Generation, characteristics and energy potential of solid municipal waste in Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ityona Amber ◽  
Daniel M. Kulla ◽  
Nicholas Gukop
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Solid Municipal Waste

The generation, characteristics and energy potential of municipal solid waste for power generation in Nigeria is presented in this paper. Nigeria generates 0.44-0.66 kg/capita/day of MSW with a waste density of 200-400 kg/m3 leading to large volumes of poorly managed waste. The direct burning of these wastes as a waste management option in the open air at elevated temperatures liberates heat energy, inert gases and ash which can be conveniently used for power generation and other applications. The net energy yield depends upon the density and composition of the waste; relative percentage of moisture and inert materials, size and shape of the constituents and design of the combustion system. MSW samples used in this study were obtained randomly from different dump sites in selected state capitals, at least one from each of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria based on the spot sampling method of Corbit. An average calorific value of 17.23 MJ/kg with variable high water content of 20-49% was determined for MSW using a bomb calorimeter and on the basis of an incineration plant of capacity 1500 ton of MSW/day, 700kW/day of power can be generated.

scholarly journals Elementary analysis and energetic potential of the municipal sewage sludges from the Gdańsk and Kościerzyna WWTPs

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 00004
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Ostojski
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Sewage Sludges ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Elementary Analysis

This paper aims to present municipal sewage sludge (MSS) elementary analysis and energetic potential based on measurement of heat of combustion (higher heating value HHV) and calculation of calorific values (lower heating value LHV). The analysis takes into the consideration water content in sewage sludge, at different utilization stages, in wastewater treatment plants in Gdańsk Wschód and Kościerzyna – Pomeranian Voivodeship. The study yielded the following results (in % dry matter): ash 19÷31 %, C - 31÷36 %, H - 5÷6 %, N - 4÷6 %, O - 28÷32 %, S – 1 %. Calorific value of stabilized sludges in Gdańsk was on average 13.8÷15 MJ/kg. In case of sludges not undergoing digestion from Kościerzyna WWTP, the calorific value was at the level of 17.5 MJ/kg. Thus, sewage sludges are good energy carriers. High water content though is the problem, as it lowers the useful effect of heat. There is no alternative for thermal sewage sludge neutralization, which is in conformity with valid Polish National Waste Management Plan (KPGO 2022).

scholarly journals Energy Balance of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Grown for Energy Purposes

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Kolarikova ◽  
Bohumil Havrland ◽  
Tatiana Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
Spring Harvest

Abstract This article discusses the energy balance of the hemp biomass from the autumn and spring harvest which was used for the production of briquettes. The hemp plant (Cannabis sativa L.) used in this work is the variety Bialobrzeskie that was harvested on a trial plot in Prague-Suchdol in 2009 - 2010. Moisture content (MC), gross calorific value (GCV) and other technical parameters were evaluated for samples from the harvest of both periods. The autumn harvest results led to the assumption that the gross energy yield of the culture per superficies was 186.3 GJ ha-1. As compared to the previous results the spring harvest gave a gross energetic output of 161.4 GJ ha-1. The autumn harvest required more energy inputs compared to the spring harvest with values of 22.2 GJ ha-1 and 16.9 GJ ha-1 respectively. The most energy-consuming aspects of the biomass production were fuels (autumn) and the energy linked to the chemicals used (spring). Regardless of the higher net energy yield in autumn it was found that a spring harvest should be preferred because of its Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI) is 8.6. This is higher than for the autumn harvest (7.4).

