scholarly journals THE ORGANIZATION OF TOURISM OF SPAIN IN THE PERIODIC CONFLICTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
O. Liubitseva ◽  
G. Zavarik
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Marketing Plan ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
New Era ◽  
Tourism Marketing ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
The One

The current state of tourism organization in Spain is investigated. Methods of analysis, synthesis, historical, statistical, comparative- geographical, political marketing are used. The features of the influence of the Catalan conflict on the tourist activity of Spain are considered. It was found that the Catalan conflict reduces the intensity of tourism activities in the region, but is not a deterrent for tourists. The mechanism of the organization of tourist activity in the conditions of periodic conflicts is revealed. It was found that the tourism sector in Spain for the first time faced with the change of a long cycle, which suggests a new era in which digitization is the catalyst for this. This entails breaking the traditional value chain, conferring, on the one hand, a Central role to the tourist, with a more demanding and critical profile and perhaps more decision-making power. The market has clearly turned into a market of demand, forcing an in-depth rethinking of the tourism marketing strategy, which should be based on the tourist. Six strategic objectives have been identified that meet the relevant tactical objectives depending on the geographical area and the purpose of the strategic marketing plan, attracting quality and sustainable tourism demand. It is established that positive changes in tourism activity in Spain are due to the development of a new strategic plan for the development of tourism. It is indicated that the Catalan conflict is of concern in the organization of tourism activities, so it involved some steps that will contribute to the aggravation of the conflict, reduce its impact. It was found that the strategic goal involves taking risks, namely external phenomena such as political instability, lack of security or other international events that are very difficult to predict. The positive components of marketing activities, which are proposed to be implemented in Ukraine in order to overcome the negative consequences of the conflict in the post-conflict period, are obtained.

Marketing in the New Era: Investigating the Personality Antecedents of Materialism, Consumer Insecurity, and Consumer Loneliness

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Purva Kansal ◽  
Neha Singh
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Real ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Marketing Actions ◽  
The Impact

Purpose-By investigating the impact of personality antecedents on marketing influenced surface traits (i.e., Materialism, Consumer Loneliness and Consumer Insecurity), the current research tries to take a step forward in understanding the real impact marketing activities have, on these surface traits. Design/Methodology/Approach: Following a descriptive research methodology, data for the current study were collected from 174 respondents using standardized scales and hypotheses were tested using CFA and SEM analysis (AMOS (v23)). Findings: Results confirm the existence of a significant relationship between surface traits and personality traits, substantiating the theory that certain personality traits are inherent to the risk of being associated with these surface traits, and therefore the real impact of marketing activities might be much lower. Originality/Value: With marketing activities being criticized because of its negative impact on the society (which has been proved in the literature immensely), the current paper tries to give the debate a new perspective by studying the other antecedents (personality) of these 'negative consequences', in order to better understand the real affect of marketing activities. Implications: Marketers can take into consideration the results of the current study and incorporate them while making advertising decisions so that marketing actions elicit a more positive reaction than negative ones.

In a Galaxy Far, Far Away . . . Market Yourself Differently

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Dolnicar ◽  
Bettina Grün
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Consumer Perceptions ◽  
Destination Choice ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Choice Process ◽  
Tourism Marketing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consumer Perspective ◽  
Marketing Activities

The destination is the focal point of tourism marketing activities. Many definitions of destinations have been proposed in the past, but it remains unclear what a destination is from a consumer perspective at early stages of the destination choice process. Yet, it is the consumer perspective that matters most. The present study investigates consumer perceptions of what a destination is. Results indicate that (1) consumers have a very broad position on what a destination is, (2) the distance between the destination and home affects the size of the geographical area perceived as destination, and (3) geographically larger destinations are severely underresearched. Findings have implications for both tourism research and tourism marketing, indicating that destinations need to be marketed differently to long-haul tourists.

scholarly journals Sustainable Tourism and Natural Protected Areas: Exploring Local Population Perceptions in a Post-Conflict Scenario

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Delia M. Andries ◽  
Cecilia Arnaiz-Schmitz ◽  
Pablo Díaz-Rodríguez ◽  
Cristina Herrero-Jáuregui ◽  
María F. Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Natural Protected Areas ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The One

