scholarly journals Trade Policy and National Economic Interests in Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-254
Author(s):  
Irina Korgun ◽  
◽  
Vladimir Zuev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Special Support ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Support Programmes

Membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and participation in free trade agreements (FTAs) are important instruments for governments to realize national economic interests. The Republic of Korea has been particularly successful in doing so. As the experience of Korea shows, a trade policy mix between multilateral liberalization under the WTO and preferential liberalization through FTAs allows the government to optimally balance national interests and strive for higher levels of social welfare and economic effectiveness, while simultaneously protecting national industries. However, such results seem to be possible only if national economic interests are clearly defined and are synchronized with a country’s goals regarding WTO membership and its strategy for FTAs. During recent decades, Korea has practiced an active long-term planning of trade policy so that trade benefits are not excessively concentrated in a narrow range of trade actors and are distributed more evenly in society. This meant appropriate balancing of liberalization and protection measures, reinforced by special support programmes that neutralized the negative impact of higher market openness. In this article, Korea’s strategy regarding trade policy is analyzed, including the reasons Korea pursued an FTA-centric policy and the benefits it obtained in addition to those it obtained from WTO membership.

scholarly journals Economic interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a state-legal institution: the concept and problems of implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Zh. Amanbai ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic

Main problem: in the history of mankind there are many examples when the question of national interests remains unresolved. The category of "national interest" has firmly entered the modern political and scientific spheres of all countries of the world. Regardless of the level and nature of development, any country has certain national interests on which it should focus. Undoubtedly, these are economic interests. Future populations, whose state and national goals are not clearly defined, may be unplanned and fragmented. Consequently, it may be violently imposed on a foreign socio-political structure. Historical experience shows that the staging of specific problems can have a negative impact on the application and implementation of the necessary measures to prevent possible mistakes, to strengthen the security of the country. In order to make this article complete and exhaustive, it is necessary to pay attention to the concept of "concept", which reflects the active attitude of people to the surrounding world as the most important category. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze the concept of economic security as a state-legal institution in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods: The following methods are used in the article: comparative-legal, system-structural, as well as the method of systematic analysis of needs. Results and their significance: Necessity, personal interests are one of the key links in the study of the essence of the social state. After all, the rule of law in its norms must express the social interests of man in life. These categories are intended to identify the indirect causes of social actions that lead to changes and additions in various spheres of public life. Every country has its own attractions. Interests are different. And the social group, and the team, and the individual combine their actions with their interests. Man interacts with it through its goal, which determines the interests of the environment. Therefore, at the level of common consciousness, a great value of interest is determined by individual actions and actions of people, as well as by mass historical events and phenomena. By looking at this issue in detail and analyzing its basic principles, we define the concept of economic interest. In order to ensure the economic security of Kazakhstan, it is necessary to rely on its own scientific and technological development, human and natural resources, that is, to decide on management in favor of domestic producers and ensure capital investment in priority sectors of the economy.

scholarly journals BASIC IDEAS FOR DETERMINING DEATH CRIMINAL THREATS IN LAW NUMBER 35 OF 2009 ON NARCOTICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Faissal Malik
Keyword(s):  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
Illicit Drug Trafficking

The basic idea of ​​using the threat of capital punishment against perpetrators of "producers and dealers" regulated by Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics as a policy to combat narcotics crime is based on several reasons, including: First, narcotics crimes committed by perpetrators of "producers and distributors "Organized and systematic patterns, because they are carried out with a very sophisticated modus operandi and have networks to circulate and trade for purely economic interests, so it is not easy to uncover and prove it. Second, the circulation and abuse of illicit drug trafficking by perpetrators of "producers and distributors" is a threat that sooner or later gives a serious impact because it destroys young generation, destroys the nation and the state that is not less powerful than criminal acts of terrorism and corruption, due to the fact that arising from narcotics abuse has caused victims of HIV / AIDS and hepatitis, even death among the very young generation. So that the Government of the Republic of Indonesia is of the view that the actions of the perpetrators of "producers and distributors" in producing and distributing narcotics are crimes against humanity, because their actions can destroy humanity slowly but surely.

scholarly journals TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES IN BANGLADESH

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
V. Shuvalov
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Tourist Industry ◽  
Recreational Facilities ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Hot And Humid Climates ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The article discusses new directions in the development of the architecture of recreational facilities in South-east Asia, which need to be implemented to form a modern recreational and tourist cluster in Bangladesh. The author reveals compositional, spatial-planning, decorative-stylistic, functional and design features in the architecture of recreational objects made of bamboo. It is proposed to build the main accommodation facilities (hotels, hotels, motels, arrival houses and houses with the status of "second homes") and food facilities (cafes, bars, canteens, restaurants) using traditional ecological materials. Modern methods of energy saving, their implementation in the practice of design and construction in countries with hot and humid climates are listed. When designing recreational and tourist complexes, innovative technologies, materials and structures are introduced that increase the comfort of recreational facilities. The government relies on the development of the recreational tourism industry in the country, creating economic advantages in the development of this business in the Republic of Bangladesh, increasing the investment attractiveness for domestic and foreign investors, offering preferential tax and customs regimes for the construction and operation of recreational and tourist facilities. Many facilities of the recreational and tourist industry, built in the period 1980-2010 do not meet modern requirements for energy efficiency, environmental friendliness and aesthetic appeal, which definitely has a negative impact on the recreational attractiveness of some regions of the country, this is especially important for remote and difficult to access areas where created objects.

