Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Studies of an Ethanol/Water Extract of Euphorbia scordifolia Jacq (Euphorbiaceae) in Mice and in Rats

Euphorbia scordifolia is used in Cameroon as galactagogue and in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. This work was undertaken to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicities of ethanol/water extract of Euphorbia scordifolia (EWEs). Acute toxicity study was carried out by oral administration of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g/kg body weight of EWEs to mice in the respective groups. Subchronic toxicity study was conducted by oral administration of the extract at daily doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg body weight to another group of rats for 28 days, while rats in the control group received 10 mL/kg body weight of distilled water. Following the 28-day treatment, the rats were sacrificed for hematological, biochemical and histopathology studies. In the acute toxicity study, EWEs was found to be non-toxic at a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight. The subchronic treatment with EWEs did not alter either the body weight gain or the food and water consumption. Biochemical analysis did not show any significant differences in any of the parameters examined in males or females. Hematological analysis showed a significant decrease (P<0.01) in white blood cells and red blood cells in males treated with 100 mg/kg bw and a significant (P<0.01) decrease in hemoglobin and hemoglobin hematocrit in all treated females. Necropsy and histopathological examination revealed some slight hepatic necrosis with the dose 100 mg/kg bw. It would be necessary to use the ethanol/water extract for short periods (<4 weeks). Thus, the plant, at least its ethanol/water extract, could be considered with a wide margin of safety for short-term oral use.

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Withania frutescens. L Extract: Phytochemical Characterization and Acute and Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Studies in Mice

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/1976298 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Abdelfattah EL Moussaoui ◽

Mohammed Bourhia ◽

Fatima Zahra Jawhari ◽

Imane Es-safi ◽

Syed Saeed Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Subacute Toxicity ◽

Acute Toxicity Study

Background. Withania frutescens. L (W. frutescens) is a perennial woody medicinal plant belonging to family Solanaceae largely used by the indigenous population to Morocco for the treatment of disease. Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical composition, acute, and subacute toxicity of W. frutescens extract in mice. Materials and Methods. The phytochemical composition of W. frutescens extract was determined using a gas chromatograph (GC/MS). Acute toxicity study was carried out in mice through oral administration of single doses 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg for 14 days. Subacute toxicity was performed with oral administration of repeated doses 500 and 2000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, and creatinine), as well as histopathological changes potentially occurred in organs, (liver, kidney, and spleen) were evaluated. Results. The results of chromatographic analysis showed the richness of W. frutescens extract in interesting phytochemical compounds majorly constituted of bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-(C10H16). Regarding acute toxicity study, the results showed no clinical symptoms occurred in treated mice compared to the control group and no histological changes detected in analyzed organs of treated mice with dose put to 2000 mg/kg nor adverse effect on biochemical parameters. Conclusion. The outcome of this work showed no toxic effect of W. frutescens in mice up to dose 2000 mg/kg bodyweight. Therefore, this study could scientifically validate further traditional use with safety in the range of tested doses.

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Protective Effects of the Traditional Herbal Formula Oryeongsan Water Extract on Ethanol-Induced Acute Gastric Mucosal Injury in Rats

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2012/438191 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Woo-Young Jeon ◽

Mee-Young Lee ◽

In-Sik Shin ◽

Hye-Sun Lim ◽

Hyeun-Kyoo Shin

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Gastric Mucosa ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Water Extract ◽

Mucosal Injury ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Gastric Injury ◽

Acute Toxicity Study

This study was performed to evaluate the protective effect and safety of Oryeongsan water extract (OSWE) on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury and an acute toxicity study in rats. Acute gastric lesions were induced via intragastric oral administration of absolute ethanol at a dose of 5 mL/kg. OSWE (100 and 200 mg/kg) was administered to rats 2 h prior to the oral administration of absolute ethanol. The stomach of animal models was opened and gastric mucosal lesions were examined. Gastric mucosal injuries were evaluated by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In the acute toxicity study, no adverse effects of OSWE were observed at doses up to 2000 mg/kg/day. Administration of OSWE reduced the damage by conditioning the gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced acute gastric injury, which included hemorrhage, hyperemia, and loss of epithelial cells. The level of MDA was reduced in OSWE-treated groups compared with the ethanol-induced group. Moreover, the level of GSH and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased in the OSWE-treated groups. Our findings suggest that OSWE has a protective effect on the gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced acute gastric injury via the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes.

