scholarly journals Learning for Life: From Compulsory Vaccination to Vaccination Education in 19th and 20th Century Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Thießen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
German History ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Educational Models ◽  
Compulsory Vaccination ◽  
Political Approach ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

In my essay I will trace the connections between vaccination and education using examples of German history from the 19th and 20th centuries. Germany did not take a special path (Sonderweg), as one might have assumed given its historical development and the five different political systems. Rather, it is a typical example of the European political approach to vaccination. These form the background for my initial questions: what was the relationship between social order and vaccination programmes and what role did schools and educational models play in vaccination programmes? It is demonstrated that schools played a major role in both in the enforcement of compulsory vaccination and the establishment of vaccination education.

Butler English

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Hosali ◽  
Jean Aitchison
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Folk Beliefs ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Butler English is the conventional name for a reduced and simplified variety of Indian English which has been characterized as a "minimal pidgin." This paper analyzes in detail the speech of 7 speakers (aged between 17 and 65) with a view to finding out, first, the salient features of this variety of English, second, the relationship between 19th and 20th century Butler English, and third, the source of the shared features. The texts revealed a dynamic mix of universal features of pidginization, folk beliefs about English, and incipient independent constructions. This mix indicates that Butler English is neither a "minimal pidgin" nor mere "broken language." It sheds interesting light on the origins of pidgins, but shows that attempts to "pidgin-hole" pidgin-like systems are doomed to failure.

The relationship between Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria glabrata: genetic and molecular approaches

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (7) ◽  
pp. 169-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. LEWIS ◽  
C. N. PATTERSON ◽  
M. KNIGHT ◽  
C. S. RICHARDS
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
The Relationship

Biomphalaria glabrata is a major intermediate host for the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Beginning in the mid-20th century, studies were carried out with this snail species to identify the immunological and genetic components that might be involved in controlling schistosome development. A number of genetically well-defined snail stocks were derived as a direct result of these studies and have since played major roles in helping investigators to identify important cellular and humoral components in the snail/schistosome relationship. This review will explore the historical development of these stocks and describe some of the major advances in several areas of medical malacology that have been made possible by their use.

scholarly journals Material evidence? Re-approaching elite women’s seals and charters in late medieval Scotland

2021 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 301-326
Author(s):  
Rachel Meredith Davis
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Word And Image ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Different Types ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Insight Into

Medieval Scottish women’s seals remain largely unexplored compared to the scholarship on seals and sealing practice elsewhere in medieval Britain. This article has two chief aims. First, it seeks to demonstrate the insufficiencies of the 19th- and 20th-century Scottish seal catalogues as a mediated record of material evidence and the use of them as comprehensive and go-to reference texts within current research on late medieval Scotland. This includes a discussion of the ways in which medieval seals survive as original impressions, casts and illustrations and how these different types of evidence can be used in the construction and reconstruction of the seal’s and charter’s context. Second, this paper will explore the materiality and interconnectedness of seals and the charters to which they are attached. A reading of these two objects together emphasises the legal function of the seal and shows its distinctive purpose as a representational object. While the seal was used in con-texts beyond the basic writ charter, it remained a legally functional and (auto)biographical object, and, as such, the relationship between seal and charter informs meaning in representational identities expressed in both. The article will apply this approach to several examples of seals belonging to 14th- and 15th-century Scottish countesses. Evidence reviewed this way provides new insight into Scottish women’s sealing practice and female use of heraldic device. The deficiencies of assuming women’s design to be formulaic or that their seals can be usefully interpreted in isolation from the charters to which they were attached will be highlighted. The interconnectedness of word and image conveyed personal links and elite ambitions, and promoted noble lineage within the legal context of charter production.

scholarly journals Historical Retrospective of the Phenomenon of Populism and Political Demagogy

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
O. Tsapko
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
General Description ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Mass Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Trend ◽  
Historical Retrospect ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Relationship

The article gives a general description of the phenomenon of populism and political demagoguery through the prism of their historical development. The author pays special attention to the disclosure of the essence of the concepts of “populism” and “political demagoguery”, while defining their common features and differences. In particular, it is noted that despite their outward resemblance, populism and demagoguery are not identical. Thus, populism provides a much less negative way of gaining popularity among the masses than demagoguery, because demagogues speculate on the real problems of their audience, present events, views of the opponent in a false light, resort to falsification of facts. In modern political practice, populism is a much more complex and ambiguous phenomenon, and demagoguery is only one of its many tools and strategies. In this aspect, the concept of “politicking” is close in meaning, which, along with demagoguery, is one of the negative manifestations of populism. The article also makes one of the first attempts to identify the main periods of historical development of populism and political demagoguery, while determining the main directions of their evolution. At the same time, examining populism and political demagoguery in historical retrospect, we can also conclude that the objective conditions for the emergence of these socio-political phenomena were related to the social trend, according to which the masses are only the object of politics. Subjective preconditions for the emergence and spread of populism are caused by the imperfection of the relationship “domination – subordination”, the dominance of mass society. In general, the study concludes that the functioning and prevalence of populism and political demagoguery in modern political systems is characterized by its determinism of cultural, historical, political characteristics of countries.

