The structure of consumption of tobacco and nicotine-containing products among the population of the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-462
Author(s):  
O. O. Salagay ◽  
G. M. Sakharova ◽  
N. S. Antonov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Opinion Poll ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Structure Of Consumption

In the Russian Federation, after the adoption of Federal Law “On the Protection of Citizens' Health from the Effects of Tobacco Smoke and the Consequences of Tobacco Use”, the prevalence of smoking tobacco has significantly decreased. Reducing the consumption of smoking tobacco products led to the emergence of a new aggressive policy of tobacco companies, which resulted in the emergence of new “innovative” products and the concepts of “less harmful tobacco product” or “less harmful nicotine-containing product”. The undoubtedly aggressive advertising campaigns of tobacco companies and manufacturers of electronic cigarettes have affected the smoking behavior of tobacco consumers, which has begun to change in recent years.The purpose of this study was to study new trends in the structure of consumption of tobacco and nicotine-containing products in various age groups of the Russian Federation, as well as among men and women.Methods. Analysis of the structure of consumption of tobacco and nicotine-containing products was carried out as part of an online public opinion poll to study the level of awareness of measures to reduce the prevalence of tobacco products in the Russian Federation, initiated in 2019 by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. A total of 1 282 respondents from 73 regions of the Russian Federation took part in the survey. Among the respondents there were 447 (34.9%) men and 835 women (65.1%) aged 18 years and younger to 70 years. To conduct a comparative analysis of the structure of use of tobacco and nicotine-containing products, the frequencies of their use in different age groups, among men and women, were calculated. A statistically significant difference between the groups was confirmed by analyzing the dependence in the contingency table using the χ2 criterion.Results. A total of 432 respondents reported the use of tobacco and nicotine-containing products, which amounted to 33.7% of all respondents. The most used products were smoking tobacco (57.64%), electronic cigarettes (34.03%) and waterpipe (33.80%). However, in different age groups, the structure of their use was significantly different (p < 0.05). The highest level of electronic cigarette use, including vapors containing nicotine and electronic nicotine delivery product, were found in the age group of 18 years and younger (58.82%). In the older age groups, a significant decrease in the level of consumption was observed. Chewing tobacco and snuff were consumed by consumers significantly less than other tobacco products. Smokeless tobacco was mainly consumed by consumers aged 18 years and younger, its level was 20.58%. The highest level of waterpipe consumption was found among consumers in the age group of 19 – 29 years (53.85%), it was slightly less in the group of 18 years and younger (44.11%). The higher level of waterpipe consumption was detected (40.35%) among women than it was among men (26.47%). Many consumers indicated that they consumed several types of tobacco and nicotine-containing products. The most popular combination of products was found among consumers under the age of 30, and 20.59% of consumers aged 18 and younger consumed at the same time almost all the types of tobacco and nicotine-containing products that were presented on the market.Conclusion. The study revealed new trends in preferences for consumption of tobacco and nicotine-containing products. The new trends have significantly changed the structure of the consumption of these products among the population of Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Russian Experience of Transport Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-528
Author(s):  
D. A. Shelukhin ◽  
A. V. Karpov ◽  
M. V. Ketskalo ◽  
K. K. Gubarev
Keyword(s):  
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Hospital Survival ◽  
Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Russian Federation

