Knowledge and self-management practices among type II diabetes patients: a study in Gatundu town in Kiambu, Kenya

Background: Type-2 diabetes mellitus is recognized as a key non-communicable disease affecting over 425 million world-wide, with only half of them currently diagnosed. The most crucial risk factor for mortality associated with type-2 diabetes is poor adherence to the prescribed medication.Methods: A cohort study design was used to study 98 type 2 diabetes patients in Kiambu County. Consecutive sampling method was used. The collection of data utilized a pre-designed and piloted structured questionnaire. Quantitative data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26.0 and correlation between the total count of the remaining diabetic medication and the blood sugar after one month follow-up was assessed. Univariate logistic regression was conducted in assessing the association between each of the predictor variables and the two main outcome variables (adherence to medication and glycemic control). A multiple logistic regression model was constructed for each of the two outcome variables.Results: 31 (31.6%) of the study subjects were between 60-69 years, 70 (71.4%) were married and 66 (67.3%) were female. In addition, 37 (37.8%) had diabetes for more than 8 years, 70.6% had hypertension and 83.7% were prescribed oral hypoglycaemic agents as initial treatment. Majority of the respondents constituting 80.7% had high adherence to prescribed diabetes medication regimen, knowledge on diabetes treatment (p=0.009) and detecting low blood sugar levels through signs and symptoms and manage (p=0.001) had significantly association with adherence to antidiabetic.Conclusions: Diabetic patients who have knowledge on diabetes and its management, those who stop alcohol and cigarette smoking and those who understand hypertension are more likely to adhere to diabetic treatment.

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ESTIMATION OF SERUM FERRITIN LEVELS IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS AND ITS RELATION WITH HbA1C LEVEL.

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i8.456 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Shah Namrata Vinubhai ◽

Pardeep Agarwal ◽

Bushra Fiza ◽

Ramkishan Jat

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Inflammatory Marker ◽

Control Group ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Positive Correlation

Background: Serum ferritin is known as an index for body iron stores also as an inflammatory marker and it is influenced by several disease. We were looking for a correlation between HbA1c and S. Ferritin in type 2 DM. Methodology: The present study a total of 150 participants were enrolled of which 100 were confirmed cases of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and rest 50 age and sex matched healthy subjects constituted the control group. All were screened for HbA1c, Fasting blood sugar, Post prandial blood sugar and S.Ferritin. Results: A highly significant variation and positive correlation was observed with respect to S.Ferritin and HbA1c levels. Mean S.Ferritin was high in the subgroup with poor glycemic control. Conclusion: The fasting, post prandial sugar levels, HbA1c and S.Ferritin were significantly higher in the diabetic subjects. This study shows a positive correlation between HbA1c and S. Ferritin levels. So we can conclude that in diabetic patients S. Ferritin may serve as an independent marker of poor glycemic and metabolic control. Keywords: Serum ferritin, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, HbA1c.

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The Effects of Combined Exercise Training (Resistance-Aerobic) on Serum Kinesin and Physical Function in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (Randomized Controlled Trials)

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2020/6978128 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Seyedeh Hoda Seyedizadeh ◽

Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi ◽

Mohammad Reza Hamedi Nia

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Peripheral Neuropathy ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Physical Function ◽

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Combined Exercise ◽

Combined Exercise Training ◽

Diabetes Patients

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common chronic complications of diabetics which causes nerve damage and muscle strength decrease in patients. This in turn results in imbalance leading to the diabetic patients’ daily activity disparity. The present investigation was conducted to specifically study the effects of combined training (resistance-aerobic) on serum kinesin-1 and physical function in type 2 diabetes patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. 24 diabetic neuropathic females were randomly to be selected out and divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received resistance-aerobic training for 3 sessions during eight weeks. The exercise training included resistance exercises with 2-3 sets, 6-7 exercise stations, 8-12 repetitions (reps), and 3-5 minutes of rest in between the exercises, and the aerobic exercises contained 50-65% of heart rate reserve (HRR) for 3 minutes with 30 seconds of rest interval between sets and 5-10 repetitions. Results show that the serum kinesin-1 level and aerobic endurance declined after eight weeks of combined (resistance-aerobic) exercise training, but this decrease was not significant. The upper body strength increased but it was not significant, while the lower body showed a significant strength increase. With regard to the progressive nature of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, it seems that even the little changes resulting from the combined exercise training can be useful. Nevertheless, more research is required in this area.