scholarly journals A Nightmare on the Brains of the Living: Repeating the Past and Imagining a Future

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (49-50) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel Bolt Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Realistic Approach ◽  
The Future ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

In a historical situation characterised by crisis, wars and widespread protests the question of the relationship between past Left-revolutionary endeavours and present political challenges is of utmost importance for the possibility of mounting an anti-systemic challenge to capitalism. T. J. Clark’s essay ‘For a Left with No Future’ argues that the future-oriented stance of the 19th and 20th Century Left turned the Left into a disastrous dobbel- gänger of capitalist modernity causing havoc and death instead of being a genuine opposition to capitalism. The great refusals have to be replaced with a ‘modest’ and more ‘realistic’ approach, Clark argues, enabling the Left to understand the human propensity to violence and therefore engaging in a kind of anti-war activism. This article rejects Clark’s analysis and tries to save the revolutionary perspective Clark is trying to get rid of arguing that it is indeed the Left that we have to bury. Juxtaposing Clark’s argument with a reading of Michèle Bernstein’s ‘Victories of the Proletariat’ made as part of the 1963 Situationist exhibition ‘Destruction of RSG-6’ the article attempts to contribute to the re-formulation of a contemporary revolutionary position on the basis of the breakdown of the programmatic Left.

ABU BAKR IBN AL-MUNDHIR, AMPUTATION, AND THE ART OF IJTIHĀD

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott C. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Semantic Shift ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Few Islamic concepts have undergone as radical a semantic shift over the past couple of centuries as ijtihād. This Arabic term, confined for centuries to sophisticated works of legal theory (uṣūl al-fiqh), has been liberated and transformed into the handmaiden of modern Muslim reformists throughout the world. Numerous Western scholars have investigated either the classical legal ijtihād of the first definition above or the modern employment of ijtihād among reformists encapsulated in the second, succinct gloss of this word. Valuable studies have been published on topics ranging from the relationship between ijtihād and writing fatwas (iftāء) to the so-called “closure of the gate of ijtihād” to the role of ijtihād in 19th- and 20th-century reform movements. In short, ijtihād is ubiquitous in modern studies and formulations of Islam.

Hiob in Gath. Deutsch-jüdische Lektüren von Lessings "Nathan der Weise"

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justus Fetscher
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Moses Mendelssohn ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
German Jewish ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe paper presents a series of German-Jewish readings of Lessing's "Nathan the Wise" (1779) stretching from the Enlightenment to the early post-1945 period. Already the first Jewish reader, Moses Mendelssohn, did not focus his interpretation of this drama on the so-called "parabel of the rings," where Nathan is commonly said to preach religious tolerance. Rather, Mendelssohn concentrates on act IV, scene 7, which expounds Lessing's concept of the relationship between Judaism and Christianity and Nathan's experience of Christian persecution. With the upsurge of German anti-Semitism in the late 19th and 20th century, this scene served first as a sign of German-Christian empathy for Jewish suffering, and thus of hope, then as a reminder of recent prosecutions. It seemed to foreshadow, and eventually became overshadowed by, the Shoah.

scholarly journals Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Globalen Linken

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (177) ◽  
Author(s):  
Immanuel Wallerstein
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
World System ◽  
World Order ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Resistance Movements ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

This essay discusses the historical development of working class and resistance movements within the modern world-system. Departing from the French Revolution and the three modern ideologies – conservatism, liberalism, and radicalism – that emerged in its aftermath, the essay contextualizes social movements and political currents of the 19th and 20th century, and analyzes their relationships among each other, as well as their relationships to political power and to the state. Drawing from these lessons, the essay finally tackles the challenges that the divided Global Left is currently facing in its political struggle over a new, democratic, and egalitarian world-order.

Control without Opposition

1966 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy J. Wjatr ◽  
Adam Przeworski
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Party System ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

The historical development of western civilization has produced several patterns of political opposition deeply rooted and relatively well established in the political systems. This opposition is usually identified with the control of the governed over the government : it is maintained that opposition is at the same time a sufficient and a necessary condition for the existence of such control. Opposition, as the term is commonly used, has the following characteristics : (a) it is political; (b) it is institutionalized in the form of a party or parties; and (c) it is often said that it is also ‘responsible’, i.e., it does not extend to obstruction of the government's actions. In order to define more precisely the relationship between opposition and control, we must ask two questions of a more specific nature: (i) is opposition a sufficient condition for effective control? And (ii) is it a condition sine qua non for any kind of political control? In spite of some ideological assertions, it seems clear that the answers to both questions are negative. Since the problem of opposition in the two- and multiparty systems is discussed elsewhere, we shall focus here on those mechanisms of control which present an alternative to opposition as institutionalized in the party system.

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