Relevance. The present time can be called a period of accumulation of experience of national health systems in different countries of the world in the application of transport extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) technology at the pre- and inter-hospital stages of evacuation of patients to specialized ECMO-therapy centers. The role of such centers is to provide timely advice and, if necessary, perform inter-hospital evacuation.Material and methods. The study summarized and analyzed with the help of the national register “RosECMO” the own experience of 13 hospitals in the Russian Federation, who performed 68 inter-hospital evacuations under ECMO conditions by different modes of transport in patients of different age groups with symptoms of circulatory and respiratory failure. The following parameters were evaluated: characteristics of transport ECMO, clinical manifestations of potentially negative effects of transport, hospital survival, as well as the effect of experience (less and more than 10 cases of transport ECMO) of the presented clinics on the difference in the results obtained.Results. Connecting patients to the ECMO device reduces the likelihood of death on the SOFA and APACHE IV scales by 1.2 times (p <0.0001) and 1.4 times (p<0.0001), respectively. Despite the absence of deaths during inter-hospital transportation of patients under ECMO conditions, 14.93% of patients died within 3 days from the moment of their execution, without a significant difference in clinics with different practical experience. The overall hospital survival rate of ECMO transport scenarios in all 13 clinics of the Russian Federation was comparable to the data of the international register 48.52% versus 48.81%, at the same time it was significantly lower (1.3 times) in the group of clinics with less clinical experience 40% versus 52.08% (p<0.0001).Conclusion. The results of the first stage of the study we obtained indicate the prospects of using the method of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at the stage of inter-hospital evacuation, due to the effective stabilization of the patient’s condition and a significant reduction in the risks of the likelihood of death. Clinics with less clinical experience showed significantly worse results of hospital survival of patients who underwent inter-hospital transportation under conditions of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation compared to clinics with more clinical experience, which can be a significant argument in adopting a model for the development of specialized regional centers for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The experience accumulated over the past six years and the analysis of new data from the register of transport cases of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation of the national healthcare system will make it possible to formulate the correct trajectory for the development of the method of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and its application, including at the stage of pre- and inter-hospital evacuations of patients.

Epidemic process of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation: interim results. 2nd report

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
N.Yu. Pshenichnaya ◽  
◽  
I.A. Lizinfeld ◽  
G.Yu. Zhuravlev ◽  
A.A. Ploskireva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Moderate Disease ◽  
The Russian Federation

Objective. To perform an interim analysis of epidemiological parameters of COVID-19 related to contacts and secondary cases of infection in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. We analyzed 190,856 primary COVID-19 cases and 146,996 people who had been in contact with them. We used some data of monitoring performed by the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing in January–June 2020. We characterized the foci of infection and people who had contacts with primary COVID-19 cases and secondary cases of infection. Results. Just over half (50.02%) of study participants who had contacts with COVID-19 contacted with primary patients with mild disease, whereas 45.40% of individuals contacted with patients with moderate disease and 4.58% of individuals had contacts with patients with severe disease. Patients with mild COVID-19 interacted with more people, which resulted in a greater number of secondary cases of infection. The highest proportion of both primary COVID-19 patients and people who had contact with COVID-19 was observed in the age group of 41–64 years (44.42% and 44.51%, respectively). Approximately one third of COVID-19 patients and people who had contact with COVID-19 were 18 to 40 years old (30.20% and 34.21% respectively). The proportions of children aged 0–6 years and 7–17 years among COVID-19 patients were 2.70% and 4.02%, respectively; the same proportions among those who had contact with COVID-19 cases were 1.94 and 3.13%, respectively. Household contacts were the most common ways of COVID-19 transmission in all age groups. Patients aged between 40 and 64 years played the most significant role in the transmission of this infection in different foci. Individuals from this age group comprised 42.02% of patients infected in social institutions, 43.40% of those who had household contacts, and 47.70% of those infected at work. Conclusion. Patients with mild and moderate disease aged 18 to 64 years had the highest number of contacts and, therefore, caused the highest number of secondary cases of infection. Household contacts played the most important role in COVID-19 transmission in all age groups. Among people aged 18 to 64 years, COVID-19 transmission at work was also important. In all foci of infection, the majority of patients were in the age group of 40–64 years. Our findings can be used to optimize the preventive measures for COVID-19. Key words: epidemic process, age groups, severity, contacts, COVID-19, Russia, household contacts

The effect of age and genotype on lung function in children with cystic fibrosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
V. V. Shadrina ◽  
A. Yu. Voronkova ◽  
M. A. Starinova ◽  
O. I. Simonova ◽  
D. F. Sergienko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Functional Disorders ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Adolescent Period

Identifying the initial manifestations of pulmonary functional disorders associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) is essential for timely correction of the therapy and improvement of the prognosis.The aim of the study was to identify the age periods with the highest risk of a decrease in lung function in children with different CF genotypes.Methods. Lung function (LF) was analyzed using spirometry results in CF patients aged 6 to 18 years from the Registry of patients with cystic fibrosis in the Russian Federation 2018.Results. The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was statistically significantly lower in children aged 6 – 10 years with “severe” genotypes than in the children with “mild” genotypes. The lung function was reduced at 11 – 14 years of age in both “severe» and “mild” genotypes without any statistically significant difference. In general, the trend of a decrease in lung function in “severe” genotypes persists in the adolescent period from 15 to 18 years. The lung function is better in adolescents aged 15 – 18 with the “mild” variants of genotypes compared to the patients aged 11 – 14 years.Conclusion. The “severe” variants of CFTR negatively affect LF of CF patients in all age groups. The LF values in patients with “mild” genotypes at the age of 15 – 18 years were higher than in children aged 11 – 14 years with the same genotypes. There is a need for improved programs of medical care for adolescents with CF.