The expansion of urban areas around the world and the application of the sustainability paradigm to tourism discourses has favored an increase in the number of people visiting natural protected areas (NPAs) in their leisure time. While tourism is desired to boost the economy of destinations, mismanagement can bring negative consequences for social–ecological systems, particularly in post-conflict rural scenarios. In the context of a broader ethnographic research, we analyzed the perceptions of the local population about tourism development in the NPA Jaltepeque Estuary (El Salvador, Central America) and the establishment of a Biosphere Reserve in the area, using structured questionnaires and Multiple Correspondence Analysis for the typification of social actors. We found that overall, the population regards positively the development of tourism in the area. Fishermen are the only ones who highlight the negative economic consequences of tourism development, claiming disparity in the distribution of benefits and an increase in the cost of living. We conclude that although tourism development is an activity desired by local people, there is a need in the community to discuss how this process of socio-economic transformation should be approached and an evident conflict between two different models: the one desired and offered by the population and the one that is currently being developed in the nearby Costa del Sol corridor.

El Prestige: comparativa de los regímenes internacionales de responsabilidad civil

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Raquel Fernández González ◽  
Marcos Íñigo Pérez Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Rigorous Analysis ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Civil Responsibility ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Prestige

The return of institutions to the main research agenda has highlighted the importance of rules in economic analysis. The New Institutional Economics has allowed a better understanding of the case studies that concern different areas of knowledge, also the one concerning the management of natural resources. In this article, the institutional analysis focuses on the maritime domain, where two large civil liability regimes for pollution coexist (OPA 90-IMO), each in a different geographical area (United States - Europe). Therefore, a comparative analysis is made between the two large regimes of civil responsibility assignment applying them to the Prestige catastrophe. In this way, the allocation and distribution of responsibilities in the investigation and subsequent judicial process of the Prestige is compared with an alternative scenario in which the applicable compensation instruments are governed by the provisions of the Oil Polution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), in order to establish a rigorous analysis on the effects that the different norms can have in the same scenario. In the comparative established in the case of the Prestige, where the responsibilities were solved very slowly in a judicial process with high transaction costs, the application of rules governed by the OPA 90 would not count with such a high degree of imperfection. This is so, since by applying the preponderance of the evidence existing in OPA 90 there would be no mitigation for the presumed culprits. On the other hand, the agents involved in the sinking would not be limited only to the owner, but also that operators or shipowners would be responsible as well. In addition, the amount of compensation would increase when counting in the damage count the personal damages, the taxes without perceiving and the ecological damage caused in a broad sense, damages not computable in the IMO.

Schweizer Wald als Geldanlage: Win-win-Strategie für Waldwirtschaft und Pensionskassen? (Essay) | Swiss forest as an investment opportunity: a win-win situation for both the forestry sector and pension funds? (Essay)

2011 ◽  
Vol 162 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Daniel Häuptli
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Investment Opportunity ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
The One

Could there be a win-win situation for both pension funds and the Swiss forestry sector? On the one hand, developments in the forestry sector suggest that the Swiss forest presents a new lucrative investment opportunity. If this is so, then pension funds could be particularly interested, as the low correlation between Swiss forest and other classes of investment, and the long investment periods involved are ideal for pension fund portfolios. On the other hand, large investments made by pension funds could mean that existing problems in Swiss forestry, in connection with its fragmented nature, could be more rapidly solved, and the potential for rationalization in the wood value chain could be fully realized. This would in turn make investments in the forest even more profitable. This hypothesis was investigated through a comprehensive literature analysis, yield calculations for private forestry enterprises of over 50 ha made by the Swiss Federal Office for Statistics 2004–2008, and an interview with the investments director of a large Swiss pension fund. Despite the optimistic assumption that the greater efficiency gained by the investment of pension funds into the forestry sector could lead to costs lower by 50% and a 20% increase in profits, the hypothesis must be rejected, because a calculated annual return of only 0.82% is too low for pension funds. The conclusion is that the price for forest land is high, and forest owners are not only interested in the monetary value of holding forest. Other immaterial values influence prices. It is suggested that a greater emphasis on socioscientific studies concerning the link between the price of forest land and the motivation to buy and sell forest could lead to some important findings.

