scholarly journals Formation of hygiene and institutionalization of its teaching as an independent discipline of ­higher medical school in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-580
Author(s):  
A V Shulaev ◽  
A Yu Ivanov ◽  
R G Ivanova ◽  
A A Shikaleva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Separate Discipline ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

The introduction of the new University Charter and the era of large-scale reforms in the middle of the XIX century, the emergence of experimental methods of research, and at the same time, the remaining urgent issues of the spread of epidemic diseases made the opening of departments of hygiene acutely necessary. The process of formation and subsequent institutionalization of hygiene teaching as a discipline has not previously been comprehensively covered by researchers in Russian historiography. The possibility of identifying a number of unresolved systemically important tasks allowing to synthesize the main directions of the scientific study of the process of hygiene development in the historical and medical knowledge from an institutional perspective was realized in this article. The history of the organization of hygiene departments in Russia is the subject of many studies. And the publications of general historical medical monographs and textbooks often contain contradictory information that does not reflect some important details and peculiarities of the formation of the traditions of teaching this discipline, which were established in the second half of the XIX century. The result of the study was clarification of data on medical workers who became the first hygiene educators in Russia. It was determined that the regular teaching of hygiene as a separate discipline began in the second semester of the 18641865 academic year at the medical faculty of the Imperial Kazan University. The first teacher of hygiene in Russia was Professor of Kazan University Arkady Ivanovich Yakobii. It was also clarified that regular hygiene teaching at the Saint Petersburg Imperial Medico-Surgical Academy was established in November 1865. Ivan Maksimovich Sorokin was the first hygiene teacher at the Academy and the first head of the hygiene department. Alexey Petrovich Dobroslavin, who was previously considered the first head of the hygiene department, actually became the second head of the corresponding department, starting teaching only in 1872.

Health and Medicine in the Enlightenment

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Spray
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mass Inoculation

This article discusses the transformation of medicine at the very end of the century and thus represents a shift both in the training of medical practitioners and in accounts of the body. The eighteenth century has been described as a time of increasing medicalization of Western societies. Though this is usually portrayed as a growth in the power of medical practitioners over ordinary life, in practice lay people may also understand it as an increasing embrace of the medical. The eighteenth century continues to be viewed as a critical period in the history of medicine, as the century when bodies became the subject of large-scale political intervention, from centralized responses to plague epidemics or mass inoculation programmes early in the century to the growing use of mortality tables at its end. To portray these knowledge projects in all their complexity, historians still need to embrace the full implications of treating eighteenth-century medical knowledge as a political enterprise.

Saint Theophan the Recluse in the Struggle with Shtunda

2020 ◽  
pp. 230-242
Author(s):  
Варвара Викторовна Каширина
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Bible Study ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Xix Century

Объектом исследования в статье является переписка святителя Феофана с Н. В. Елагиным, протоиереем Николаем Флоринским и протоиереем Димитрием Ждановым. Тематика переписки - религиозно-нравственные братства («штунды») для изучения Библии, возникшие в начале XIX в. в южных областях Украины и быстро увеличивавшие своё влияние среди православных христиан. Методология исследования базируется на комплексном применении традиционных научных методов: источниковедческого, историко-логического и сравнительно-исторического. В результате исследования была реконструирована история издания сочинения А. Д. Ушинского «Вероучение малорусских штундистов, разобранное на основании Священного Писания в беседах православного мирянина с сектантами» против штундистов и выявлено участие в подготовке издания святителя Феофана Затворника. Труд А. Д. Ушинского, написанный при деятельном участии и поддержке святителя Феофана, явился одним из первых, посвящённых штунде. В книге были опубликованы и подробно разобраны вероучительные положения штундистов, которые ходили в рукописном виде или же распространялись только устно. The object of research in the article was the correspondence of Saint Theophan with N. V. Elagin, Archpriest Nikolai Florinsky and Archpriest Dimitri Zhdanov. The subject of the correspondence is religious and moral fraternities («shtund») for Bible study, which appeared in the early XIX century in the southern regions of Ukraine and quickly increased their influence among Orthodox Christians. The research methodology is based on the complex application of traditional scientific methods: source-based, historical-logical and comparative-historical. The study was reconstructed history of editions of works by A. D. Ushinsky «a little Creed of Stundists, dismantled on the basis of Holy Scripture in the conversations of an Orthodox layman with zealots» against Stundists identified and involved in the preparation of the edition of St. Theophan the Recluse. The work of A.D. Ushinsky, written with the active participation and support of Saint Theophan, was one of the first dedicated to shtunda. The book published and analyzed in detail the doctrinal statements of the shtundists, which went in handwritten form or were distributed only orally.

