developments in a public institution as part of sustainable urban water management solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Ákos Kristóf Csete ◽  
Ágnes Gulyás
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Sustainable Urban Water Management ◽  
Artificial Environment

The water cycle of cities is very different from that of natural areas, and it is characterized by rtificial energy flow processes and materials. Due to the high concentration of population, weather extremes in urban areas can cause greater personal and economic damage than in rural areas. Besides extreme amounts of precipitation, which is only one type of extreme weather events, it is important to be prepared for drought and dry periods (which are typical in Szeged and the southern region of the Great Hungarian Plain). During these periods, urban vegetation requires additional irrigation due to the urban artificial environment and the special species composition. This irrigation water basically means potable water resources. It is not a sustainable way to protect potable water resources, therefore any solution that can alleviate this situation is a major improvement. In our study, we modeled a rainwater harvesting system which is established in an elementary school in Szeged. We paid special attention to the quantitative and time distribution properties of the potential precipitation available for the rainwater harvesting system.

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