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Increasing Knowledge, Attitudes, Skills, and Glucose Control in Type-2 Diabetic Patients through EMAS Interventions

Nurse Media Journal of Nursing ◽

10.14710/nmjn.v9i2.22989 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 141-150

Author(s):

Arief Andriyanto ◽

Etty Rekawati ◽

Dwi Cahya Rahmadiyah

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Glucose Control ◽

Communicable Disease ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Management Interventions ◽

Quasi Experimental

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic and non-communicable disease that has serious impacts. Previous studies have focused on a single intervention in the management of DM. Therefore, EMAS (education, nutrition management, physical activities, and stress management) interventions are proposed to convey the pillars of diabetes mellitus as endorsed by the Indonesian Ministry of Health.Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the effects of EMAS interventions on the knowledge, attitudes, skills, and glucose control in patients with type-2 DM.Methods: This study used a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design without control groups. The samples were 86 diabetic patients recruited using a purposive sampling technique. The EMAS interventions were conducted for six months and eight sessions (October 2018 to March 2019). The EuroQoLfive-dimensional (EQ-5D) questionnaire was used to collect the data, and the paired t-test was used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that there were significant differences in the knowledge, attitudes, skills (p=0.001), and glucose control (p=0.04) of type 2 diabetes mellitus after the implementation of EMAS interventions. Conclusion: EMAS interventions significantly increased the knowledge, attitudes, and skills in patients with type 2 diabetes to behave healthier to control their blood sugar. Community nurses can use EMAS intervention for the management of DM among diabetic patients.

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Clinical evaluation of an Ayurvedic Formulation in the management of Avaranajanya Madhumeha (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus)

Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal ◽

10.36018/dsiij.v1i.10 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 50-64

Author(s):

DEVASHISH BHARDWAJ ◽

VEENIT K. AGNIHOTRI ◽

PRANAV PANDYA

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Type Ii Diabetes ◽

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type Ii ◽

Research Plan ◽

Urine Sugar ◽

Diabetes Patients

A research plan has been developed in the present study to address the problems associated with Avaranajanya Madhumeha (type 2 diabetes). This research plan is based on the treatment methods of Ayurveda (ancient Indian medicine) and utilization of modern scientific methods as research tools. A specific ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation has been prepared in Ghansatt (solid extract) form; the selected eight herbs and one herbo-mineral have anti-hyperglycemic (PRAMEHA HARA) and antihypercholestermic (MEDOHARA) properties with rejuvenative (RASAYANA) effects as described in classical ayurvedic methods. 15 diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus patients were selected through accidental sampling. Ayurvedic formulation was prescribed to type II diabetes patients for one year along with dietary restrictions. Diabetic diagnostic parameters of these patients like Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Post Patrum Blood Sugar (PPBS), Glycocylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) and Urine Sugar Fasting were monitored every three months; these were measured before and after intervention. The obtained data were statistically analyzed through paired t-test. There was significant reduction in FBS level, PPBS level, HbA1C level and urine fasting sugar level in type 2 diabetes patients who completed the clinical trial successfully. Thus, ayurvedic formulation treatment lead to an overall significant reduction in blood sugar and urine sugar levels in type II diabetes patients. No side effects were noted during the study period. This study suggests that the ayurvedic formulation had very good hypoglycemic effects proved by clinical improvement and bio-chemical analysis of diabetes parameters in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus.

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The Clinical Value of Serum Adropin Level in Early Detection of Diabetic Nephropathy

Kidney & Blood Pressure Research ◽

10.1159/000519173 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Ali Es-haghi ◽

Tuqa Al-Abyadh ◽

Hassan Mehrad-Majd

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Early Detection ◽

Assay Method ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Peripheral Tissues

