Risk analysis in drinking water accumulation

Drinking water is safe water, from the perspective of long-term use is does not cause any disease, pathogenic and hygienically unsafe microorganisms do not spread in it and customers enjoy its consumption. Drinking water is regarded as a foodstuff, therefore the known HACCP system can be used in the control system which can be applied not only directly to the final product, but also to the whole system of drinking water production, distribution, and accumulation. Even if there is no problem concerning the water processing and the technological line is well adjusted, the quality of drinking water is subsequently deteriorated by its transportation and accumulation. The condition and character of the operated distribution network and reservoirs are significantly and substantially related to the maintenance of the biological stability and quality of drinking water. This is well confirmed by biological audits of the distribution networks and water reservoirs. A significant fact is the negative influence of the secondary contamination by air in the reservoir facilities and the occurrence of microorganisms (fungi, bacteria) in free water and in biofilms. The findings obtained in the framework of biological audits were so alarming that the outputs of biological audits contributed to the reconsideration of the efficiency of the standard for the construction and design of water reservoirs and pointed out the necessity of its review.

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IntegTa: a procedure for integrative management of dammed raw water reservoirs for drinking water production and their lower reaches

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2010.186 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 783-792 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I. Slavik ◽

W. Uhl ◽

J. Völker ◽

H. Lohr ◽

M. Funke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Flood Control ◽

Reservoir Management ◽

Water Production ◽

Raw Water ◽

Water Reservoirs ◽

Drinking Water Production ◽

The Impact

Dammed water reservoirs for drinking water production with their catchment areas and rivers downstream represent dynamic systems that change constantly and are subject to many influences. An optimized management considering and weighing up the various demands on raw water reservoirs (long-term storage for drinking water supply, flood control, ecological state of the rivers downstream, energy production, nature conservation and recreational uses) against each other is therefore very difficult. Thus, an optimal reservoir management has to take into account scenarios of possibly occurring external influences and to permit predictions of prospective raw water qualities, respectively. Furthermore, the impact of short and long term changes in raw water quality on subordinate processes should be considered. This approach was followed in the work presented here, as there currently is no tool available to predict and evaluate the impacts of raw water reservoir management strategies integratively. The strategy supported by the newly developed decision support procedure takes into account all aspects from water quality, flood control and drinking water treatment to environmental quality downstream the reservoir. Furthermore, possible extreme events or changes of boundary conditions (e.g. climate change) can be considered.

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Barcelona's water supply improvement: the brine collector of the Llobregat river

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1994.0531 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 30 (10) ◽

pp. 221-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jordi Martín-Alonso

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Water Treatment Plant ◽

Salt Mine ◽

Water Production ◽

Public Work ◽

Drinking Water Production ◽

Llobregat River

The Llobregat is a 156 km long river, which supplies 35% of the Barcelona's drinking water needs from the Sant Joan Despí Water Treatment Plant. Since the establishment of the Salt Mine Works in the Llobregat basin in 1923, a progressive salinization of the water sources has been recorded. The operation of the Brine Collector, as a public work carried out by Aigües de Barcelona (AGBAR), started in 1989; it enabled a very significant improvement in the quality of the surface water used for drinking-water production.

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Seasonal Dynamics in the Number and Composition of Coliform Bacteria in Drinking Water Reservoirs

10.1101/2021.02.16.428560 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Carolin Reitter ◽

Heike Petzoldt ◽

Andreas Korth ◽

Felix Schwab ◽

Claudia Stange ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Microbial Community ◽