General Relativity and Cosmology

2020 ◽  
pp. 227-360
Author(s):  
P. J. E. Peebles
Keyword(s):  
Constant Velocity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Inertial Frames ◽  
Moving Body ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
The Universe

This chapter discusses the development of physical sciences in seemingly chaotic ways, by paths that are at best dimly seen at the time. It refers to the history of ideas as an important part of any science, and particularly worth examining in cosmology, where the subject has evolved over several generations. It also examines the puzzle of inertia, which traces the connection to Albert Einstein's bold idea that the universe is homogeneous in the large-scale average called “cosmological principle.” The chapter cites Newtonian mechanics that defines a set of preferred motions in space, the inertial reference frames, by the condition that a freely moving body has a constant velocity. It talks about Ernst Mach, who argued that inertial frames are determined relative to the motion of the rest of the matter in the universe.

The Eclipse

2019 ◽  
pp. 107-130
Author(s):  
Samy Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Peace Movement ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Gaza Strip

2006-2010: during these four decisive years in the history of the peace movement, the movement experienced a dramatic eclipse. Within an Israeli society that had grown increasingly nationalist, more attached to symbols of Jewish identity and the memory of the Holocaust, more concerned than ever about security, and less interested in making peace with the Palestinians, the movement was incapable both of promoting a message of peace and taking a stance on the subject of human rights. It seemed apathetic, paralyzed, almost non-existent in the face of the terrible events that marked the period. This chapter shows how and why this eclipse occurred. These years were punctuated by two large-scale military operations, the war in Lebanon in July 2006 and Operation Cast Lead in the Gaza Strip from late 2008 to early 2009. These hostilities caused turmoil in the Israeli collective psychology and the perception of war and peace.

scholarly journals GENETICALLY TURKISH OIKONYMS OF ODESSA REGION: MOTIVATED / UNMOTIVATED RENEWALS OF THE SOVIET PERIOD.

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-24
Author(s):  
Sviatoslav Verbych
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Artificial Nature ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Local Nature ◽  
Cultural Features

Introduction. The article analyzes the oikonyms of the modern Odessa region, which were formed during the Turkish-Tatar (Nogai) history of this region. The genetic Turkic names that the Bulgarian settlers moved to a new place of residence from their homeland (or from the territory of Turkey) during the end of the XVIII – first half of the XIX century are analyzed. These names were changed as a result of administrative intervention by the Soviet authorities, mainly during 1944–1945. Аim. The study aims to carry out etymological and structural-semantic analysis of genetically Turkic oikonyms of modern Odessa region. The object of the study is the genetically Turkic names of the settlements of Odesa region (local and transferred by Bulgarian settlers from across the Danube), which were changed administratively mainly after 1944; the subject of research is to find out the etymologies of the corresponding oikonyms and their structural and semantic characteristics. Research methods. For the analysis of oikonyms the descriptive method is applied by means of which the structure of both historical (genetically Turkic), and new (Soviet period) names is characterized, and also reception of the etymological analysis for establishment of etymons of genetically Turkic names of settlements. Research results. The article identifies word-forming models, presents the classification of genetically Turkic oikonyms of Odesa region, clarifies the dеonymic motivation of their creative bases; the structure of new (renamed) names is characterized. Conclusions. It is proved that most renamings do not take into account either the derivation model, which formed the original name of the settlement, or the appellate (onym) meaning of the creative bases, which convincingly testifies to their artificial nature, lack of connection with local nature, historical and cultural features of the region. It should be noted that it is necessary to change the names of the modern Odessa region, in particular the names with the Russian imperial connotation (Alexandrovka, Suvorov), as well as with the Russian-speaking structure (Udobne, Utkonosivka).  

scholarly journals A espiritualidade ontem e hoje: Foucault e a hermenêutica de si

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
Eduardo SUGIZAKI ◽  
Mário F. F. ROSA
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
Collège De France ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Xix Century

The purpose of this article presents the concept of hermeneutics of the self or spirituality that appears in the ’80s Foucault’s work in a course called A hermeneutic of the subject (L’herméneutique du sujet), given in 1982 at the College de France. In order to understand the presentation of this concept as rooted philosophically in his work, I have attempted to situate the way he perceived the birth and flourishing of the hermeneutic of the self during the period of Imperial Rome, its disappearance, in the Classics Age, and its resurrection in the XIX century. I attempted to explain the meaning of this historical perspective on a long range level, on a philosophical and historical horizon. I have henceforth attempted to articulate the ‘modus operandi’ called the ‘history of the modes of subjectiveness’, that characterizes his endeavour of the 1980s with the archaeology of knowing and the geneology of power that characterizes his research during the two previous decades. Thus I have attempted, properly speaking, to characterize spirituality as a form of the constitution of the self in itself as a parallel to the fabrication of the subject by the other in the formation of the subject as subjected.

scholarly journals OUT OF TIME CHARACTERS IN LITERARY WORKS OF 1859: “FAMILY HAPPINESS” BY LEV TOLSTOY, “OBLOMOV” BY IVAN GONCHAROV, “A HOUSE OF GENTLEFOLK” BY IVAN TURGENEV

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 859-869
Author(s):  
G.M. Rebel
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
Historical Specificity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lev Tolstoy ◽  
Xix Century

