scholarly journals Learnings from select Indian public welfare programs to catalyze the implementation of India’s national actional plan on antimicrobial resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 4041
Author(s):  
Jyoti Joshi ◽  
Anita Kotwani
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Program Design ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Resilient Leadership

Antibiotics are an easy, rapid and quick replacement to improved care within fragmented health systems with poor access and infection control measures in many countries, including India. India announced its national action plan for antimicrobial resistance (NAP-AMR) 2017-2021 but has made limited progress. Successful public welfare programs (Delhi metro rail corporation DMRC, swachh bharat mission (SBM), beti bachao beti padao (B3P) and national green tribunal NGT) were reviewed that had addressed critical national concerns similar to AMR. Valuable lessons from their implementation provide the opportunity to improve the governance and operationalization of the NAP-AMR. Unique features of the four programs identified above include resilient leadership, multi-stakeholder coordination with oversight and accountability of partnerships, innovation in program design and implementation and data-driven real-time monitoring for sustained behavior change. Incorporating these strategies into the program design and implementation of India's NAP-AMR will reinvigorate the program to accelerate the achievement of program targets. 

Multihospital Outbreak ofClostridium difficileRibotype 027 Infection: Epidemiology and Analysis of Control Measures

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamoon A. Aldeyab ◽  
Michael J. Devine ◽  
Peter Flanagan ◽  
Michael Mannion ◽  
Avril Craig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Environmental Hygiene ◽  
Ribotype 027 ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
The Impact

Objective.To report a large outbreak ofClostridium difficileinfection (CDI; ribotype 027) between June 2007 and August 2008, describe infection control measures, and evaluate the impact of restricting the use of fluoroquinolones in controlling the outbreak.Design.Outbreak investigation in 3 acute care hospitals of the Northern Health and Social Care Trust in Northern Ireland.Interventions.Implementation of a series of CDI control measures that targeted high-risk antibiotic agents (ie, restriction of fluoroquinolones), infection control practices, and environmental hygiene.Results.A total of 318 cases of CDI were identified during the outbreak, which was the result of the interaction betweenC. difficileribotype 027 being introduced into the affected hospitals for the first time and other predisposing risk factors (ranging from host factors to suboptimal compliance with antibiotic guidelines and infection control policies). The 30-day all-cause mortality rate was 24.5%; however, CDI was the attributable cause of death for only 2.5% of the infected patients. Time series analysis showed that restricting the use of fluoroquinolones was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of CDI (coefficient, —0.054; lag time, 4 months;P= .003).Conclusion.These findings provide additional evidence to support the value of antimicrobial stewardship as an essential element of multifaceted interventions to control CDI outbreaks. The present CDI outbreak was ended following the implementation of an action plan improving communication, antibiotic stewardship, infection control practices, environmental hygiene, and surveillance.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Regina Luna de Araújo Jácome ◽  
Lílian Rodrigues Alves ◽  
Adriane Borges Cabral ◽  
Ana Catarina Souza Lopes ◽  
Maria Amélia Vieira Maciel
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Reducing Costs

INTRODUCTION: The emergence of carbapenem resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been outstanding due to the wide spectrum of antimicrobial degradation of these bacteria, reducing of therapeutic options. METHODS: Sixty-one clinical strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from five public hospitals in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, were examined between 2006 and 2010, aiming of evaluating the profiles of virulence, resistance to antimicrobials, presence of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) genes, and clonal relationship among isolates. RESULTS: A high percentage of virulence factors (34.4% mucoid colonies; 70.5% pyocyanin; 93.4% gelatinase positives; and 72.1% hemolysin positive) and a high percentage of antimicrobial resistance rates (4.9% pan-resistant and 54.1% multi-drug resistant isolates) were observed. Among the 29 isolates resistant to imipenem and/or ceftazidime, 44.8% (13/29) were MBL producers by phenotypic evaluation, and of these, 46.2% (6/13) were positive for the blaSPM-1 gene. The blaIMP and blaVIM genes were not detected. The molecular typing revealed 21 molecular profiles of which seven were detected in distinct hospitals and periods. Among the six positive blaSPM-1 isolates, three presented the same clonal profile and were from the same hospital, whereas the other three presented different clonal profiles. CONCLUSIONS: These results revealed that P. aeruginosa is able to accumulate different resistance and virulence factors, making the treatment of infections difficult. The identification of blaSPM-1 genes and the dissemination of clones in different hospitals, indicate the need for stricter application of infection control measures in hospitals in Recife, Brazil, aiming at reducing costs and damages caused by P. aeruginosa infections.

scholarly journals Biocidal Resistance in Clinically Relevant Microbial Species: A Major Public Health Risk

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 598
Author(s):  
Elaine Meade ◽  
Mark Anthony Slattery ◽  
Mary Garvey
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Microbial Species ◽  
The Impact

