scholarly journals Withania frutescens. L Extract: Phytochemical Characterization and Acute and Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Studies in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Abdelfattah EL Moussaoui ◽  
Mohammed Bourhia ◽  
Fatima Zahra Jawhari ◽  
Imane Es-safi ◽  
Syed Saeed Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study

Background. Withania frutescens. L (W. frutescens) is a perennial woody medicinal plant belonging to family Solanaceae largely used by the indigenous population to Morocco for the treatment of disease. Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical composition, acute, and subacute toxicity of W. frutescens extract in mice. Materials and Methods. The phytochemical composition of W. frutescens extract was determined using a gas chromatograph (GC/MS). Acute toxicity study was carried out in mice through oral administration of single doses 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg for 14 days. Subacute toxicity was performed with oral administration of repeated doses 500 and 2000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, and creatinine), as well as histopathological changes potentially occurred in organs, (liver, kidney, and spleen) were evaluated. Results. The results of chromatographic analysis showed the richness of W. frutescens extract in interesting phytochemical compounds majorly constituted of bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-(C10H16). Regarding acute toxicity study, the results showed no clinical symptoms occurred in treated mice compared to the control group and no histological changes detected in analyzed organs of treated mice with dose put to 2000 mg/kg nor adverse effect on biochemical parameters. Conclusion. The outcome of this work showed no toxic effect of W. frutescens in mice up to dose 2000 mg/kg bodyweight. Therefore, this study could scientifically validate further traditional use with safety in the range of tested doses.

Safety Evaluation of Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oils through Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity and Skin Irritation in Mice and Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-195
Author(s):  
Berhan Mengiste ◽  
Tizazu Zenebe ◽  
Kassahun Dires ◽  
Ermias Lulekal ◽  
Awol Mekonnen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Limit Test ◽  
Ointment Formulation

Background: The Eucalyptus globulus extractions have been used by the traditional healers to treat diseases in the study area. Our previous study revealed that the essential oil has antimicrobial and antifungal activity. This study determined phytochemical analysis, skin irritation, acute and subacute toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil in mice and rats. Methods: The phytochemicals were analyzed using GC-MS mass spectrometry. The acute toxicity study was determined at three dose levels of 1500 mg/kg, 1750mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg. The essential oil limit test at a dose of 1000 mg/kg was administered to mice for 28 consecutive days for sub-acute toxicity study. The mice mortality, behavioral change, injury and other signs of illness were recorded once daily. Biochemical parameters were evaluated. Liver and kidney were analyzed for histopathological analyses. The 5% ointment formulation was applied to the rat skin to determine skin irritation effects. Results: The Eucalyptus globulus essential oil showed no effect on the mice at a dose of 1500mg/kg and below, but caused signs of toxicity and death at a dose of 1750mg/kg and above compared to the controls (p<0.05). The LD50 value was 1650 mg/kg. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the body weights, gross abnormalities of the organs and biochemical parameters compared to the control at 1000 mg/kg subacute toxicity study. No histopathological changes were detected in the organs tested. The 5% ointment formulation did not show any abnormal skin reaction. Discussion: In the present study, the Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was comparable with other studies in terms of both chemical composition and its effects on sub-acute and topical application. Conclusion: This toxicity study demonstrated that Eucalyptus globulus essential oil is nontoxic at a relatively lower concentration.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Identification, Acute, and Sub-Acute Oral Toxicity Studies of the Foliar Extract of Withania frutescens

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelfattah EL Moussaoui ◽  
Mohammed Bourhia ◽  
Fatima Zahra Jawhari ◽  
Hamza Mechchate ◽  
Meryem Slighoua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Repeated Doses

Withania frutescens (W. frutescens) is a medicinal plant widely used to treat several diseases. This work aims to study phytochemical composition as well as acute and subacute toxicity of W. frutescens hydroethanolic extract in mice. The phytochemical composition of W. frutescens extract was performed using gas chromatographic analysis. Acute toxicity was studied in vivo with oral administration of single doses 400 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg for 14 days. Subacute toxicity was studied with the administration of repeated doses of 400 mg/kg/day and 2000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Phytochemical analysis of W. frutescens hydro-ethanolic extract confirmed the presence of interesting chemical compounds. Acute toxicity results showed no toxic symptoms in mice treated with an increasing dose up to a maximum of 2000 mg/kg. Alongside acute toxicity, subacute data showed no clinical symptoms nor biochemical or histological alteration in mice treated with an increasing dose up to a maximum of 2000 mg/kg compared to the control group (p < 0.05). This study shows no toxic effects in animals treated with W. frutescens extract, and, therefore, this plant can be considered safe in animals up to 2000 mg/kg under both acute and subacute toxicity conditions.