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Study on the Effect of Oral Administration of Bacteriophages in Charles Foster Rats With Special Reference to Immunological and Adverse Effects

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.615445 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Mayank Gangwar ◽

Sonam Rastogi ◽

Digvijay Singh ◽

Alka Shukla ◽

Neeraj Dhameja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effect ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Adverse Reactions ◽

Phage Therapy ◽

Immunological Response ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Acute Toxicity Study

Numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies have recently demonstrated the significant role of phage therapy in treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. However, only a few researchers have focused on monitoring the phage-mediated adverse reactions during phage therapy. Besides adverse reactions, immunological response after short- and long-term oral administration of bacteriophages is also lacking. In this study, we administered the bacteriophages orally against Klebsiella pneumoniae XDR strain in dosages of 1015 PFU/ml and a 1020 PFU/ml (still higher) to Charles Foster rats as a single dose (in acute toxicity study) and daily dosage for 28 days (in sub-acute toxicity study). One milliliter suspension of bacteriophages was administered through the oral gavage feeding tube. No adverse effect was observed in any of the experimental as well as in the control animals.Further, an insignificant change in food and water intake and body weight was observed throughout the study period compared with the control group rats. On the 28th day of phage administration, blood was collected to estimate hematological, biochemical, and cytokines parameters. The data suggested no difference in the hematological, biochemical, and cytokine profile compared to the control group. No significant change in any of the treatment groups could be observed on the gross and histopathological examinations. The cytokines estimated, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-4, IL-6, and INF-gamma, were found within the normal range during the experiment. The results suggested no adverse effect, including the severe detrimental impact on oral administration of high (1015 PFU/ml) and very high dose (1020 PFU/ml) of the bacteriophages cocktail. The high and long-term oral administration of bacteriophages did not induce noticeable immunological response as well.

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Dose and time-dependent acute and subchronic oral toxicity study of propoxazepam in mice and rats

International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology ◽

10.14419/ijpt.v8i1.29531 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nikolay Yakovlevich Golovenko ◽

Valentina Nikolayevna Kovalenko ◽

Vitalii Borisovich Larionov ◽

Аnatoliy Semenovich Reder

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Oral Administration ◽

The Body ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Male Rats ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Male And Female ◽

Organ Weights ◽

Female Mice

Propoxazepam, 7-bromo-5 - (o-chlorophenyl)-3-propoxy - 1,2-dihydro - 3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, in the models of nociceptive and neuropathic pain showed significant analgesic activity. In order to explore clinical potential of propoxazepam for long term human consumption, toxicology testing in laboratory animals using well-accepted international guidelines is required. Acute toxicity tests were conducted by the oral administration of 2500; 3500; 4000; 4500 and 5000 mg/kg body weight to male and female mice and rats for a period of 3, 7 and 14 day. In subacute study, male rats were administered with various doses of propoxazepam (0.9, 4.5, and 9.0 mg/kg) to evaluate its toxicity for a period of 90 days. The effect of propoxazepam on body weight gain and organ weights, food and water consumptions were analyzed. From the present study, it can be concluded that the acute (3, 7 and 14 days) and subchronic (90 days) oral administrations of propoxazepam did not produce any clinical signs of toxicity or mortality of the male and female mice and rats. These results revealed that the LD50 of propoxazepam is greater than 5000 mg/kg and it therefore, belongs to the category V of relatively non-toxic substances according to the GHS. In the acute toxicity study, neither mortality no significant change in the body weight and the relative organ weights were recorded in all treated mice and rats. Present data set revealed that there wasn`t a strong correlation between body weight with food and water consumptions. The result indicates that the oral administration of propoxazepam did not produce any significant toxic effect in mice and rats and the substance can be safely used for therapeutic use in pharmaceutical formulations.