Background/Aims: Adropin is a metabolic hormone secreted by the liver, brain, and many peripheral tissues and is involved in energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Some reports have indicated a significant decrease in serum adropin levels in type 2 diabetic patients. However, the significance of a decline in adropin level in early detection of diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains to be clarified. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of adropin in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without nephropathy. Methods: A total of 135 unrelated subjects (including 45 diabetic patients with nephropathy, 45 without nephropathy, and 45 healthy controls) were enrolled in this study. Fasting venous blood samples were collected from all patients. Serum adropin levels of all cases were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The correlations of serum adropin levels with anthropometric and biochemistry variables were determined. Logistic regression was performed to assess the association of adropin with odds of nephropathy. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was obtained to explore the optimum serum adropin concentration in distinguishing diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. Results: Diabetic patients with nephropathy showed lower serum adropin levels than those in patients without nephropathy and healthy controls (p < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that serum adropin was negatively correlated with BMI, FBS, HbA1c, blood urea, creatinine, LDL, and ACR and positively correlated with HDL and albumin. Logistic regression analysis showed that serum adropin was correlated with decreased risk of developing diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, in ROC analysis, at cutoff value 3.20 (mg/dL) with an AUC = 0.830, adropin had 80% sensitivity and 60% specificity for distinguishing the diabetic nephropathy. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that decreased level of adropin is associated with renal dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum adropin concentrations may be used as a biomarker for early detection of diabetic nephropathy.

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Effect of nutrition education on dietary diversity score of type 2 diabetes patients

10.21203/rs.3.rs-51087/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Mutagwanya ◽

Christine Magala Nyago ◽

Fredrick Nelson Nakwagala

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Nutrition Education ◽

Diabetes Management ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Control Group ◽

Mulago Hospital ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

The Impact ◽

Diabetes Patients

Abstract Background: Consumption of a varied diet reduces the risk of developing a deficiency or excess of any one nutrient. One of the three corner stones of diabetes management is diet and therefore, dietary diversity is key among diabetes patients. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the impact of nutrition education on the dietary diversity scores (DDS) among type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: Kant et al method was used for scoring dietary diversity. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 21). Pair sample t-test was used to compare total DDS after and before nutrition education. P< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Subjects: One hundred type 2 diabetic patients were randomly selected and divided into two groups of intervention and control (50 patients in each group) to participate in the study. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire before and after intervention every after one month for a period of four months of intervention.Results: The average age of patients who participated in the study was 48 (40–51) years. Most of the patients were females (65.39%), compared to males (34.01%). At the end of the study period of four months, DDS in the control group decreased from 40.08% to 38.49% (p=0.064) while in the intervention group, DDS increased from 35.30 % to 54.20% (p<0.001). Conclusion: Dietary diversity increased after nutrition education among type 2 diabetes patients.Trial registration: The study was registered and approved on 17th April 2013 by the Research and Ethics committee of Mulago Hospital and Institutional Review Board of Mulago hospital (Protocol MREC 113).

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Gender based variation of lipid abnormalities in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213934 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 3068

Author(s):

Arpita Jaidev ◽

Hitesh Shah ◽

Liggy Andrews ◽

Bhavisha N. Vagheda

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Male And Female ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Dyslipidemia has a varying pattern among the male and female patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).Methods: This study was conducted in the out-patient department (OPD) of department of medicine at GMERS, Patan, Gujarat from July 2020 to December 2020 for a period of six months. Fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c (FBS, HbA1c) lipid profile triacylglycerol-triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDLC) were measured. Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software program.Results: A total number of 200 type 2 DM patients (100 males and 100 females) attending to GMERS OPD were recruited in this study. Blood sugar was higher than normal in both male and female (FBS=142.44±36.21, 146.40±41.49 respectively). TG level was also higher in two groups of study subjects with female level slightly more than male (164.99±67.1and 138.21±70 respectively) with no significant difference between the groups (p>0.05).Total cholesterol and LDL-C level was within normal physiological level in both groups, where-as these levels were higher in female in comparison to male (TC=198.07±40.82 and 169.5±36.13 respectively, LDLC=118±34 and 99±27, respectively), showing significant difference between the groups (p=0.014). HDL-C was not below normal in both male (41±5.4) and female (43.99±4.31); however, HDL-C was slightly higher in female than male and the difference was significant (p=0.0129).Conclusions: Dyslipidemia was noticed in a greater proportion of female diabetic patients than male diabetic patients.