The article is a comparative structural, thematic and genre analysis of the works by Lev Tolstoy, Ivan Turgenev and Ivan Goncharov. The study had the following objectives: to give the genre definitions of “Family Happiness”, “Oblomov” and “A House of Gentlefolk” on the basis of structural, ideological and thematic features of the works; to compare the novels of Turgenev and Goncharov as different genre modifications; to justify the ideological character of the novel “A House of Gentlefolk”; to analyze the ideological controversy of the characters of Turgenev’s novel. As a result, the following conclusions were made. Tolstoy's “Family Happiness:, which is traditionally identified as a novel, in this case should be qualified as a novella: it has the predominant point of view which belongs to the narrator; the subject of the description are the episodes of private life presented outside of the socio-historical context of the era. Goncharov's “Oblomov” and Turgenev's “A House of Gentlefolk” present a multi-faceted, epically voluminous, large-scale picture of reality in two fundamentally different versions of the genre novel modifications. Despite the fact that in both novels the main characters are out of time, both works recreate the pre-reform atmosphere of the late 1850s, but perform it in fundamentally different ways. A mythologically-generalized, elegiac image of the past serfdom of Russia is presented in “Oblomov”. In “A House of Gentlefolk” the socio-historical specificity appears in close connection with real historical events, the lyrical beginning is organically combined with the polemical acuteness of the problem. The plot and the destinies of the characters in Turgenev's novel are determined by the ideological controversy, in which not only the main but also the secondary characters are subjectively or objectively involved, which ultimately determines the ideological character of the work. The proposed genre differentiation of the works of the three leading writers of the era allows us to give a dynamic cross-section of the literary process of the second half of the XIX century in the defining 1859 year of this period.

scholarly journals Periodization of the history of museology (on the example of Saint Petersburg museums)

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Marina Deveykis
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
State Power ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Museum Development ◽  
Original Concept

This article examines the little-studied problem of periodization of the history of museology. The author describes the existing approaches of various scholars towards periodization, conducts their critical analysis, and offers original concept. The recommended model of the development of museology is based on the criterion of evolution of state power in the country. The subject of this research is to determine the peculiarities of museum construction in Saint Petersburg (the emergence of new profile groups, changes of social functions, impact of government policy upon museology) during the imperial, Soviet and presidential periods. The proposed methodology does not repeat any of the previously proposed periodization, which defines the novelty of this work. The recommended periodization, first and foremost, would allow conducting comparative analysis of the history of museum construction in different regions, both horizontally – each period, and vertically – between the periods; secondly, it is universal tool for all researchers in solution of research tasks and problems of museology; thirdly, it provides broader regional coverage – for identification of specific, common to certain areas, processes of the development of museology, as well as for introduction of regional material into the overall trend of museum development in Russia.

scholarly journals The concept of free will

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Andrey Aleksandrovich Yurasov
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Value System ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
Xix Century

The subject of this research is the concept of free will. The modern philosophical discussions either do not explicate it, or interpret far from the traditional meaning that has been instilled into this term throughout the centuries, The goal of this article lies in the historical-philosophical reconstruction of the concept of free will. However, the interest towards achieving this goal is not limited to the sphere of history of philosophy. Understanding of the key term largely determines the fruitfulness of theoretical constructions aimed at solution of the problem of free will. The article expounds and substantiates the methodological principles the reconstruction concept of free is based upon. It is demonstrated that free will features two characteristics that can be designated as conformity and independence. Therefore, free will can be defined as the will that corresponds to the value system of an individual and is independent of external factors. Such definition summarizes the practice of utilization of this term in history of philosophy. However, since the late XIX century, and namely in the XX century, there has developed a strong tendency towards distortion of the traditional concept of free will, which implies exclusion of the characteristic of independence and defining free will through the concept of moral responsibility.

scholarly journals Formation of zemstvo statistics in the Ukrainian lands in the second half of the XIX century

2021 ◽  
pp. 169-176
Author(s):  
Yevheniia Shevtsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Statistical Surveys ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Government Statistics ◽  
Objective Indicators ◽  
Statistical Work ◽  
Practical Recommendations

The article analyzes the preconditions for the formation and formation of such a phenomenon as zemstvo statistics on Ukrainian lands. A brief description of the history of the creation of zemstvos as local governments and the scope of their activities. The author emphasizes that the main source of funds for the activities of zemstvos were local fees, which were usually levied based on the value of real estate and its profitability. To do this, special statistical work had to be carried out. These circumstances determine the intensification of statistical surveys by zemstvos. Subsequently, the authorities began to conduct large-scale investigations into the economy and social development of the region. Zemsky statisticians were among the first to develop practical recommendations and tools for statistical research, striving to obtain the most accurate and objective indicators. The comparison of provincial statistical committees as a body of government statistics and similar zemstvo bodies in methods and directions of work is given. The author assesses the significance of the achievements of zemstvos for regional history, especially in the field of economics.

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