scholarly journals Industrial heritage along Belgrade waterfront in planning documents

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-103
Author(s):  
Marko Nikolić ◽  
Milena Vukmirović
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
City Development ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Industrial Heritage ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Architectural Characteristics

The City of Belgrade is situated at the confluence of the Sava and Danube. Accordingly, this geographical position has strongly shaped Belgrade's strategic and geopolitical significance, as well as its identity. In the last two decades, the development of several mega-projects in the area of Belgrade waterfront has had a negative impact on the cultural heritage of Belgrade and its historical cityscape, affecting its urban morphology and typology. The reason for this is that urban regeneration is most often driven by economic interests, while the preservation of meaning and the memory of a place are neglected. Along with these processes, several civic initiatives have emerged that aim to prevent damage to the built heritage and to indicate the need for stronger involvement of citizens in the city's planning and development processes. In order to discontinue the tendency of being driven by economic interest and demonstrate a will to achieve further sustainable development, it is necessary to redefine the procedure for protecting valuable cultural heritage. This could be achieved by creating a new approach to protecting cultural heritage in the domain of urban design and planning, taking into account all the values, tradition, authenticity and identity of a place. Accordingly, the paper will focus on the issues of protecting Belgrade's waterfront heritage, its historical and urban context, its genesis, and its cultural and architectural characteristics. Furthermore, the possibilities for different approaches to the presentation and modern utilization of the abandoned and ruined waterfront heritage will be investigated, in order to define new, common procedures that will be in line with city development goals, citizen expectations and heritage protection measures.

scholarly journals Image Transformation of Frederick Chiluba, Ex-President of Zambia (Attitude to Former Presidents in African Countries)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-248
Author(s):  
L. Ya. Prokopenko
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Party System ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Image Transformation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Political Pluralism ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability

The article analyzes the transformation of the political image of Frederick Chiluba, President of the Republic of Zambia in 1991-2001. As a representative of a new formation of African leaders in the era of the continent’s transition from authoritarianism to political pluralism, he was an ambiguous figure. His role in the return of the multi-party system in the country and in the liberalization of the national economy is discussed. It is stressed that within the framework of the existing political culture this politician was not immune to inevitable mistakes. However, the style and methods of Chilubas leadership (persecution of his predecessor, manipulation using the ethnic factor in order to retain power, ignoring criticism of the opposition and allies) periodically led to tension in the internal situation in the country and negatively affected his political image and the image of the government in general.In 1990-2000s the negative impact of tensions between Zambian politicians who held the presidency at different times on the stability of the country was clearly manifested. The persecution of ex-President Chiluba charged with corruption demonstrated the authorities’ policy to combat this social evil, but it was ambiguously perceived and interpreted by the society and by analysts. It is noted that for all the mistakes and shortcomings of Chilubas ten-year rule, it is necessary to recognize his merits in creating the economic base of Zambia and in proclaiming it a Christian country, which was practically forgotten after his death.The article shows the gradual rehabilitation of Chilubas memory, in which all living ex-presidents and the current Head of State take part. The experience of Zambia shows that under African realities, former presidents enjoy honors and certain privileges, provided they do not participate actively in politics and do not enter into open conflicts with their successors.

Trade Policy in American Economic History

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Economic History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
Us Trade Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Main Instrument ◽  
The Impact

This article reviews the broad changes in US trade policy over the course of the nation's history. Import tariffs have been the main instrument of trade policy and have had three main purposes: to raise revenue for the government, to restrict imports and protect domestic producers from foreign competition, and to reach reciprocity agreements that reduce trade barriers. Each of these three objectives—revenue, restriction, and reciprocity—was predominant in one of three consecutive periods in history. The political economy of these tariffs has been driven by the location of trade-related economic interests in different regions and the political power of those regions in Congress. The review also addresses the impact of trade policies on the US economy, such as the welfare costs of tariffs, the role of protectionism in fostering US industrialization, and the relationship between the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act and the Great Depression of the 1930s.

scholarly journals Multi-Period E-Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Considering Consumers’ Preference for Products and AI-Push

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duan ◽  
Xiu ◽  
Yao
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Supply Chain Network ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Management Level ◽  
The Government ◽  
Dual Objectives