Water Temperature ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

List Type ◽

Water Production ◽

Water Reservoirs ◽

Drinking Water Production

AbstractWorldwide, surface waters like lakes and reservoirs are one of the major sources for drinking water production, especially in regions with water scarcity. In the last decades, they have undergone significant changes due to climate change. This includes not only an increase of the water temperature but also microbiological changes. In recent years, increased numbers of coliform bacteria have been observed in these surface waters. In our monitoring study we analyzed two drinking water reservoirs (Klingenberg and Kleine Kinzig Reservoir) over a two-year period in 2018 and 2019. We detected high numbers of coliform bacteria up to 2.4 x 104 bacteria per 100 ml during summer months, representing an increase of four orders of magnitude compared to winter. Diversity decreased to one or two species that dominated the entire water body, namely Enterobacter asburiae and Lelliottia spp., depending on the reservoir. Interestingly, the same, very closely related strains have been found in several reservoirs from different regions. Fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci could only be detected in low concentrations. Furthermore, fecal marker genes were not detected in the reservoir, indicating that high concentrations of coliform bacteria were not due to fecal contamination. Microbial community revealed Frankiales and Burkholderiales as dominant orders. Enterobacterales, however, only had a frequency of 0.04% within the microbial community, which is not significantly affected by the extreme change in coliform bacteria number. Redundancy analysis revealed water temperature, oxygen as well as nutrients and metals (phosphate, manganese) as factors affecting the dominant species. We conclude that this sudden increase of coliform bacteria is an autochthonic process that can be considered as a mass proliferation or “coliform bloom” within the reservoir. It is correlated to higher water temperatures in summer and is therefore expected to occur more frequently in the near future, challenging drinking water production.HighlightsColiform bacteria proliferate in drinking water reservoirs to values above 104 per 100 mlThe genera Lelliottia and Enterobacter can form these “coliform blooms”Mass proliferation is an autochthonic process, not related to fecal contaminationsIt is related to water temperature and appears mainly in summerIt is expected to occur more often in future due to climate changeGraphical abstract

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Assessment and management of health risks related to the recycling of filter backwash water in drinking water production

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2013.019 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 166-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. F. Loret ◽

L. Cossalter ◽

S. Robert ◽

I. Baudin ◽

M. Conan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Direct Filtration ◽

Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽

Untreated Water ◽

Drinking Water Production ◽

The Impact ◽

By Products ◽

Filter Backwash Water

Analytical campaigns were conducted on different drinking water treatment lines in order to characterize filter backwash water and assess the impact of recycling this water at the head of the plant. The pollutants identified in this water are essentially in the form of particles. Recycling this water may consequently increase the concentration of parameters such as turbidity, suspended solids, metals from coagulants and protozoa. On the other hand, no release of pesticides nor significant generation of disinfection by-products was observed during filter backwash with chlorinated water, in the conditions applied in France for chlorination. A modeling approach based on the mass balance of Cryptosporidium oocysts was applied to estimate the impact of recycling on oocysts concentration in the inlet water. A risk of infection was then assessed for each recycling scenario. A similar approach was also applied for amoebae, which have the capacity to colonize filter media, and for metal residues from coagulants. The results of this study demonstrate that two different situations have to be considered separately: • In the case of treatment lines composed of separate sedimentation and filtration steps, recycling at the head of the treatment process, even with no treatment, has no significant consequence on the microbial quality of the inlet water, and generates no additional health risk for the consumer. • In the case of treatment lines with no sedimentation step (direct filtration or UF used alone), recycling untreated water generates an excess of risk for the consumer which is not acceptable. Adding a coagulation / sedimentation step in the recycling circuit is sufficient in that case to keep the risk within acceptable limits.