scholarly journals Prevalence of diabetes in the adult population of Novosibirsk

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Mustafina ◽  
Oksana D. Rymar ◽  
Sofiya K. Malyutina ◽  
Diana V. Denisova ◽  
Liliya V. Shcherbakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Prevalence

Aims. To estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in different age groups of the adult population of Novosibirsk, according to epidemiological studies in 20032005 and 20132016. Methods. We examined a representative population sample (assessed in 20032005) of men and women aged 4569 years in two administrative districts of Novosibirsk, as a part of the international HAPIEE project. According to the tables of random numbers, representative samples of men and women aged 4569 years were formed, to which letters were sent, inviting them to pass for examination. During 20132016, a second population survey was conducted on a random representative sample of a population of 2544-year-olds of both sexes. Participants were residents of one of the districts of Novosibirsk. T2DM and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were diagnosed using fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (diabetes: FPG 7.0 mmol/l; IFG: FPG 6.16.9 mmol/l). Results. The prevalence of T2DM among residents aged 4569 years was 11.3%, and overall, no significant difference in prevalence was found between females and males (11.3% vs. 11.0%). However, the overall prevalence of T2DM among residents aged 2544 years was 2.2%, and prevalence was higher in men (3.5%) than in women (1.1%), p 0.05. High prevalence of IFG was found in the 4569 age group (18.2%, in 20032005), and in the younger age group of 2544 years (21.6%, in 20132016). The high rate among young individuals is particularly alarming. Less than one half (4.8 out of 11.3%) of participants aged 4569 tested positive for T2DM, and only one in the age group 2544 years knew he/she had diabetes. This indicates a lack of knowledge among Siberians about their problem with diabetes. Conclusion. Approximately one in five adults had IFG. Among the adult population aged 4569 (in 20032005), 18.2% had IFG and 11.3% had T2DM. In individuals aged 2544 years in 20132016, IFG was observed in 21.6%, and 2.2% had T2DM (p0.05).

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of IgG against conformational and linear capsid antigens of parvovirus B19 in Italian blood donors

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. MANARESI ◽  
G. GALLINELLA ◽  
A. M. MORSELLI LABATE ◽  
P. ZUCCHELLI ◽  
D. ZACCARELLI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donors ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Capsid Proteins ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Linear Epitopes

Serum samples from 446 Italian blood donors between 18 and 65 years of age were analysed for the presence of IgG against parvovirus B19 capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 including conformational and linear epitopes. The overall prevalence of IgG against parvovirus B19 capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 against at least one antigen type was 79·1%. No significant difference was found between men and women. In the 18–27 years age group, 77·0% of the population had experienced infection with the virus, reaching 88·5% in the 48–57 years age group. The overall prevalence of IgG was 78·0% against conformational VP1+VP2 antigens, 74·9% against conformational VP2, 70·9% against linear VP1 and 23·3% against linear VP2 in the analysis of the IgG response against different conformational and linear epitopes of VP1 and VP2. Although IgG against conformational VP1+VP2, conformational VP2 and linear VP1 was present in more than 60% of subjects in all age groups, IgG against VP2 linear antigens was present in only 32% of subjects in the 18–27 years age group and then decreased to 20·5% in the 28–37 years age group. A different trend was noted when IgG positivity against linear and conformational epitopes was analysed separately in men and women. A significant increase was found in seroprevalence of IgG against VP2 conformational antigens with increasing age in males and a significant decrease in seroprevalence of IgG against VP2 linear antigens in women with increasing age.

scholarly journals AGE AND GENDER PECULIARITIES OF CONSUMPTION OF MACROONUTRIENTS BY THE POPULATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202
Author(s):  
R. M. Radzhabkadiev ◽  
V. C. Evstratova ◽  
K. V. Vybornaya ◽  
R. A. Khanferyan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
And Gender