Online Relationship Marketing to Customer Loyalty Based on Signaling Theory (Evidence of Bank Customers in Indonesia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-127
Author(s):  
Wenny Pebrianti ◽  
Wenseslaus Tanwira ◽  
Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Marketing ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Signaling Theory ◽  
Cellular Communication ◽  
Place And Space ◽  
New Era ◽  
Online Trust ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Relationship Of

The internet has changed people's way of life, especially in dealing a transaction. Indonesian banking entered a new era since 2000 when banks in Indonesia began implementing electronic banking or e-banking systems. Integrating cellular communication technology and banking financial services is changing people's lifestyles to be more flexible in making it easier for users to access banking financial services without being hindered by time, place and space. The same integration also occurs in relationship marketing strategies and cellular communication technologies that make it easy for companies to be able to reach and provide the best service to their consumers. This study wants to reveal the relationship of interactivity and engagement which is an activity of Online Relationship Marketing at a bank to be able to understand consumers in order to create customer loyalty with online trust as mediation.Based on the above background, the problem in this study is "Does Online Relationship Marketing activities such as engagement and interactivity affect customer loyalty either through online trust as mediation or not?" Keywords: engagement, interactivity, online trust, customer loyalty, signaling theory

“Community Interests” and the Role of International Law in the Creation of a Global Market for Agricultural Land

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen von Bernstorff
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Land Grab ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
The One

The chapter explores the notion of “community interests” with regard to the global “land-grab” phenomenon. Over the last decade, a dramatic increase of foreign investment in agricultural land could be observed. Bilateral investment treaties protect around 75 per cent of these large-scale land acquisitions, many of which came with associated social problems, such as displaced local populations and negative consequences for food security in Third World countries receiving these large-scale foreign investments. Hence, two potentially conflicting areas of international law are relevant in this context: Economic, social, and cultural rights and the principles of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and “food sovereignty” challenging large-scale investments on the one hand, and specific norms of international economic law stabilizing them on the other. The contribution discusses the usefulness of the concept of “community interests” in cases where the two colliding sets of norms are both considered to protect such interests.

scholarly journals Synthetic Hexanucleotides as a Tool to Overcome Excessive Neutrophil Activation Caused by CpG-Containing Oligonucleotides

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 530
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Golenkina ◽  
Svetlana I. Galkina ◽  
Nina G. Dolinnaya ◽  
Evgenii A. Arifulin ◽  
Yulia M. Romanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutrophil Activation ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Neutrophilic Granulocytes ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Prooxidant Effect ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
Cpg Odns ◽  
Tissue Damages ◽  
The One ◽  
Tissue Origin

Mimicking bacterial DNA, synthetic CpG-containing oligodeoxyribonucleotides (CpG-ODNs) have a powerful immunomodulatory potential. Their practical application is mainly associated with the production of vaccines, where they are used as adjuvants, as well as in local antimicrobial therapy. CpG-ODNs act on a wide variety of immune cells, including neutrophilic granulocytes. On the one hand, the stimulatory effect provides both the direct implementation of their antimicrobial and fungicidal mechanisms, and an avalanche-like strengthening of the immune signal due to interaction with other participants in the immune process. On the other hand, hyperactivation of neutrophilic granulocytes can have negative consequences. In particular, the formation of unreasonably high amounts of reactive oxygen species leads to tissue damages and, as a consequence, a spontaneous aggravation and prolongation of the inflammatory process. Under physiological conditions, a large number of DNA fragments are present in inflammation foci: both of microbial and self-tissue origin. We investigated effects of several short modified hexanucleotides on the main indicators of neutrophil activation, as well as their influence on the immunomodulatory activity of known synthetic CpG-ODNs. The results obtained show that short oligonucleotides partially inhibit the prooxidant effect of synthetic CpG-ODNs without significantly affecting the ability of the latter to overcome bacteria-induced pro-survival effects on neutrophilic granulocytes.