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Novel Integrated Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis System in High Quality Drinking water Production

Oriental Journal Of Chemistry ◽

10.13005/ojc/360634 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 1243-1247

Author(s):

Vinod Kumar S ◽

R Baskaran

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Concentration Polarization ◽

Integrated System ◽

Quality Analysis ◽

Water Contaminants ◽

Quality Of Water ◽

Ultra Filtration ◽

Drinking Water Production

Modernization in water technology plays a major role in ensuring a clean, safe, and feasible supply of drinking water. Enhancing performance in terms of price and quality, flow ability of the plant, sustainable development; integrated membrane processes have been developed. The most crucial issues found in RO applications such as concentration polarization and membranes fouling are reduced by using this integration of membranes. Conventional reverse osmosis filtration has sand and coke filters as pre filters. In this work these pre filters have been replaced by ultra-filtration which ensures undoubtedly the best quality of water despite the quality of feed with low power consumption and chemicals. These integrated systems are the better thing for complete elimination of microorganism and water contaminants in their category of selection. The present work also contributes on water quality analysis for brackish water using both the above desalination membrane technology. This integrated system can be remotely monitored and self-adapted model-based control.

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Obciążenie opiekunów nieformalnych a sprawność funkcjonalna i umysłowa pacjentów objętych opieką domową

Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences ◽

10.21164/pomjlifesci.492 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Alina Deluga ◽

Agnieszka Bartoszek ◽

Barbara Ślusarska ◽

Katarzyna Kocka ◽

Grzegorz Nowicki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nursing Home ◽

Home Care ◽

Informal Caregivers ◽

Female Gender ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Nursing Home Care ◽

Satisfaction With Care ◽

Mental Performance

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Family members as informal caregivers are the most common and important providers of caring services in the home environment of patients suffering from chronic diseases.The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the functional and mental performance of patients being provided long-term nursing home care and the burden of their caregivers.Materials and methods: The study was carried out in the Lublin region from September 2016 to February 2017. The study group included 149 patients with chronic diseases under long-term nursing home care and their 150 informal caregivers. The burden of the caregivers was assessed by means of the Carers of Older People in Europe (COPE) Index questionnaire which is used to check different aspects of the caregivers’ roles, life situations and relationships with the care recipients. The patients’ functional performance was measured by means of the Barthel Index for Activities of Daily Living, while their mental performance was checked using the Abbreviated Mental Test Score.Results: According to the COPE Index, the caregivers’ burden for particular subscales was as follows: Negative Influence of Care (NIC) 11.80 (SD = 3.75), Positive Value of Care (PVC) 13.71 (SD = 2.07), Quality of Support (QS) 12.46 (SD = 2.69). It has been indicated that the worse the functional and mental performance of the patient under care, the greater the burden of the carers – NIC (p < 0.01), the lower the satisfaction with care – PVC (p < 0.01) and the lower the quality of support given – QS (p < 0.01). The deterioration of a patient’s mental performance correlates with the female gender of the caregiver and the longer duration of care.Conclusions: The lower functional and mental performance of patients who are being provided long-term nursing home care has a relationship to the experience of the negative effects of care by informal carers, lower satisfaction with care and lower quality of support.

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Combining physicochemical properties and microbiome data to evaluate the water quality of South African drinking water production plants

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0237335 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. e0237335

Author(s):

Tawanda E. Maguvu ◽

Cornelius C. Bezuidenhout ◽

Rinaldo Kritzinger ◽

Karabo Tsholo ◽

Moitshepi Plaatjie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

South African ◽

Water Production ◽

Drinking Water Production ◽

Microbiome Data

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Sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Lower Volga Region: problems and solutions

Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika ◽

10.35776/vst.2021.06.03 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 28-34

Author(s):

Л.В. Боронина

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Water Supply ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Drinking Water Supply ◽