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PHARMACOGNOSTIC, ANTIOXIDANT AND ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF Ficus sycomorus (Linn) (Moraceae) ROOT AND STEM BARK

FUDMA Journal of Sciences ◽

10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-244 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 605-614

Author(s):

Murtala M. Namadina ◽

H. Haruna ◽

U. Sanusi

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Stem Bark ◽

The Body ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Root Extract ◽

Acute Toxicity Study ◽

Radical Scavenging Ability ◽

Phytochemical Components

Most of biochemical reactions in the body generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are involved in the pathogenesis of oxidative stress-related disorders like diabetes, nephrotoxicity, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, inflammation and neurological disorders when they attack biochemical molecules like proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. Antioxidants are used to protect the cells or tissues against potential attack by ROS. Most medicinal plants possess a rich source of antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids among others. These phytochemicals are currently pursued as an alternative and complimentary drug. In this study, phytochemical components, antioxidant and acute toxicity study of the methanol extract of stem bark and root of F. sycomorus were carried out using standard methods. Findings from this study revealed the presence of some diagnostic microscopical features such as calcium oxalate, starch, gum/mucilage, lignin, Aleurone grain, suberized/Cuticular cell wall and inulin but calcium carbonate was absent in stem bark but present in the powdered root. Quantitative physical constants include moisture contents (6.40% and 7.82%), ash value (7.20% and 9.30 %) in stem bark and root respectively. Carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycoside, steroid, triterpenes and phenols were present in all the extracts. They were found to exhibit potent 1,1,-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the extracts showed the following trend Ascorbic acid < stem bark extract˃ root extract. The LD50 of the methanolic stem bark and root extracts were found to be greater than 5000 mg /kg and is considered safe for use. Nonetheless, further

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Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Asiasari radix Extract in Mice

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1080/10915810701352887 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 247-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

T. Ramesh ◽

K. Lee ◽

H. W. Lee ◽

S. J. Kim

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

The Body ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Acute Oral Toxicity ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Organ Weights ◽

Icr Mice

Acute oral toxicity of methanol extract of Asiasari radix was evaluated in ICR mice of both sexes. In this study, mice were administrated orally with dosages of 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight of Asiasari radix extract. Mortality, signs of toxicity, body weight, food consumption, and gross findings were observed for 14 days post treatment of Asiasari radix extract. No mortality, signs of toxicity, and abnormalities in gross findings were observed. In addition, no significant differences were noticed in the body and organ weights between the control and treated groups of both sexes. These results show that the methanol extract of Asiasari radix is toxicologically safe by oral administration.

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Study of acute toxicity of the drug «Kolidev 8M» with a single intragastric injection in laboratory animals

ScienceRise Biological Science ◽

10.15587/2519-8025.2021.235952 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 44-48

Author(s):

Roman Sachuk ◽

Yaroslav Stravskyy ◽

Bogdan Gutyj ◽

Tetiana Velesyk ◽

Orest Katsaraba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Control Group ◽

Intragastric Administration ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Class Iii ◽