Area Studies and Desire: Towards a Genealogy

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-65
Author(s):  
Hye-Joon Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Area Studies ◽  
Western Area ◽  
The World ◽  
38Th Parallel ◽  
The One

Area studies, as a newly fashionable field of academic research, needs to recognize its less likely precedents if it is going to secure for itself a fresh start. The question of “desire” is relevant here because it indicates the less value-free aspects in its genealogy. As shown in Emma Bovary's embellished representation of Paris at her provincial home, an understanding of an area often reflects the particular needs and desires of the one who understands that area. Such restricted and restricting views of an area repeats itself outside the world of literary fictions, as is shown by the example of Guizot's picture of Europe in which his own country is given a privileged place as the very center of Western civilization itself. An instructive case showing the thin line between the projected desire of one who strives to know a geographical area and the scientific purity of the labor itself is further offered by Napoleon Bonaparte's heavy reliance on Orientalist scholarship in his invasion of Egypt. Moving further east from Egypt to China, we witness the denigrating remarks on China made by the great German thinkers of the past century, Hegel and Weber. Although their characterization of Chinese culture could find echoes in unbiased empirical research, they reveal all the same the trace of Europeans' desire to affirm their superiority over the supposedly inferior and false civilization of the East. Similarly, the Americans who divided the Korean peninsular at the 38th Parallel, with unquestioning confidence in their knowledge of the area and in the justice of their action, rightfully deserve their place in the tradition of Western area studies of serving the needs to dominate, control and exploit an objectified overseas territory. He assumed that words had kept their meaning, that desires still pointed in a single direction, and that ideas retained their logic; and he ignored the fact that the world of speech and desires has known invasions, struggles, plundering, disguises, ploys. From these elements, however, genealogy retrieves an indispensable restraint: it must record the singularity of events outside of any monotonous finality; it must seek them in the most unpromising places, in what we tend to feel is without history—in sentiments, love, conscience, instincts; it must be sensitive to their recurrence, not in order to trace the gradual curve of their evolution, but to isolate the different scenes where they engaged in different roles. — Michel Foucault, “Nietzsche, Genealogy, History” (Foucault 139–40).

The benefits and disadvantages of the law on the expansion of the jurisdiction of the DIFC Court

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-232
Author(s):  
Tareq Na’el Al-Tawil ◽  
Prabhakar Gantasala ◽  
Hassan Younies
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Limited Volume ◽  
Financial Centre ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Law

Purpose This paper aims to discuss the benefits and disadvantages of the law on the expansion of the jurisdiction of the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) Court. The major role of DIFC Courts in the Arab community is to handle cases related to commerce and business. For a long time, the court had been acting only in their geographical area until a new law was enacted to extend their jurisdiction all over the world. Afterward, a lot of criticism emerged as for why and how the court will benefit from such actions. The law has drawn a harsh response, although most benefits have also been experienced since the court received quite a large number of new signings. Interaction at the world business forum has benefited the economy of Dubai thanks to the law. Design/methodology/approach The following study focuses on a description of such benefits and drawbacks. The study does not evaluate a factual process of expansion but indicates the most distinct evidence of positive, as well as negative consequences of the expansion. Findings It is appropriate to make a general comment on the fact that the expansion of DIFC Court is not sufficiently effective at the current stage. Needless to say, it contains numerous positive aspects, but the gaps are evidently essential because they place the entire Court in a hard circumstance. The Court does not have a well-developed legal framework for its new area of jurisdiction as long as its limited volume of prior precedent is a distinct sign of the Court’s dependence on the UAE’s Law. In such way, DIFC Court will not be able to address issues within new fields of jurisdiction, as it simply lacks an expertise and international law in its legal framework. Moreover, the jurisdiction over new areas of international business was not verified with a plain system of mediation, which is why a current expansion of DIFC Court has to be recognized as redundant. However, its advantages are tending to produce their effects provided that the Court manages to address its current problems. Originality/value The study has described the basic benefits and drawbacks of DIFC Court expansion. To speak about the main benefits, they can be depicted as appliance of the common law, unification of English language for proceedings, presence of a preliminary arbitration and guarantees of award enforcement. In a similar way, the drawbacks of the expansion have been issued. The study has identified such drawbacks as lack of international and sophisticated expertise, untested legal framework, strong influence of forum non conveniens, and existence of a limited volume of prior precedent. The paper has not assessed a success of a factual expansion of DIFC Court jurisdiction, but it has managed to fulfill its primary purpose. Thus, the paper has identified a certain tendency concerning the expansion.

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