Effect of Moisture Content in Sludge on Thermal-Chemistry Disposal

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 1919-1922
Author(s):  
Yu Qin Ma ◽  
Xiao Xu Fan ◽  
Yan Feng Liu ◽  
Li Guo Yang
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Thermal Chemistry ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
Effect Of Moisture ◽  
Gasification Efficiency

Sludges resulting from wastewater treatment processes have a characteristically high water content, which complicates thermal-chemistry disposal. In this paper, taking domestic sewage sludge as the object, on the base of analysis on the material characteristics, the material and energy equilibrium calculation was carried out to study the effect of moisture content in sludge on thermal-chemistry disposal. The results showed that as the moisture content increased, incinerator temperature would reduce and the quality of the gasification gas would decrease with lower calorific value. When the moisture content in sludge increased, the amount of air required for gasification increased, wet gas production rate raised and dry gas production rate decreased, gasification efficiency and thermal efficiency were lower. For the sludge studied, it was required to control the moisture content in sludge to 55% or less if the incinerator temperature of 800 °C and above was wanted; if gasification gas calorific value was required to reach 2MJ/m3 and above, the moisture content in sludge must be controlled at 25% or less.

scholarly journals Novel Conditioner For Efficient Dewaterability And Modification of Oily Sludge With High Water Content

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biming Liu ◽  
Yue Teng ◽  
Wenbin Song ◽  
Haixia Wu
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Radical Reaction ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Oily Sludge ◽  
Free Radical Reaction

Abstract The Oily sludge with high water content (OS) was dewatered, modified and converted into solid fuel by a novel chemical conditioner (OSO-101). The effect of OSO-101 dosage on the dewaterability of OS was studied, showing that OSO-101 dosage of 15% (wt.) could achieve the best dewaterability efficiency of OS (98.18%). Meanwhile, compared with some conventional conditioners, OSO-101 developed by our team was more effective in improving OS dewaterability efficiency. And OSO-101 may have free radical reaction, polar reaction and redox reaction with petroleum hydrocarbons in OS, thereby polymerizing and forming condensed solid structures. The calorific value change of OS after conditioning, heavy metal content and dioxins content of fly ash leached from incinerated product were measured for resource analysis and environmental assessment. Results showed that the resultant OS fuel blocks had extremely low content of heavy metals, dioxins and other toxic and hazardous substances leached from fly ash, thereby no secondary treatment and fully meeting environmental protection emission standards. Additionally, OSO-101 had certain economic rationality, and could effectively recover the calorific value contained in OS. This research is expected to provide new insights for efficient dewaterability and modification of OS, as well as subsequent resource utilization and harmless treatment, bringing potential environmental and economic benefits.

scholarly journals Managing Non-Sewered Human Waste Using Thermochemical Waste Treatment Technologies: A Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7689
Author(s):  
Farhad Beik ◽  
Leon Williams ◽  
Tim Brown ◽  
Stuart T. Wagland
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Technological Concepts ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Treatment And Disposal

The utilisation of micro-scale thermal treatment technologies for non-sewered applications has been emerging as a prominent route for the safe treatment and disposal of high water content hazardous feedstock. This study provides a comprehensive review of the technological concepts practiced up to date in commercial/pilot and small scales for various types of solid fuels. The respective challenges are critically described and discussed to aid in the selection of promising technology for on-site sanitary applications. Furthermore, the challenges observed with the nominated (pyrolysis) technology are discussed in detail and addressed. This study suggests rapid energy recovery from by-products primarily made up of the highest yield of syngas with a desirable calorific value. The optimum operating ranges are discussed to ensure a reliable thermal conversion of sludge materials considering the application constraints and technology drawbacks. However, further studies are needed to investigate the uncertainties regarding emissions, energy consumption and overall associated costs.

scholarly journals Electricity Generation Potential of Municipal Solid Waste of Nepal and GHG Mitigations

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Bahadur Sodari ◽  
Amrit Man Nakarmi
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Metropolitan City ◽  
Total Energy Content