Volga Region ◽

Volga River ◽

Lower Volga Region ◽

Lower Volga

Волга почти на всем протяжении от Твери до Астрахани является истощенным водоемом по качественному составу. По Нижневолжскому бассейну ресурс экологически чистой воды составляет не более 3% общих ресурсов поверхностных вод Астраханской области. В связи с этим в Астраханской области проблемы качества питьевой воды обусловлены загрязнением природной воды, неудовлетворительной очисткой ее на водопроводных станциях, вторичным загрязнением в разводящих сетях. Проведен анализ экологического состояния Нижней Волги, а также оценка его влияния на качество питьевого водоснабжения. Применяемые в Астраханской области технологии очистки воды для водоснабжения запроектированы и построены в 1960–70-е годы и не рассчитаны на грязевую нагрузку по качеству и количеству, значительно отличающуюся от современной ситуации. Проведен анализ работы водозаборных и водопроводных очистных сооружений, который показал, что они находятся в крайне неудовлетворительном техническом состоянии и морально устарели. Предложены пути решения вопросов по улучшению качества питьевого водоснабжения с учетом сложившейся кризисной экологической обстановки на Нижней Волге и мирового опыта. Almost along the entire length from Tver to Astrakhan, the Volga River has been a depleted water reservoir in terms of its qualitative composition. In the Lower Volga basin the resource of ecologically clean water is less than 3% of the total surface water resources of the Astrakhan Region. In this regard, drinking water quality problems in the Astrakhan Region have been caused by natural water pollution, poor water treatment at the waterworks, secondary pollution in the distribution networks. The ecological state of the Lower Volga has been analyzed, and its impact on the quality of drinking water supply has been estimated. The technologies of water purification used in the Astrakhan Region for water supply were designed and implemented in the 1960s–70s; they were not designed for the pollution load in terms of the quality and quantity significantly different from the current situation. An analysis of the operation of water intake and water treatment facilities was carried out that showed their extremely unsatisfactory technical condition and obsolescence. The ways of solving the problems of improving the quality of drinking water supply with account of the current critical ecological situation in the Lower Volga Region and world experience, are proposed.

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Situation of microbiological contamination in bottled drinking water products and some influencing factors in Hau Giang province in 2020

Journal of Health and Development Studies ◽

10.38148/jhds.0504skpt20-102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 05 (04) ◽

pp. 47-60

Author(s):

Thi Thuy Loan Vo ◽

Thi Tuyet Hanh Tran

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Food Safety ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Water Production ◽

Microbiological Contamination ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

E Coli ◽

Bottled Drinking Water ◽

Drinking Water Production

Background: Bottled drinking water has become popular for consumption by customers. Bottled drinking water with pathogenic microbiological contamination is a public health concern. This study aimed to describe the current situation of microbiological contamination in bottled drinking water products, food safety conditions and some influencing factors in production facilities in Hau Giang province in 2020. Methods: A cross-sectional study has been conducted in 2020 using quantitative and qualitative methods. The evaluation was carried out at 54 bottled drinking water production facilities, 108 workers/owners and 54 samples collected from facilities for microbiological analysis in the province. In-depth interviews were conducted with local government officials on food safety, two owners of facilities and two workers. Results: It showed that the proportion of microbiological contamination in bottled drinking water accounted for 18.5%, of which P. aeruginosa contamination was 18.5%; and Coliform contamination was 3.7%; No drinking water samples were contaminated with E. coli. 79.6% of facilities met general food safety conditions. There were several factors affecting the proportion of microbiological contamination of bottled drinking water as follows: Bad compliance with food safety in production for the sake of profit by workers, affecting the quality of products such as trash cans without lids; No sterilization treatment before filling; Non-sterilization in filling room. Non-monitoring of UV lights for replacement; No regular cleaning of water pipes, tanks, and discharge valves; Difficulty in state management of food safety for facilities of bottled drinking water production, such as insufficient manpower, lack of equipment and funding for activities. Conclusion: The quality of bottled drinking water in Hau Giang province was not good. The important factors affecting the contaminated bottled drinking water products were identified. We recommend that: management agencies should frequently conduct sudden inspections and supervisions of facilities with no ensured food safety and strictly handle according to regulations. Owners of bottled water facilities should voluntarily comply with food safety. This study is particularly concerned with ensuring food safety conditions in the production of bottled drinking water to prevent products from microbiological contamination. Keywords: Microbiological contamination; E. coli, Coliform, P. aeruginosa; bottled drinking water; food safety conditions; Hau Giang province.

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