scholarly journals Space Superhero: Formation of the Cult of Yuri Gagarin in the Context of the Relationship between Power and Society in the USSR

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
A. D. Popov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Space Flight ◽  
The State ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Personal Initiative ◽  
Nikita Khrushchev ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Yuri Gagarin

Based on the archival and published documents, materials of periodicals and other sources, the article characterizes the formation of a cult of the first Soviet astronaut Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin during the period from April 12 to May 1, 1961. According to the author, the basis of this cult was put by the decisions of the supreme authorities of the USSR on a personal initiative of Nikita Khrushchev and included the following elements: 1) astronaut's rewarding with the state awards and distinctions; 2) inclusion of the first space flight date in the memorial calendar; 3) making decision on the creation of the memorial constructions connected with Gagarin’s name. On this basis, various practices, rituals, and discourses connected with Gagarin’s cult that in general corresponded to the mechanisms of personal glorification during the Stalin’s period in the 1930s and during the Great Patriotic War were built on. The local authorities, separate labor collectives and individual actors seeking to make the contribution to Gagarin's celebration actively participated in the process within the limits of their powers and opportunities. It was expressed in such forms as assignment of Gagarin’s name to various objects, generation of prizes and production initiatives, writing amateurs’ poems on the space theme for the Soviet press, etc. The USSR authorities encouraged the maximum distribution of the Gagarin’s cult throughout the country; however, various initiatives "from below" became noticed and were supported only when they promoted implementation of the consolidating, mobilizational and educational scenarios of the power.

‘Riding the Juggernaut’: Selectivity and Entrepreneurship in Ireland

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Carr
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Institutional Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Enterprise Culture ◽  
Dependency Theory ◽  
Science Discussion ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Relationship

The creation of a class of strong native entrepreneurs has long been an aim of Irish industrial policy. Social science discussion of strategies stimulating Irish enterprise have tended to emanate from two broad theoretical viewpoints, modernisation theory and dependency theory,f which hold opposing views on the role the Stale can play in the promotion of business and enterprise. Considerations of the relationship between the State and an indigenous class of entrepreneurs have tended to centre on notions of ‘modernising’ and the ‘modernisation’ of society. This article shifts the focus away from a concentration on modernising to a consideration of the nature of modernity. The tendency to equate modernisation and modernity is liable to conceal or misrepresent the activities of certain economic actors, in particular State personnel. Using elements of the institutional analysis of modernity developed by Giddens (1991), the article examines the ‘selectivity function’ of Irish State personnel and their relationship with potential Irish entrepreneurs. This selectivity function can be construed as an attempt to establish an expert system to enable State personnel to assert some control over the enterprise culture juggernaut.

C. N. Yang on Teaching and Research in Physics

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1630016
Author(s):  
Yu Shi ◽  
David Waxman
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
The State ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Relationship

This document is based on five conversations between Prof. C. N. Yang and others in Beijing in 1986. In the conversations, Yang gave his views on the state and development of physics at that time, and the relationship between physics and philosophy. The conversations also contain Yang’s reminiscences on the creation of Yang–Mills theory and his advice to young people, especially those in China.

scholarly journals ADVENTIST COMMUNITIES OF TRANSCARPATHIA MID-1950S – MID-1960S

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (30) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Anatoliі Tershak
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
The State ◽  
Seventh Day Adventist ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Nikita Khrushchev ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Government Interference ◽  
The Relationship

The article analyzes the operation of one of the movements of the late Protestantism, Seventh-day Adventist community in Transcarpathia, in terms of anti-religious policies of Nikita Khrushchev (1953–1964). Additionally, it clarifies the main aspects of the relationship between Adventist communities and the Soviet authorities. It shows that there were 10 registered communities and 8 unregistered groups in the study period in Transcarpathia. This research includes a wide range of sources from the state and church archives. Moreover, it contains a survey of believers of this denomination. Critical analysis of these sources in combination with modern research on the topic made it possible to reveal new aspects of the past of the Adventist community in Transcarpathia, to clarify statistics, to personalize the composition of church ministers as well as some of its members. With Khrushchev’s coming to power, the Adventist community in the region, like all denominations in the USSR, felt a significant deterioration in the religious situation. The negative attitude of some part of society and the authorities to such a policy influenced the suspension of its active phase and contributed to a certain facilitation and normalization of religious life, which was observed in the mid-1950s. Later Adventist communities experienced crises related to the liquidation of the All-Union Seventh-day Adventist Spiritual Center and the internal division of the community due to government interference in its activity. In the development of the Adventist community in Transcarpathia, it was possible to highlight some of its features, which allowed to save the community from significant power influences and destruction. These include the deep historical religiosity of the local population, their cultural and historical tradition as well as mentality. The combination of the above-mentioned factors forced the authorities to act quite cautiously in the area of religious restrictions. During that period the Transcarpathian Adventist community managed to overcome the negative occurrences and slowly develop, maintaining internal and doctrinal unity in balancing relations with the state.