The article contains the results of a survey of 11,850 persons of both sexes in eight Federal Districts of the Russian Federation. The survey was conducted on the following age groups of men and women: 12-17, 18-30, 31-45 and 46-60 years. In each group of subjects, the number of questionnaires was at least 150 persons of each sex. When comparing the consumption of macronutrients in different federal districts, it is established that there are insignificant age and gender differences in the level of their consumption. Studies have shown that the intake of proteins and carbohydrates is within the recommended consumption rates, and the fat component has been increased in the population of all federal districts of Russia.

scholarly journals HEART RATE LEVELS IN THE POPULATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DURING THE THIRTY-YEAR PERSPECTIVE

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Shalnova ◽  
V. G. Vilkov ◽  
A. V. Kapustina ◽  
A. D. Deev
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation

Heart rate (HR) acceleration is one of the risk factors of the number of prevalent chronic non-communicable diseases.Aim. To evaluate changes in mean levels of HR in the Russian Federation (RF) and the United States of America (USA) in different age and sex groups from 1975 to 2014.Material and methods. HR levels in men and women of different age groups were evaluated in the populations of the RF and the USA in 1975-1982 and in 2007-2014 by the secondary analysis of cross-sectional trials data. A total number of cases was 48974.Results. In 80th years of XX century Russian men and women of all age groups had lower HR as compared to the USA, the distinctions were statistically significant in all age groups except for men aged 25-34 years (p<0.0001). During the next 3 decades HR significantly decreased in all groups of the USA population, while the RF population demonstrated variety of HR levels trends in different groups, absolute distinctions in mean values were relatively small and did not exceed 2 beats per minute. At the present time HR levels are less in the RF as compared to the USA in women aged 25-55 years and in men aged 25-34 years; in 55-64-year old men HR is somewhat higher in the RF than in the USA, other groups revealed statistically insignificant distinctions.Conclusion. The USA evidently loosed out to the RF in mean levels of HR in all age groups 35 years earlier. During the next 3 decades situation has been worsened as applied to the RF and distinctions with the USA have been largely smoothed over. 

Epidemic process of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation: interim results. 1th report

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
N.Yu. Pshenichnaya ◽  
◽  
I.A. Lizinfeld ◽  
G.Yu. Zhuravlev ◽  
А.A. Ploskireva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
Peak Value

Objective. To perform interim analysis of epidemiological parameters of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation. Material and methods. The article is based on the analysis of individual monitoring data carried out by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing for January–June 2020. Results. The epidemic process in Moscow and Moscow region (MR) differed from that in other regions. In Moscow and MR,daily increase of new coronavirus cases was characterized by high absolute numbers and varied between 5.0% and 29.2% in March–April 2020. The peak (7,446 new cases) was registered on May 6; after that, the number of new cases was rapidly declining and decreased by 84.9% from the peak value by June 30. This was ensured by strict restrictive measures and effective control in Moscow and MR. In other regions, daily increase of new cases varied between 2.9% and 52.6%. The peak incidence was registered on May 21 (6,021 new cases), whereas the plateau phase was observed between May 14 and June 17, 2020 (5,808–6,021 new cases daily). Only by June 28, the number of new cases decreased by 43.8% from the peak value. During this time, the number of new cases in Moscow and MR was already 3 times lower. This can be explained by less severe restrictions in other regions. Half of patients (50.1%) had mild disease. The majority of patients were aged 41–64 (44.4%) and 18–40 years (30.2%). In the age group ≥40 years, women prevailed; however, they usually had milder disease, which was observed in all age groups ≥18 years. Conclusion. The characteristics of the epidemic process in Russia were largely determined by the restrictive measures introduced in March 2020. These measures significantly reduced both the epidemic intensity of COVID-19 and the role of children of various age groups in it. The earlier start of active circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in Moscow and MR, as well as its subsequent spread to the regions by labor migrants who returned from the capital led to a significant difference in the dynamics of new cases at the decline of the epidemic. Key words: age groups, COVID-19, Russia, severity, epidemic process.