 This research is carried out to assess the current status of municipal solid waste of municipalities of Nepal and its potential for energy recovery. During the year 2016, solid waste samples were collected by door-to-door collection method and the total energy content of the municipal waste was calculated using Bomb Calorimeter in the laboratory. During the study period, the total waste generated at Kathmandu metropolitan city was 566 tons per day with 0.3 kg per capita contribution. The major waste constituent was the organic with 67.77% of the total waste volume. Other bulk wastes were plastic and paper constituting 10% and 5% by volume respectively. Rest of the wastes (8%) was categorized as “other". In average, the total moisture content in the wastes was 49.93%. Total waste generation of all municipalities was found 1435 tons per day. The calorific value of the plastic wastes had highest energy content (40.61 MJ/kg). The organic (15.68 MJ/kg) and paper (15.61MJ/kg) wastes had similar energy content while the other wastes had slightly higher energy content (17.57MJ/kg). The net energy available and, thus, lost after dumping of the solid waste was 71,895,056 MJ which is equivalent to 4262 MWh which can run 52 MW plasma arc gasification power plant. The waste to energy potential of Kathmandu Metropolitan city was found to be 19 MW. Total reduction in GHG emission was found 220,690 kg CO2 eq kg per day.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2018, 14(1): 151-161

Effect of Swelling Pressure on Local Volume Change in Unsaturated Sand-Bentonite Buffer Material

1995 ◽  
Vol 412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shooshpasha I ◽  
Mohamed A.M.O ◽  
R. N. Yong
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
High Water ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Local Volume ◽  
Unsaturated Sand ◽  
Buffer Material

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate the effect of swelling pressure on local volume changes in unsaturated sand-bentonite based buffer material. A laboratory mixture of sodium bentonite and graded silica sand in equal proportion by dry weight was used in both ambient and elevated temperatures experiments. At high water content locations within the tested specimens, the density was reduced by 3.57% from its initial values due to swelling. The swelling pressure as a function of distance was calculated by 4 different models. The calculated results have indicated that the density distribution within the specimen is affected by swelling potential distribution. The calculated swelling pressure values vary as a function of water content, reaching 1 MPa at the source of water intake, i.e., at high water content zone, and 2 MPa at the heater side, i.e., at low water content zone.

WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL FOR POWER GENERATION OF A LOCAL SITE IN GUSAU, NIGERIA

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 99-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluseyi O. Ajayi ◽  
R. O. Fagbenle ◽  
James Katende ◽  
Joshua O. Okeniyi ◽  
O. A. Omotosho
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Wind Energy Potential

Features of spring feeding of sterlet of the middle course of the Northern Dvina river

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
A. Bykov ◽  
D. Palatov ◽  
I. Studenov ◽  
D. Chupov
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Communities ◽  
High Water ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Feeding Intensity ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Main Components ◽  
A Minor

The article provides information about the features of spring feeding of sterlet in the spawning grounds of the middle course of the Northern Dvina river in may 2019. The main and secondary groups of forage objects in the diet of this species of sturgeon are characterized. The article considers the variability of the sterlet food composition with an increase in the size of fish from 30 to 60 cm. In the process of fish growth in the diet of the Severodvinsk sterlet, the main components in terms of occurrence and mass in all size groups are the larvae of Brooks and chironomids. A minor occurrence was the larvae of midges, biting midges, stoneflies, mayflies and small clams. To random and seasonal food are the larvae of water bugs, butterflies, flies, beetles and eggs of other fish. The feeding intensity of the smaller sterlet (30–40 cm) was significantly higher than that of the fish in the size groups 40–50 and 50–60 cm. Fundamental changes in the diet of the Severodvinsk sterlet for the main food objects for more than sixty years of observations have not been established. During periods of high water content of the Northern Dvina due to seasonal changes in the structure of benthic communities, the value of Brooks in the diet of sterlet increases and the proportion of chironomids decreases.

Hydrogels as Antibacterial Biomaterials

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 843-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiguo Xu ◽  
Shujun Dong ◽  
Yuping Han ◽  
Shuqiang Li ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Oxygen Permeability ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Biomedical Field

Hydrogels, as a class of materials for tissue engineering and drug delivery, have high water content and solid-like mechanical properties. Currently, hydrogels with an antibacterial function are a research hotspot in biomedical field. Many advanced antibacterial hydrogels have been developed, each possessing unique qualities, namely high water swellability, high oxygen permeability, improved biocompatibility, ease of loading and releasing drugs and structural diversity. In this article, an overview is provided on the preparation and applications of various antibacterial hydrogels. Furthermore, the prospects in biomedical researches and clinical applications are predicted.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document