scholarly journals Clash of Emotions: White House—State Department Relations during the Kennedy Administration

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-40
Author(s):  
Kasper Grotle Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
State Department ◽  
The State ◽  
First Year ◽  
Soviet Leader ◽  
White House ◽  
Berlin Crisis ◽  
Nikita Khrushchev ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the rather poor emotional relationship between the White House and the State Department during 1961, the first year of the presidency of John F. Kennedy. The article argues that both sides had expectations of the relationship that turned into disappointments and that both sides felt that their approach and work was superior to the other. During the Berlin Crisis, this clash of emotions gained political significance concerning the case of the American response to a Soviet formal diplomatic note (an aide-mémoire) following the June 1961 Vienna Summit between Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. The White House and the State Department had different priorities and because of the poor emotional relationship they failed to find common ground. The end result was that the State Department won the battle by having its preferred version of the response sent to the Soviets. But the Department lost the war, because the White House used the opportunity to take control of Berlin policy at the expense of the State Department.

Jihad Poetry in the Age of the Crusades

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
К. Хилленбранд
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Core Component ◽  
Conventional Form ◽  
Intrinsic Quality ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Seamless Transfer ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The article examines how the pre-Islamic with its pagan tribal character could be transformed into a core component in Arabic Muslim religious literature. Indeed, it proved to be elastic enough to adapt itself to the realities of running a vast Muslim empire. Moreover, this conventional form of medieval Arab panegyric poetry came to be deployed as a political and religious tool in the monumental struggle between Western Christendom and the Muslim world at the time of the Crusades. To the state the obvious, jihad poetry is poetry in the service of religion. Its function mattered more at the time than its intrinsic quality. Jihad poetry was not the creation of Muslim poets as a response to their unprecedented contact with Western Christendom at the time of the Crusades. What we see in the twelfth and thirteenth century jihad poetry is in fact the easy and seamless transfer of earlier invective against Christian Byzantium to a new Christian target, the Crusaders. The Muslim poets who extolled the virtues of Nur al-Din, Saladin and their successors in the jihad do not belong in the pantheon of the greatest names of medieval Arabic poetry. But their verses resonate with the spirit of a period which would change the relationship between Christendom and the Muslim world and would harden the ideological battle lines between them. The jihad poetry gives us insights into the stereotypical way in which the Muslims viewed the Christian «other».

Zakāt, Citizenship and the State: The Evolution of Islamic Religious and Political Authority

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
‘ABD al-RAHMAN al-SALIMI
Keyword(s):  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Nation States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

AbstractIn this essay I will demonstrate the way in which the relationship between political authority and religious authority evolved throughout the history of Islam; and point out where religious rule gave way to the creation of nation states. I will map corresponding changes inZakātcollections, among various nation states, to support my argument in favour of a continued separation of religious and political functions in contemporary nations with Muslim majority populations.

scholarly journals Le contrat comme technique de participation des citoyens aux décisions en matière énergétique

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-956
Author(s):  
Michel Guibal
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Law ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Government Supervision ◽  
Contractual Relations ◽  
The Relationship

Contractual techniques have known a remarkable development in French administrative law. Contractual relations between different government agencies and individuals have reflected a change in the relationship between the State, central agencies and corporations on one side, and local authorities, associations and individuals on the other. « Inequality, Hierarchy and Government Supervision » have been partially replaced by « Equality, Participation and Autonomy ». In this article, the author describes some instances where contractual techniques were used to promote the participation of local interests in energy decisions. He points out the consequences of such a technique of participation and concludes that its main problem is the representativeness of the participants

Contribution of the Inhabitants of Tovmachna to Strengthening the Combat Capability of the Army WUPR During the War of 1918 – 1919

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (46) ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
Igor Fedoryshyn
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
The State ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Material Support ◽  
Full Support ◽  
The Creation