Absolute Weight ◽

Class Iv

«Kolidev 8M» (powder for oral use) is a veterinary drug used to treat ornamental birds (pheasants, peacocks) in diseases of the digestive tract caused by microorganisms sensitive to colistin. In the study of the drug «Kolidev 8M» for oral administration, along with the confirmation of therapeutic properties, it is necessary to determine the LD50 obtained in the process of studying acute toxicity. The aim of research. The aim of research was to determine the acute toxicity of the veterinary drug «Kolidev 8M» (powder for oral administration) under the conditions of intragastric administration to white mice. Materials and methods of research. To achieve this aim, an experiment was conducted on 114 males of nonlinear white mice kept under optimal conditions in the vivarium of DEVIE LLC (Rivne, Ukraine). In the first series of experiments on the principle of analogues was formed control and three experimental groups of 6 animals each (n=6). The drug in the form of a solution was administered once orally using a esophageal gastric tube in doses of 500,0; 2000,0 and 4000,0 mg/kg body weight by absolute weight of the drug. The animals of the control group were injected with distilled water. After taking into account the results of the first experiment in the next experiment, 6 experimental groups were formed – mice, which were administered the drug «Kolidev 8M» in the form of a solution in doses (by absolute weight of the drug) – 500,0; 1000,0; 1500,0; 2000.0; 2500,0; 3000,0; 3500 and 4000,0 mg/kg body weight, as well as the control group – animals that were injected with distilled water with a volume of 0.5 cm3 according to similar regulations (Zapadniuk, 1983; Kotsiumbas, 2005; Karkyshchenko & Hrachev, 2010). There were 6 animals in each group (n=6). After their death, a pathological autopsy was performed (Zharov A. et al., 2003). The average lethal dose of LD50 was calculated by the method of probit analysis by Prozorovsky V.B. Research results. According to the results of research, it was found that the LD50 of the drug «Kolidev 8M» (powder for oral administration) under the conditions of its single intragastric administration to male mice is 2024,72±232,45 mg/kg, LD10 – 392,87 mg/kg, LD16 – 751,56 mg/kg, LD84 – 3297,88 mg/kg, LD90 – 3656,57 mg/kg, LD100 – 3934,47 mg/kg body weight, respectively. According to the results of an acute toxicological experiment with intragastric administration of the drug «Kolidev 8M» to white male mice, LD50 was 2024,72±232,45 mg/kg body weight. This allows, according to toxicity, to refer this drug to class IV – low-toxic substances (LD50 501,0-5000,0 mg/kg body weight), and the degree of danger to class III – moderately safe substances (LD50 151,0-5000,0 mg/kg body weight). Conclusions and prospects for further research. The drug «Kolidev 8M» in terms of toxicity belongs to class IV – low-toxic substances, and the degree of danger to class III – moderately safe substances. Further studies will be the next stage of pre-registration trials aimed at studying the subacute toxicity of the drug «Kolidev 8M»

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Comparative Efficacy of Barbados Lilac, Pineapple And Benazol® Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Cattle

Progressive Agriculture ◽

10.3329/pa.v19i1.17107 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 51-59

Author(s):

MR Amin ◽

M Mostofa ◽

MA Awal ◽

ML Sharmin

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Water Extract ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

The Body ◽

Ananas Comosus ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Melia Azedarach ◽

Control Group

The effect of barbados lilac (Melia azedarach, Linn., @100 mg/kg bwt. ), pineapple (Ananas comosus, Merr., @100mg/kg bwt.) and Benazol® (albendazole, @7.5 mg/kg bwt.) against natural gastrointestinal nematodes were studied in cattle. Their effect of TEC, Hb, PCV, TLC, ALT, AST and body weight were observed. Twenty four (24) naturally parasitized cattle of BAU Dairy Farm, Mymensingh were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of six (6) cattle. Water extract of leaves of barbados lilac and pineapple were administered orally to the cattle of group A and B, respectively. Cattle of group C were treated with Benazol® orally. Cattle of group D was kept as infected control group. Fecal samples, body weight, hematological and biochemical parameters were examined before treatment and on 3rd, 10th, 17th and 28th day. A significant (p<0.01) reduction of EPG count was found following administration of barbados lilac (39.11-60.07%), pineapple (29.50-45.36%) and Benazol® (62.19-90.44%) in cattle. Whereas EPG increased significantly (p<0.01) in control group throughout the experimental period. After treatment with barbados lilac, pineapple and Benazol®, total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin (Hb) content and packed cell volume (PCV) were gradually increased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) in cattle. Conversely, the total leukocyte count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) in treated cattle. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level were not significantly changed in the cattle. The body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) in barbados lilac, pineapple and Benazol® treated cattle.In contrast, body weight was decreased in control group. The present study reveals that water extracts of barbados lilac leaves were moderately effective and pineapple leaves were relatively less effective against mixed gastrointestinal nematode infections in cattle.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.17107 Progress. Agric. 19(1): 51 - 59, 2008