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PROGRAM EMAS DALAM KONTROL GULA DARAH PENDERITA DIABETES MELLITUS TIPE 2

J-Dinamika ◽

10.25047/j-dinamika.v5i1.1430 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Arief Andriyanto ◽

Etty Rekawati ◽

Dwi Cahya Rahmadiyah

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Behavior Change ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Communicable Disease ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Nurse Specialist

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that is included in the category of chronic diseases and expected to experience an increase, so that a way to control is needed by the Ministry of Health in the form of clever management of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to analyze the effect of EMAS (education, nutrition management, physical activity, stress management) on behavior change and adult blood sugar control with diabetes mellitus type 2. Methods: Quasi Experiment Pre-Post Test Without Control Group Design for 6 months, October 2018 to March 2019. Samples were taken by purposive sampling technique, namely adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Cisalak Pasar Sub-District Ciamnggis District, Depok City as many as 86 people. Results: Changes in behavior and control of adult blood sugar with type 2 diabetes mellitus through EMAS intervention (p value 0.001 <0.05). Conclusion: Changes in adult behavior with type 2 diabetes mellitus are needed to stabilize the patient's blood sugar. Therefore, it takes the role of the nurse specialist community to provide interventions according to the needs of people with diabetes mellitus to manage the disease.Keywords: Intervention EMAS; Behavior change; Glucose control; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

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Correlation of Ankle-Brachial Index with Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes

Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.36351/pjo.v35i4.921 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Abdullah Mazhar ◽

Tayyaba gul Malik ◽

Aalia Ali ◽

Hina Nadeem

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Ankle Brachial Index ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Duration Of Diabetes ◽

Sugar Levels ◽

Relationship Of

Objectives: To find out a relationship of diabetic retinopathy with ankle-brachial (ABI) in patients of type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods It was a cross-sectional observational study carried out in Arif Memorial Teaching hospital and Rashid Latif Medical College from January 2019 to June 2019. 120 patients were selected by purposive convenient sampling from outpatient department of Arif Memorial Teaching hospital. After clinical history, complete ocular examination was performed. Random blood sugar levels were measured using Glucometer. Ankle-brachial index was calculated by dividing the systolic pressure at ankle by the systolic blood pressure at arm. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 25. Independent sample t test and chi square tests were used to find out the significance of the results. Results: In this study of 120 diabetic patients, 80 (66.7%) were female and 40 (33.3%) were males. Mean Ankle Branchial Index (ABI) of Males was 0.96±0.11 and for females was 0.97±0.14. Among 120 participants of this study, 73 (60.83 %) patients had no signs of diabetic retinopathy, 35 (29.16 %) patients had NPDR and 12 (10%) patients had PDR. ABI was not associated with gender and duration of diabetes. However, there was negative and weak linear relationship between BSR and ABI (r= -0.221). This correlation was higher in diabetics of less than 5 year duration (r=-0.286) than in patients of more than 5 years duration of diabetes (r=-0.129). Conclusion: Our study indicates that ABI is not significantly related with diabetic retinopathy. However, there is a positive relationship of ABI with high blood sugar levels.

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Extending Inferential Group Analysis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Multivariate GLM Implemented in SPM8

The Open Neuroimaging Journal ◽

10.2174/1874440001711010032 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 32-45

Author(s):

Fábio S. Ferreira ◽

João M.S. Pereira ◽

João V. Duarte ◽

Miguel Castelo-Branco

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Multivariate Analyses ◽

Group Analysis ◽

Structural Data ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

T1 And T2 ◽

Diabetes Patients

Background: Although voxel based morphometry studies are still the standard for analyzing brain structure, their dependence on massive univariate inferential methods is a limiting factor. A better understanding of brain pathologies can be achieved by applying inferential multivariate methods, which allow the study of multiple dependent variables, e.g. different imaging modalities of the same subject. Objective: Given the widespread use of SPM software in the brain imaging community, the main aim of this work is the implementation of massive multivariate inferential analysis as a toolbox in this software package. applied to the use of T1 and T2 structural data from diabetic patients and controls. This implementation was compared with the traditional ANCOVA in SPM and a similar multivariate GLM toolbox (MRM). Method: We implemented the new toolbox and tested it by investigating brain alterations on a cohort of twenty-eight type 2 diabetes patients and twenty-six matched healthy controls, using information from both T1 and T2 weighted structural MRI scans, both separately – using standard univariate VBM - and simultaneously, with multivariate analyses. Results: Univariate VBM replicated predominantly bilateral changes in basal ganglia and insular regions in type 2 diabetes patients. On the other hand, multivariate analyses replicated key findings of univariate results, while also revealing the thalami as additional foci of pathology. Conclusion: While the presented algorithm must be further optimized, the proposed toolbox is the first implementation of multivariate statistics in SPM8 as a user-friendly toolbox, which shows great potential and is ready to be validated in other clinical cohorts and modalities.

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