scholarly journals Study on the Effect of Oral Administration of Bacteriophages in Charles Foster Rats With Special Reference to Immunological and Adverse Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayank Gangwar ◽  
Sonam Rastogi ◽  
Digvijay Singh ◽  
Alka Shukla ◽  
Neeraj Dhameja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study

Numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies have recently demonstrated the significant role of phage therapy in treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. However, only a few researchers have focused on monitoring the phage-mediated adverse reactions during phage therapy. Besides adverse reactions, immunological response after short- and long-term oral administration of bacteriophages is also lacking. In this study, we administered the bacteriophages orally against Klebsiella pneumoniae XDR strain in dosages of 1015 PFU/ml and a 1020 PFU/ml (still higher) to Charles Foster rats as a single dose (in acute toxicity study) and daily dosage for 28 days (in sub-acute toxicity study). One milliliter suspension of bacteriophages was administered through the oral gavage feeding tube. No adverse effect was observed in any of the experimental as well as in the control animals.Further, an insignificant change in food and water intake and body weight was observed throughout the study period compared with the control group rats. On the 28th day of phage administration, blood was collected to estimate hematological, biochemical, and cytokines parameters. The data suggested no difference in the hematological, biochemical, and cytokine profile compared to the control group. No significant change in any of the treatment groups could be observed on the gross and histopathological examinations. The cytokines estimated, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-4, IL-6, and INF-gamma, were found within the normal range during the experiment. The results suggested no adverse effect, including the severe detrimental impact on oral administration of high (1015 PFU/ml) and very high dose (1020 PFU/ml) of the bacteriophages cocktail. The high and long-term oral administration of bacteriophages did not induce noticeable immunological response as well.

scholarly journals Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Studies of an Ethanol/Water Extract of Euphorbia scordifolia Jacq (Euphorbiaceae) in Mice and in Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 18-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Archange Tagne Fokam ◽  
Paul Aimé Noubissi ◽  
René Kamgang
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Hematological Analysis

Euphorbia scordifolia is used in Cameroon as galactagogue and in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. This work was undertaken to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicities of ethanol/water extract of Euphorbia scordifolia (EWEs). Acute toxicity study was carried out by oral administration of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g/kg body weight of EWEs to mice in the respective groups. Subchronic toxicity study was conducted by oral administration of the extract at daily doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg body weight to another group of rats for 28 days, while rats in the control group received 10 mL/kg body weight of distilled water. Following the 28-day treatment, the rats were sacrificed for hematological, biochemical and histopathology studies. In the acute toxicity study, EWEs was found to be non-toxic at a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight. The subchronic treatment with EWEs did not alter either the body weight gain or the food and water consumption. Biochemical analysis did not show any significant differences in any of the parameters examined in males or females. Hematological analysis showed a significant decrease (P<0.01) in white blood cells and red blood cells in males treated with 100 mg/kg bw and a significant (P<0.01) decrease in hemoglobin and hemoglobin hematocrit in all treated females. Necropsy and histopathological examination revealed some slight hepatic necrosis with the dose 100 mg/kg bw. It would be necessary to use the ethanol/water extract for short periods (<4 weeks). Thus, the plant, at least its ethanol/water extract, could be considered with a wide margin of safety for short-term oral use.

Acute toxicity of Potentilla anserina L. extract in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dul Dram ◽  
Cui-Zhu Zhao ◽  
Qin-Ge Ma ◽  
Jun-Wei He ◽  
Jia-Jie Duo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Maximum Dose ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Organ Index ◽  
Potentilla Anserina ◽  
Safety Range