The remanufacturing industry plays a significant role to improve the utilization of resources and contribute to environmental protection and sustainable development. E-commerce channel (e-channel) has become an important retail channel. The multi-period closed-loop supply chain network of electronic channels (E-CLSCN) is studied. Moreover, this study considers the influence of consumers’ preference for products and artificial intelligence push (AI-push) on network balance under the conditions of dynamic and static. The network consists of manufacturers, remanufacturers, and demand markets. Remanufacturers are responsible for collecting and remanufacturing. The multi-period E-CLSCN model is established through variational inequalities. The study finds that whether dynamic or static, consumers’ preference for new products (NP) has positively correlated with the profits of manufacturers and the whole E-CLSCN. Consumers’ preference for remanufacturer products (RP) has only positively correlated with the profits of remanufactures. In the aspect of AI-push, the manufacturers’ AI-push has positively correlated with the profits of the entire players of E-CLSCN, while the remanufacturers’ AI-push has only positively correlated with the profits of the remanufacturers. Also, considering the multi-period, the sensitivity of the demand markets for the investment of manufacturers’ and remanufacturers’ AI-push gradually reduces, and the marginal benefit of AI-push gradually decreases. Finally, this paper addresses interesting managerial insights from the perspective of government and enterprises. Under the dual objectives of environmental protection and economic interests of enterprises, this study provides a reference for governments and enterprises to develop relevant dynamic policies. Namely, the government formulates dynamic environmental protection measures, and enterprises formulate dynamic strategic plans and implement government policies. While promoting the management level of E-CLSCN, it effectively boosts the development of the remanufacturing industry and recycling sustainable economy.

Japanese Trade Policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Trade Friction ◽  
The Government

This chapter examines Japanese trade policy to explain how economic interests and domestic political institutions have supported the resilience of free trade policies in Japan. The mercantilist ideas and the reactive state model of past years have been replaced by strong support of free trade and Kantei diplomacy to lead in setting rules for the trade regime complex. Once dependent on the United States and mired in bilateral trade friction, Japan has emerged as an active supporter of engagement with China and the pursuit of free trade agreements, alongside continued commitment to the multilateral rules. Japanese-style trade adjustment and the slow path to liberalization served to balance economic efficiency with political stability as the government has supported narrow interests along with long-term trade strategies for economic growth.

Foreign Branches vs. National Interests

2008 ◽  
pp. 36-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Rozinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
International Competition ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Corporate Governance Mechanisms ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Substantial Degree

Sizeable sector of foreign-owned entities has emerged in Russia, comprising branches, daughter companies and majority-owned companies of foreign investors. The focus of regulator’s and researcher’s attention should be moved from the extent to which FDI are to be admitted / attracted to Russia to the analysis of whether the format of the already existing foreign-owned entities is the desired one. Globalization leads to differentiation of branches and daughter companies of multinational corporations. People, plants, business lines and even corporate head offices have become transferable from one country to another. This process is greatly intensifying the international competition for the share in the value chain attributable to individual countries. Russia, being the huge market, is in a position to demand a substantial degree of localization from international companies seeking to enter the country. The regulator’s approach towards those potential entrants should be dependent upon their readiness to allocate to Russia a considerable part of the company’s value chain. It is proposed to use corporate governance mechanisms as an instrument to promote national economic interests.

Pedagogy through print: James Sowerby, John Mawe and the problem of colour in early nineteenth-century natural history illustration

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIAN DOLAN
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Overseas Investment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Research And Education

These gems have life in them: their colours speak,Say what words fail of.In an ambitious treatise on the estimated wealth of the British Empire in the year of Waterloo, Patrick Colquhoun added to his calculations of the revenues produced by overseas property the potential profits created through exploiting natural resources. In his ‘political arithmetic’, Colquhoun recognized that an increasingly lucrative resource could be found in ‘mines and minerals’, where ‘various articles extracted from the bowels of the earth, which the new discoveries in chemistry have rendered valuable articles of commerce, have tended greatly to increase the value of the mines’. Such information, accumulated through travel, skilled techniques of identification and analysis, and collecting, proved central to regulating judgements about potential overseas investment by the government.Practices in natural history intersected with the development of British commerce in a number of ways. Mineralogists specially trained to identify rare species of minerals scoured distant shores and collected sack-loads of specimens, seeking information about natural resources that might nourish a developing imperial economy. One such British mineralogist was John Mawe, who in 1804 received patronage from Portugal's Prince Regent to embark on ‘a voyage of commercial experiment’ to the Portuguese territory of Brazil and assess the value of the gold and diamond industries that might revitalize their ailing and isolated economy. National and individual economic interests were informed and served by the multiplication of such acts of commercial speculation, which focused on various kinds of natural resources. Mawe was very conscious that the mineral kingdom held much to be explored. Unlike botany, with Linnaean taxonomy rendering order to the kingdom, knowledge in mineralogy was far from comprehensive. Mawe lamented that ‘few have thought the knowledge of Minerals worthy of their attention, although to them we owe our national strength and riches’. Others also argued that because it addressed national interests, research and education in the earth sciences should be publicly patronized.

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