Analysis of vitamin D deficiency in patients of different age groups

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Timur Minasov ◽  
Radik Nurlygayanov ◽  
Angela Vershinina ◽  
Yulia Soboleva ◽  
Damir Akhmeldinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Physiological Values

The results of a study of the concentration of vitamin D in blood serum of 3455 residents of Ufa are presented. Physiological values of 25(OH)D were observed in 34.9 % (274) of men and 31.7 % (847) of women, which is 32.4 % (1121) of all examined. Vitamin D deficiency was detected in 67.1 % of the examined. The level of 25(OH)D in the blood serum of residents is on average 75 nmol/L, which is the upper limit of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency is extremely common among residents of this region of the Russian Federation (67.1 %).

MORBIDITY, MORTALITY AND RELIABILITY OF ACCOUNTING OF PATIENTS OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS WITH LIVER CANCER IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 240-245
Author(s):  
В. М. Мерабишвили ◽  
В. К. Гуркало ◽  
Э. Н. Мерабишвили
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Cancer Register ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
North Western

Рак печени (РП) - тяжелейшая онкопатология. В России смертность превышает число первично-учтенных больных в среднем. Ежегодно в России регистрируют более 8 тыс. (8 810 - в 2018 г.) случаев рака печени и более 10 тыс. (10 018 - в 2018 г.) случаев смерти от этой причины. Использованы стандартные методы медицинской статистики, все зарегистрированные первичные случаи РП в России. Углубленная разработка материала проведена на основе базы данных Популяционного ракового регистра Северо-Западного Федерального округа РФ. Проанализированы данные всего комплекса доступной информации в целом по России. Установлен прирост заболеваемости РП населения России за 18 лет в «грубых» показателях и абсолютных числах на 20% и в стандартизованных - на 1,22%. У женщин отмечено снижение учтенных случаев РП на 4,55%. Смертность населения России в стандартизованных показателях снизилась за 18 лет практически на 3%. Превышение числа умерших над заболевшими от РП существенно возрастает в старших возрастных группах. Индекс достоверности учета (ИДУ) - это отношение абсолютных чисел или «грубых» показателей смертности населения к заболеваемости. Для всех злокачественных новообразований (ЗНО) величина в среднем по России составила 0,47, практически совпадающая со среднеевропейской. ИДУ у мужчин - 0,55, выше расчетных показателей для женщин - 0,40, что в первую очередь связано с более благоприятной структурой заболеваемости женщин ЗНО. Медиана выживаемости первичных больных РП составляет немногим более 3 мес. Пятилетняя выживаемость больных РП даже на ранних стадиях составляет у лиц моложе 60 лет с I стадией - 25,3%, старше 60 лет - только 17,2%, со II стадией - 17,9 и 11% соответственно. Liver cancer is a severe oncopathology. Mortality exceeds the number of primary-accounted patients in Russia on average. Every year in Russia more than eight thousand (8 810 in 2018) cases of liver cancer and more than 10 000 (10 018 in 2018) deaths from this cause are registered. Used Standard methods of medical statistics, all registered primary cases of liver cancer in Russia. In-depth development of the material was carried out on the basis of the database of the Population cancer register of the North-Western Federal district of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the data of the whole complex of available information in Russia as a whole is carried out. In-depth data development was carried out on the basis of the database of the Population cancer register of the North-Western Federal district of the Russian Federation. The increase in the incidence of liver cancer in Russia over 18 years in «rough» indicators and absolute numbers by 20 % and in standardized by 1,22 % was established. In women, there was a decrease in reported cases of liver cancer by 4,55 %. The mortality rate of the Russian population in standardized indicators has decreased by almost 3 % over 18 years. The excess of the number of deaths over those from liver cancer increases significantly in older age groups. The index of reliability of accounting is the ratio of absolute numbers or «rough» indicators of mortality to morbidity. For all malignant tumors, its value on average in Russia was 0,47, almost coinciding with the average European. The index of reliability of accounting for men is 0,55, higher than the calculated indicators for women - 0,40, which is primarily due to a more favorable structure of the incidence of malignant tumors in women. The median survival of primary liver cancer patients is a little more than three months. The fi ve-year survival rate of patients with liver cancer even in the early stages is in the first among persons younger than 60 years - 25,3 %, over 60 years - only 17,2 %, in the second, respectively, 17,9 and 11%.

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