AbstractPotentilla anserina L. is not only a medicinal plant, but also a traditional cuisine. Hence, an acute toxicity study was performed to confirm its safety profile. Forty Kunming mice were randomly divided into two groups: control group and P. anserina L. extract group. Using the maximum dosage method, the P. anserina L. extract group was given the maximum dose within 12 h, equivalent to 345.6 g/kg crude drug. The control group was given distilled water. After administration, toxicity symptoms of mice were observed, body weight and food intake were recorded. After 14 days, blood was collected to measure biochemical parameters, autopsy was carried out to observe the changes of organs, and the vital organs were separated, weighed, and preserved for histopathological examination. The results showed that P. anserina L. extract group had no toxic symptoms. The activity, weight, and diet of mice were normal, and no abnormality was found in organ index, renal function, liver function, anatomical observation, and histopathological examination. Therefore, the maximum oral dosage (345.6 g/kg) of P. anserina L. was good safety. This study indicated that P. anserina L. had a large safety range and the clinical application was safe.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity Study of Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Flour Macerated with Strobilanthes crispus in Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (A) ◽  
pp. 976-981
Author(s):  
Rizka Qurrota A’yun ◽  
Uswatun Hasanah ◽  
Hamam Hadi ◽  
Mustofa Mustofa ◽  
Eva Nurinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Urinary Protein ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Strobilanthes Crispus

BACKGROUND: Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is a local tuber food that high in bioactive compound glucomannan. It uses are limited due to oxalate acid content which poses health risks. Strobilanthes crispus leaves could reduce the level of calcium oxalate in porang. However, there is still no study to prove its safety. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the acute oral toxicity study of porang (A. oncophyllus) macerated with S. crispus based on observation of mortality rate (LD50), the changes in behavior during 72 h, renal and hepatic function such as urinary protein, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels of Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus) METHODS: An acute toxicity test was conducted based on the Organization of Economic Co-Operation and Development 420 Fixed-Dose Procedure Guideline that consists of preliminary and main studies. For the preliminary study, rats were divided into control and five treatment groups with the dosage of 50, 300, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW) for each natural porang flour (NPF) and S. crispus-macerated porang flour (SPF). For the main study, rats were divided into four groups, those were NPF and SPF with the dosage of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg BW. Levels of urinary protein and blood serum SGOT and SGPT levels were measured at 0, 24, and 72 after treatment. RESULTS: The acute toxicity study showed that porang and porang macerated with S. crispus were not toxic until the highest dose of 5000 mg/kg BW. It was proved by the absence of LD50, no change in behavior, no weight losses, and also the results of biochemical tests, such as urinary protein, SGOT, and SGPT which were still in the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: Porang flour and SPF were concluded as non-toxic food based on acute toxicity study.

scholarly journals Acute Oral Toxicity of Pinnatoxin G in Mice

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Sosa ◽  
Marco Pelin ◽  
Federica Cavion ◽  
Fabienne Hervé ◽  
Philipp Hess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study

Pinnatoxin G (PnTx-G) is a marine cyclic imine toxin produced by the dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, frequently detected in edible shellfish from Ingril Lagoon (France). As other pinnatoxins, to date, no human poisonings ascribed to consumption of PnTx-G contaminated seafood have been reported, despite its potent antagonism at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and its high and fast-acting toxicity after intraperitoneal or oral administration in mice. The hazard characterization of PnTx-G by oral exposure is limited to a single acute toxicity study recording lethality and clinical signs in non-fasted mice treated by gavage or through voluntary food ingestion, which showed differences in PnTx-G toxic potency. Thus, an acute toxicity study was carried out using 3 h-fasted CD-1 female mice, administered by gavage with PnTx-G (8–450 µg kg−1). At the dose of 220 µg kg−1 and above, the toxin induced a rapid onset of clinical signs (piloerection, prostration, hypothermia, abdominal breathing, paralysis of the hind limbs, and cyanosis), leading to the death of mice within 30 min. Except for moderate mucosal degeneration in the small intestine recorded at doses of 300 µg kg−1, the toxin did not induce significant morphological changes in the other main organs and tissues, or alterations in blood chemistry parameters. This acute oral toxicity study allowed to calculate an oral LD50 for PnTx-G equal to 208 μg kg−1 (95% confidence limits: 155–281 µg kg−1) and to estimate a provisional NOEL of 120 µg kg−1.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity Study of Zerumbone-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier on BALB/c Mice Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heshu Sulaiman Rahman ◽  
Abdullah Rasedee ◽  
Hemn Hassan Othman ◽  
Max Stanley Chartrand ◽  
Farideh Namvar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Nanostructured Lipid Carrier ◽  
Serum Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Brain Tissues