The article describes the problem of the contribution of the inhabitants of Tovmachchyna to strengthening the combat capability of the Ukrainian Galician army during the Ukrainian-Polish war of 1918–1919. The publication shows the role of the county authorities, which, realizing the importance of helping the Ukrainian army in the struggle against the external enemy, since the first days of its functioning strongly urged residents of the province to join the gathering of food, clothes, money and ammunition for the defense of the UGA. Also the author analyzes the normative legal acts of local authorities, dealing with material and social security of personnel of the Ukrainian Galician army and members of their families. Active participation on the full support of the UGA was enacted and the residents of Tovmachchyna becаmеa reliable support for its defenders. A crucial role in this process was played by the Patriotic enthusiasm in the community that led to the emergence of a large number of supporters and gave impetus to the creation of the various funds and committees assistance, through which the Ukrainian population of the county, in terms of a lack of resource capabilities and external aggression, in fact, served the function of the state material support of the Ukrainian armed forces. Keywords: WUРR, the ukrainian galician army, tovmachchyna, the county, the commissariat, the council, the tax, the committee, the foundation

REFORMS IN THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA, INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REFORM PROCESS

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1965-1969
Author(s):  
Irfan Muharemi
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Reform Strategy ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
The Republic

The issue to be addressed within this work is the reforms in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Police of the Republic of Macedonia adopted and approved during the last decade. Reforms in the MIA and the police represent the main criterion of the country's integration into the European Union, at the same time; enable the return of citizens' confidence to the MIA and the police as well as the creation of a guarantee for the country's internal security. The vision of acceptance of European values, norms and police services in Macedonia emerged shortly after the declaration of independence of RM in the year 1991. After peaceful independence, the RM proved its commitment to the establishment and organization of efficient and accountable state institutions. In order to achieve this, the MIA should include the police, to be transformed from a state police into a service police (closer citizens). However, the most substantial efforts to reform the MIA were developed at the beginning of the new century when the state formally started the process of EU integration. As international partners, in cooperation with local authorities, were specifically engaged in creating a strategy for reform in the MIA and the police, with the aim of implementing a community policing model and instigating democratic values in the police. Direct support for this process was provided by the European Commission Mission in Justice and Ministry of Internal Affairs in Macedonia ( ECJHAT). This mission was intended to assist local authorities in the creation of the Strategy for Reforms of the Most Sensitive Part of the State apparatus. Therefore, EU experts were directly involved in the task force established by the MIA with the task to prepare the Police Reform Strategy, which was approved by the Government of Macedonia in August 2003, as well as the Action Plan for its implementation adopted in December 2004. The EITC mission lasted for 18 months and ended at the end of 2003 but a new instrument EC as a policing reform supporter called the Police Reform Project (ECPRP), which was intended to provide guidance on the implementation of the reform process. Some of the standards set out in the Police Reform Strategy have been amended in accordance with the Ohrid Agreement on equal representation of all ethnic communities, in particular the representation of Albanians in the MIA. Also, the manner of electing Commanders of Police in Municipalities, where in line with the OFA, the local police leaders are elected by the municipal councils, based on lists proposed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Prior to the start of the reform, the MIA and the police of the Republic of Macedonia were a highly centralized organization and had to decentralize or delegate some competencies to the local government by decentralizing decision-making and accountability. In fact, this was and is difficult to achieve because it alongside the formal legal changes requires the change of thinking to officials and policemen. And this Working Group ECJHAT acknowledges that "it is easier to build an organization from beginning rather than fully reorganizing a functional organization.

scholarly journals The Economic World of the populus Romanus

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-564
Author(s):  
Amy Russell
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Creation Myth ◽  
The People ◽  
Republican Rome ◽  
The Creation ◽  
City State ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Rome’s transformation from city-state to territorial empire involved a massive increase in wealth; it also both created and responded to fundamental political changes, in a moment often positioned as the creation myth of republicanism. James Tan has modelled the Republican economy as a three-way relationship between aristocrats, the state, and the people. Aristocrats competed with the state for access to the riches of conquest; simultaneously the state’s dependence on citizen taxation declined. This article examines the relationship between state and people as both practical and ideological. The People were sovereign, yet it was the People who increasingly lost their status as economic and political stakeholders even as their empire grew. The complex relationship between the people and the populus (‘the People’ as an institution) had economic as well as political elements, and is central to how we should apply notions of economic sovereignty to Republican Rome.

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