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest dangers to public health of the 21st century, threatening the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases globally. Disinfection, the elimination of microbial species via the application of biocidal chemicals, is essential to control infectious diseases and safeguard animal and human health. In an era of antimicrobial resistance and emerging disease, the effective application of biocidal control measures is vital to protect public health. The COVID-19 pandemic is an example of the increasing demand for effective biocidal solutions to reduce and eliminate disease transmission. However, there is increasing recognition into the relationship between biocide use and the proliferation of Antimicrobial Resistance species, particularly multidrug-resistant pathogens. The One Health approach and WHO action plan to combat AMR require active surveillance and monitoring of AMR species; however, biocidal resistance is often overlooked. ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) pathogens and numerous fungal species have demonstrated drug and biocidal resistance where increased patient mortality is a risk. Currently, there is a lack of information on the impact of biocide application on environmental habitats and ecosystems. Undoubtedly, the excessive application of disinfectants and AMR will merge to result in secondary disasters relating to soil infertility, loss of biodiversity and destruction of ecosystems.

Infection control measures to limit antimicrobial resistance

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. N128-N134 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Warren ◽  
Victoria J. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Control Measures

scholarly journals Glyconanoparticles as tools to prevent antimicrobial resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Morelli ◽  
Laura Polito ◽  
Barbara Richichi ◽  
Federica Compostella
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Alternative Delivery

AbstractThe increased phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance and the slow pace of development of new antibiotics are at the base of a global health concern regarding microbial infections. Antibiotic resistance kills an estimated 700,000 people each year worldwide, and this number is expected to increase dramatically if efforts are not made to develop new drugs or alternative containment strategies. Increased vaccination coverage, improved sanitation or sustained implementation of infection control measures are among the possible areas of action. Indeed, vaccination is one of the most effective tools of preventing infections. Starting from 1970s polysaccharide-based vaccines against Meningococcus, Pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b have been licensed, and provided effective protection for population. However, the development of safe and effective vaccines for infectious diseases with broad coverage remains a major challenge in global public health. In this scenario, nanosystems are receiving attention as alternative delivery systems to improve vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this report, we provide an overview of current applications of glyconanomaterials as alternative platforms in the development of new vaccine candidates. In particular, we will focus on nanoparticle platforms, used to induce the activation of the immune system through the multivalent-displacement of saccharide antigens. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Evaluating the antimicrobial resistance patterns and MDR frequency in Escherichia coli strains isolated from clinical specimens taken from patients in Iran: 2017–2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Norouzi Bazgir ◽  
Mehrdad Gholami ◽  
Hamid Reza Goli
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance and frequency of MDR strains in E. coli isolated from patients in two hospitals of Iran. In this descriptive-analytical study, 13322 clinical specimens were collected from two teaching hospitals. The E. coli isolates were identified using standard bacteriological methods. Then, the resistance patterns of the isolates were analyzed by disk agar diffusion method according to the CLSI.Results Out of 13322 clinical samples, 964 (7.23%) isolates of E. coli were identified. In both hospitals, high resistance to ampicillin and cefalexin was presented in 621 (64.4%) and 402 (41.7%) isolates, respectively. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed in burn unit, burn ICU and burn restoration section, while all 8 strains which were isolated from the neonatal-ICU, were sensitive to all tested antibiotics except cefalexin, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, and ampicillin. Also, the bacteria isolated from urine, wound, stool, and blood samples were resistant to all tested antibiotics. Increased resistance to different antibiotics in burn hospital has created increasing concern. Very high resistance to some antibiotics indicates that these drugs are misused in therapeutic centers and highlights that infection control measures should be arranged in the ICUs of our hospitals.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Nosocomial Isolates of Gram-Negative Bacteria: Public Health Implications in the Latvian Context

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 791
Author(s):  
Nityanand Jain ◽  
Inese Jansone ◽  
Tatjana Obidenova ◽  
Raimonds Simanis ◽  
Jānis Meisters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious threats in modern medicine which requires the constant monitoring of emerging trends amongst clinical isolates. However, very limited surveillance data is available in the Latvian context. In the present study, we conducted a retrospective analysis of microbiological data from one of the largest public multispecialty hospitals in Latvia from 2017 to 2020. AMR trends for 19 Gram-negative bacterial (GNB) genera were investigated. During the study period, 11,437 isolates were analyzed with Escherichia spp. (34.71%), Klebsiella spp. (19.22%) and Acinetobacter spp. (10.05%) being the most isolated. Carbapenems like Meropenem and Ertapenem were the most effective against GNBs (3% and 5.4% resistance rates, respectively) while high resistance rates (>50%) were noted against both Ampicillin and Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid. Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. showed a significant increase in resistance rate against Ertapenem (p = 0.000) and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (p = 0.000), respectively. A decrease in the prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase positive (ESBL+) Enterobacterales was noted. Despite the lower prescription levels of the penicillin group antimicrobials than the European average (as reported in ESAC-Net Surveillance reports), GNBs showed high average resistant rates, indicating the role of ESBL+ isolates in driving the resistance rates. Constant and careful vigilance along with proper infection control measures are required to track the emerging trends in AMR in GNBs.

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