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Effects of neem, betel leaf, devil's tree, jute and turmeric against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v8i2.7935 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 259-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MR Amin ◽

M Mostofa ◽

MN Islam ◽

MA Asgar

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Water Extract ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Betel Leaf ◽

Group A

Effects of neem, betel leaf, devil’s tree, jute and turmeric against natural gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and on some hematological parameters (TEC, Hb and PCV) and body weight were studied. Thirty (30) naturally parasitized sheep were randomly divided into six groups(A, B, C, D, E and F), each consisting of five sheep. Ten percent water extract of leaves of neem, betel leaf, devil’s tree and jute were administered orally to the sheep of group A, B, C and D, respectively. Sheep of group E was treated orally with 10% water extract of rhizome of turmeric. Sheep of group F was kept as infected control group. Fecal samples, hematological parameters and body weight were examined before treatment and on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day. A significant (p<0.01) reduction of EPG count was found following administration of neem (37.60-47.03%), betel leaf (6.43-14.00%), devil’s tree (3.04-11.04%), jute (0.50-5.26%) and turmeric (0.46-8.30) in sheep. The EPG count of the control group (F) were significantly (p<0.01) increased up to the last day of experimental period. After treatment with neem, betel leaf, devil’s tree, jute and turmeric total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin (Hb) content and packed cell volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) in sheep. The body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) in neem, betel leaf, devil’s tree, jute and turmeric treated sheep. On the other hand, body weight was decreased in untreated control group. The present study reveal that 10% water extract of neem was moderately effective and betel leaf, devil’s tree, jute and turmeric were relatively less effective against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Keywords: Neem; Betel leaf; Devil’s tree; Jute; Turmeric; Gastrointestinal nematode DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v8i2.7935 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 8(2): 259-263, 2010

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Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract from the stem bark of Bois Bande (Parinari campestris Aubl.1772) in rats

BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology ◽

10.1186/s40360-021-00522-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Venkatesan Sundaram ◽

Stephanie Mohammed ◽

M. R. Srinivasan ◽

Jenelle Johnson ◽

Rod Suepaul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Oral Dose ◽

Conventional Medicine ◽

Sperm Count ◽

Scientific Data ◽

The Body ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽

Subacute Toxicity ◽

Acute Toxicity Study

Abstract Introduction The bark of Bois Bande (Parinari campestris) is a popular aphrodisiac in the Caribbean that has been traditionally used for many years to restore sexual vitality, increase sperm count, and treat erectile dysfunction, without valid scientific data. Acute and 28-day subacute toxicity studies were conducted to evaluate the safety of the hydroalcoholic extract of P.campestris bark and to find a safe dose for human use in conventional medicine. Methods The acute toxicity study used a single oral dose of P.campestris extract at four separate doses, 5, 50, 300, and 2,000 mg/kg, and was seen for 14 days, while the subacute toxicity study used a daily oral dose of P.campestris extract at 3 different doses, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Results The LD50 of P.campestris extract was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg in the acute toxicity study. P.campestris extract did not show toxicity at 1000 mg/kg/day in subacute toxicity trial; NOAEL was 1000 mg/kg/day in rats. However, the body weight was increased in males. Conclusion In conclusion, 1000 mg/kg P.campestris extract can be considered safe and non-toxic in males.

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