Zerumbone- (ZER-) loaded nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC) (ZER-NLC) prepared for its antileukemia effectin vitrowas evaluated for its toxicological effects by observing changes in the liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart, and brain tissues, serum biochemical parameters, total haemogram, and bone marrow stem cells. The acute toxicity study for ZER-NLC was conducted by orally treating BALB/c mice with a single dose with either water, olive oil, ZER, NLC, or ZER-NLC for 14 days. The animals were observed for clinical and behavioral abnormalities, toxicological symptoms, feed consumption, and gross appearance. The liver, kidney, heart, lung, spleen, and brain tissues were assessed histologically. Total haemogram was counted by hemocytometry and microhematocrit reader. Bone marrow examination in terms of cellular morphology was done by Wright staining with bone marrow smear. Furthermore, serum biochemical parameters were determined spectrophotometrically. Grossly all treated mice, their investigated tissues, serum biochemical parameters, total haemogram, and bone marrow were normal. At oral doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg ZER-NLC there was no sign of toxicity or mortality in BALB/c mice. This study suggests that the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of ZER-NLC is higher than 200 mg/kg, thus, safe by oral administration.

scholarly journals Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract from the stem bark of Bois Bande (Parinari campestris Aubl.1772) in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatesan Sundaram ◽  
Stephanie Mohammed ◽  
M. R. Srinivasan ◽  
Jenelle Johnson ◽  
Rod Suepaul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study

Abstract Introduction The bark of Bois Bande (Parinari campestris) is a popular aphrodisiac in the Caribbean that has been traditionally used for many years to restore sexual vitality, increase sperm count, and treat erectile dysfunction, without valid scientific data. Acute and 28-day subacute toxicity studies were conducted to evaluate the safety of the hydroalcoholic extract of P.campestris bark and to find a safe dose for human use in conventional medicine. Methods The acute toxicity study used a single oral dose of P.campestris extract at four separate doses, 5, 50, 300, and 2,000 mg/kg, and was seen for 14 days, while the subacute toxicity study used a daily oral dose of P.campestris extract at 3 different doses, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Results The LD50 of P.campestris extract was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg in the acute toxicity study. P.campestris extract did not show toxicity at 1000 mg/kg/day in subacute toxicity trial; NOAEL was 1000 mg/kg/day in rats. However, the body weight was increased in males. Conclusion In conclusion, 1000 mg/kg P.campestris extract can be considered safe and non-toxic in males.

scholarly journals Acute and Subacute Toxicity Studies of the Aqueous Extract from Haloxylon scoparium Pomel (Hammada scoparia (Pomel)) by Oral Administration in Rodents

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loubna Kharchoufa ◽  
Mohamed Bouhrim ◽  
Noureddine Bencheikh ◽  
Soufiane El Assri ◽  
Asmae Amirou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Subacute Toxicity

Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Haloxylon scoparium Pomel is a herbal medicine traditionally used for treating scorpions and snakebite, diabetes, and stomachache as well as several other diseases. No systematic study of the potential toxicity of the plant has been described. Aim of the Study. The current study is aimed at assessing the potential toxicity of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel through the acute and subacute toxicity tests. Materials and Methods. Acute toxicity test was performed on Swiss albino mice at a single oral dose of 1-10 g/kg for 14 consecutive days. General behavioral adverse effects, mortality, and latency of mortality were determined. In the subacute study, the Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract was administered orally at doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg daily for 30 days to Wistar rats. Body weight and selected biochemical and hematological parameters were determined at the end of the experiment. Sections of livers and kidneys were removed for histological studies. Results. Acute toxicity study showed that the oral LD50 value of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract was 5000 mg/kg. The subacute toxicity study of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract at doses 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg did not produce any observable symptoms of toxicity and no significant variation in body weight, organ weights, food, and water consumption or mortality in all treated rats. However, the administration of the Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract to rats at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in platelets. Moreover, only at the highest dose (2000 mg/kg), the extract caused a significant increase in red blood cells and hemoglobin. Our results showed that subacute treatments with Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract at doses of 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg significantly elevated alkaline phosphatase and triglycerides. Histological studies showed that the subacute treatments of rats with Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extracts, at the doses 1000 and 2000 mg/kg, induced some histopathological changes in the livers but a slight changing in kidneys. Conclusion. Our results indicated low acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel. Furthermore, daily oral administration of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract caused some damages to the livers of rats treated with high doses, expressed by an increase in some enzyme activities such as ALP. Regarding the renal function, we did not find remarkable toxicity in the subacute treatment with Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extracts at doses 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. However, further toxicity assessments should be done to ascertain the safety or the toxicity of this valuable plant species “Haloxylon scoparium pomel” in subchronic treatments.

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